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Exercise Physiology > Lab quiz #7 > Flashcards

Lab quiz #7 Flashcards

1
Q

why assess Body Composition?
- differentiate between _ and _
- determine _
- study _ and _

A
  • lean body mass, fat mass
  • an individual’s level of health
  • gender and population differences
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2
Q

why assess Body Composition?
- describe _, _, _ and _
- establish a _ for reference (training program, dietary program)
- provide epidemiological data/info: _ and _ rates, _
- follow changes in status as it occurs during _

A
  • (ab) normal growth, development, maturation, aging
  • baseline
  • overweight, obesity, weight loss
  • pregnancy
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3
Q
  • fitness centers
  • sports teams
  • athletic training
  • wellness programs
  • health clinics
A

where body comp is used

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4
Q

adipocytes are ~62% fat, ~31% water, ~7% protein

A

fat mass (FM)

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5
Q
  • primarily muscle and bone tissue
  • secondarily skin, blood, brain, and organs
  • primary constituents - water, minerals, protein & glycogen
A

fat-free mass (FFM)

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6
Q
  • used interchangeably with FFM, _ is slightly greater than FFM
  • includes some essential fat (internal organs, bone marrow, CNS)
A

Lean body mass (LBM)

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7
Q

Types of body comp measurements:
- _: cadaver analysis - only tru measurement of body comp
- _: hydrostatic weighing, DXA, potassium 40, MRI, Bod Pod
- _: skinfolds, anthropometric, bioelectrical impedance analysis, infared

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • doubly indirect
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8
Q

Fat distribution:
- commonly associated with men
- abdominal/waist fat

A

android (“apple”)

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9
Q

Fat distribution:
- commonly associated with women
- hip, low abdominal, gluteal, appendage

A

gynoid (“pear”)

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10
Q

_ fat distribution is associated with a greater risk

A

android

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11
Q
  • superficial measurements of the body to predict body comp
  • circumferences/girths
    • greater circumferences are associated with larger individuals
  • ratios
    • waist-to-hip
    • waist-to-height
A

anthropometry

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12
Q

Anthropometry:
1 - Girth method:
- men: _
- women: _
2 - Girth method (men)
- _ + _
3 - Girth method (women)
- _ + _

A

1 - waist & BW, hip & height
2 - neck and abdominal + height
3 - neck, upper-abdominal, and hip + height

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13
Q

weight (Kg)/height^2 (m^2)
- used primarily by epidemiologists to determine rates of overweight and obesity in the population
- not used to establish body comp, but used to establish relationships between chronic diseases and obesity

A

Body Mass Index (BMI)

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14
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)
- major flaw: does not account for _
- normal weight obesity (NWO) - acceptable weight; obeses by % fat metrics
- acceptable for general population, but can be problematic for some

A

LBM vs FM

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15
Q
  • calipers are used to predict body fat based on specific _ measurements
  • popular in labs, health clinics, & fitness centers
  • numerous combinations are possible
  • In lab we tested : _, _, _ and _
A
  • skinfold
  • subscapula, triceps, biceps, suprailiac
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16
Q
  • based on the assumption 1/2 body’s fat is stored internally and 1/2 subcutaneously
    • may be different across ages; true for young-adult populations
  • prediction equation in use should match the population from which it was established
A

skinfold

17
Q
  • body comp measured via deliverance of an electrical current through the body; impedance (resistance) to the current determines BF%
  • muscle tissue
    • electricity flows easily
    • lower impedance
  • fat tissue
    • electricity does not flow easily
    • greater impedance
  • hydration levels can affect BIA measurements - tissue composition
A

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

18
Q

Best results obtained when the following conditions are employed:
- no exercise/sauna within 8hrs of test
- refrain from alcohol 12hrs prior
- Ht/Wt accurately reported
- no food/drink within 4hrs of test
- void within 30 minutes of test
- no diuretics within 7 days of test

A

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

19
Q

Infrared
- method based on _
- fat mass absorbs _ infrared light than fat-free mass
- used in early animal research to determine fat content of beef
- very accurate for animals, _ so accurate for humans
- different frequencies are used for animals and people

A
  • light absorption
  • more
  • not
20
Q

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
- primarily used to assess _
- can also be used to asses _
- DXA aims x-rays at two different energies at the body
- differences in the absorption of the x-ray beam at those two energies are used to compute bone mass and soft tissue composition
- dose of radiation is relatively small; procedure is presumably safe for all populations
- proposed that DXA is taking over as the _ for body comp

A
  • bone density (osteoporosis)
  • soft tissue
  • “gold standard”
21
Q

Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
- _ principle
- “a body immersed in water is buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of the water displaced”
- Density = mass/volume
- if we can accurately measure body density, we can accurately measure _
- consider the “gold standard”
- based on comparisons with cadaver studies to establish equations; only used a few cadavers
- accuracy is _
- ability to expel air to RV, comfortin water, movement in chair, osteoporosis, etc.

A
  • Archimedes’
  • fat
  • individually dependent
22
Q

Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
- rationales based on interaction between physical and anatomical aspects
- physical: body density = _
- anatomical = total body mass is divided into _
- interaction of rationales (FFM>density than FM)
- density of _ and _ differ
- 1 kg of fat = 1.1 L of fat (greater volume occupied)
- 1 kg of muscle = 0.9 L of muscle (denser)
- temperature of water can affect buoyancy
- more buoyant in cold water; cool water is denser

A
  • body mass/body volume
  • compartments (2-, 3-, 4- compartment models)
  • muscle, fat
23
Q

_ method:
- also based on Archimedes’ Principle
- density = mass/volume
- volume is measured via _
- pressure of the box is measured before and after the subject is in the box and body volume is determined via the change in pressure
- accuracy is _

A
  • Bod Pod
  • displaced air
  • fairly high

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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