EXAM 2 Flashcards
_ is exemplified by:
- segmental anatomy
- pores between alveoli
- lobes
redundancy
- warm the air
- transport the air
- are dead space
- conduct gas conly
conducting zones
gas pressures equilibrate due to solubility and pressure differentials
Henry’s Law essentially
During exercise, _ due to:
- increase in breathing rate
- increase in breathing depth
Ve increases
_ is:
- airlessness
- why we move at night
atelectasis
_ is an example of restrictive pulmonary disease
asthma
Primary reason CO2 equilibrates so quickly is _
sollubility
Inspiration is always _
active
Expiration can be _
active and passive
an individual with cystic fibrosis is at greater risk for lung infection because _
the fluid layer is too high
_ increases with age due to loss of elasticity
residual volume (RV)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is important because
maintains pressure for adequate gas exchange
Two types of ventilation are _
pulmonary and alveolar
_ increases with exercise due to:
- an increase in tidal volume
- an increase in depth
anatomic dead space
_ is:
- too much ventilation for the blood flow
- too little ventilation for the blood flow
- mismatch between ventilation and blood flow
physiologic dead space
partial pressures in the lung are
lower than the trachea
Two ways oxygen is carried in the blood _
- bound to hemoglobin
- bound to RBC
cardiac output at rest is typically _
4-6 L/min
The (a-v)O2 difference describes
tissue uptake of oxygen
A change in the shape of the hemoglobin molecule
Bohr effect essentially
_ increases with altitude
2,3-DPG
myoglobin does not have a Bohr effect because
myoglobin carries only one oxygen
- is a forced exhale against a closed glottis
- increases thoracic (chest pressure)
- reduces venous return
valsalva maneuver
Normal _ (healthy)
- is about 0.5 L
- is mostly fresh air
tidal volume
The physiologic dead space is problematic when it
is more than 60% of lung volume
The heart is a _
muscular organ
Functions of _ :
- transport O2 and CO2
- transport nutrients
- regulate temperature
cardiovascular (CV) system
The force generation by the right side of the heart is _ and if _
- less than the left
- it is less than the left the person is healthy
stimulation of the heart is conducted
via intercalated disks
Contraction of the _ is 3-15X longer than the contraction of skeletal muscle
heart
The electrical stimulus for the heart originates in the _
right atrium
The pause of the electrical flow in the AV node (Bundle of HIS) is to _ and _
- allow the atria to contract (atrial ejection)
- allow the ventricles to fill
The absolute refractory period in the heart
prevents the heart from contracting
The atria have a shorter refractory period than the ventricles. This then allows _
the atria to have a faster rate than the ventricles
Isovolumic (isovolumetric) contraction is that period of time in the cardiac cycle in which
- the atria are filling
- the ventricles are contracting
- the volume is unchanged in the ventricles
End systolic volume (ESV) is typically _ (at rest)
about 40-50 ml
When ejection fraction is 30% or less of total ejection the prognosis for life is _
not good
A normal cardiac cycle is best measured _
R to R
- the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
- end diastolic volume
preload
- the greater the stretch of the ventricle the more blood ejected
- the greater the EDV the greater the ejection
- the heart pumps what the heart gets
Frank-Starling Law (or mechanism)
The pressure needed to open the aortic valve
afterload
The inherent rhythmicity of the heart can be overridden by the _
cardiovascular control center (CVC)
sympathetic innervation of the heart leads to _ and _
- increased rate
- increased force of contraction
- innervates both the atria and the ventricles
- causes the heart to contract less forcefully
- causes the heart rate to slow
parasympathetic innervation of the heart
Peripheral input sends messages relating to _
- pressure
- tension
- movement
excess calcium causes _
spastic contractions of the heart
cortical input can impact the heart via _
emotions
During resistance training blood pressure _
Systolic BP and Diastolic BP increase
- is a measure of myocardial work
- is an index of relative cardiac work
- is used to monitor heart symptoms in the CVD population
The rate pressure product
The most important criteria for the CV system during exercise is _
maintain blood pressure
The trachea moves debris similarly to a _
blow gun
_ is matched to the volume of air demonstrated by submarine volume changes
volume in an alveoli
as you begin to inhale, the pressure in the alveoli is _
negative
Exhalation is _ at rest
passive
the surface area of alveoli is the size of _
a tennis court
when someone has restrictive lung disease (RLD) _ is restricted
inhalation
atria has thinner walls than ventricles because they _
- pump blood a shorter distance
- do not pump as much blood
- are primary reservoirs
- primary purpose is not pumping blood
The _ ventricle is thicker than the _ ventricle
Left is thicker than Right
after leaving the Bundle of HIS, the electrical signal travels down the _
RBB and LBB to the perkinjie fibers
depolarization of cardiac muscle is _
fast
_ goes up more during resistance training than it does during aerobic training
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
_ decreases to a similar degree as systolic blood pressure during an aerobic bout
diastolic blood pressure (DPB)
Blood pressure is higher for predominantly arm exercises than predominantly leg exercises because _, _ and, _
- smaller blood vessels in the arms
- greater peripheral resistance in the arms
- heart has to work harder
Blood pressure can be lower than pre-exercise for _ post an aerobic bout
2-3 hours
During an aerobic bout, the heart will use _ primarily for its energy source
lactate
_ input exerts lesser influence on blood flow during exercise than _ input
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
as total peripheral resistance goes up, _ also increases
blood pressure
During exercise: at the _ there is significant _ in blood volume delivered to the working muscle
- local level
- increase
During exercise: at the _ there is NOT significant increase in the velocity of blood flow to the tissues
local level
Lung is a _ organ
- built similar to pyramids (apex at top, base at bottom, with segments)
- packaging problem (55% on R, 45% on L)
mechanical
Major lung properties _
- dry
- inflated
Gas exchange: O2 into the lungs and CO2 out
- works with circulatory system: transport gases through the body and back to the lungs
lung functions
Purpose of _
- prevent spread of infection
- prevent complete obstruction from an inflated foreign body
lung segments
segmental anatomy:
redundancy
Lobe segments ( _ total):
20 total
- upper
- middle
- lower
- process of moving and exchanging ambient air with air in the lungs
- air enters through nose and mouth, and flows through ventilatory system
- conducting zones
- transitional respiratory zones
pulmonary ventilation
_ zone
- air adjusts to body temperature, filtered and almost completely humidified
- includes: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
- has cartilage, lower do not, interdependent
conducting zone
conducting zone also termed _ due to containing no alveoli
anatomic dead space
_ zones
- contains: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
- occupies about 2.5-3L
- is the largest portion of total lung volume
transitional and respiratory zones
_ zone is where gas exchange occurs
respiratory zone
_ zone functions:
- air transport
- humidification
- warming
- particle filtration
- vocalization
- immunoglobulin secretion
conducting zone
_ zone functions:
- surfactant production (in alveolar endothelium)
- molecular activation and inactivation (in alveolar endothelium)
- blood clotting regulation
- endocrine function
respiratory zone
air is distributed in proportion to _
segmental volume
ventilation is matched to volume:
regional ventilation = regional volume
_ : branch point of the lungs
- bronchiole tree is not symmetrical
carina
food must pass from _ to _ and air from _ to _
- can be problem in old and young
- glottis defends the airway
- front to back
- back to front
_ : rigid, cartilaginous box
- narrowest part of the system
- “V” is front: vocal cords
- vocal cords move in synchrony with diaphragm
larynx
_ : ~vacuum hose
- posterior is muscle, anterior is cartilage rings
- muscle allows ability to cough
- posterior utilized to expel objects: blow gun/spit wad effect
trachea
_ : large, dome-shaped sheet of striated musculofibrous tissue
- primary ventilatory muscle which creates an airtight separation between abdominal and thoracic cavities
diaphragm
membrane is responsible for almost all respiratory muscles shortening and volume displacement
diaphragm
diaphragm _, _, and _
- contracts
- flattens
- and moves downward toward abdominal cavity (up to 10cm)
elongation and enlargement of chest cavity expands the air in the lungs _ decreases
intrapulmonic pressure (IP)
with a drop in intrapulmonic pressure (IP), pressure in lungs is _
lower than atmospheric pressure
degree to which lungs fill is determined by the _ of the inspiratory movement
magnitude
maximal activation of the inspiratory muscles in a healthy individual ranges from _
80-140 mm Hg
inspiration ends when _
thoracic cavity stops
(inspiration) stop in thoracic movement means there is a same pressure in lungs (IP) as _ pressure
ambient atmospheric
during exercise: a need for more efficient movements of the diaphragm, rib cages, and abdominal muscles
inspiration in exercise
during _, the saleni and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribs to rotate and lifting a handle up from a bucket
inspiration
Inspiration increases during exercise when the diaphragm _, ribs _, and sternum _
- this is an elaborate way of increasing the lateral and anterior-posterior diameter of the thorax
- diaphragm descends
- ribs upward
- sternum thrusts outward
Athletes bend forward at waist to _
- promotes flow flow back to heart
- minimizes antagonistic effect of gravity on the usual upward direction of inspiratory muscles
facilitate exhaustive breathing
2 factors of expiration:
- Natural recoil of the stretched lung tissue
- Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles
During expiration, ribs _, and diaphragm _
- ribs swing down (bucket handles)
- diaphragm rises toward the thoracic cavity
Expiration ends when compressive force of the expiratory musculature ends and intrapulmonic pressure (IP) _
decreases back down to atmospheric pressure
muscles of expiration
(intercostals are stabilization)
(usually passive)
- rectus abdominus
- obliques
- lats
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- mismatch between ventilation and perfusion
COPD
restrictive lung disease
- inhalation is restricted
- more work to breath
RLD
air moves across a _
pressure gradient
Flow in lungs is _, not turbulent, difficult to _
- swirly
- characterize the flow in upper airways
Flow in lungs - assume Ohms law:
Resistance (R) = change pressure/flow or flow = change in pressure/R
V = flow/area
velocity
- need low pressure for inspiration: 5 cm/H2O
- inhale pressure has capacity for 120 cm/H2O
- maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) usually occurs at functional residual capacity (FRC), low lung volumes, usually about -80 to -100 cm/H2O
-MEP: occurs at high lung volumes, recoil of diaphragm (100-110 cm/H2O) - due to length tension relationship
velocity
Disease states: (obstructive airway disease)
greater pressure for adequate flow
Delta Vt/Delta pressure =
compliance
high compliance:
Emphysema
with increased pressure
- _ chest wall diameter
- _ abdominal space
- increase
- compress
alveoli are connected via smooth muscle and connective tissue: one opens, all open to _
prevent atelectasis
similar to flypaper, lubricates, and protects
- hydrates
- provides protective surface
- collect debris
mucosal clearance
Goblet cells secrete _
sticky, tenacious mucous
submucosal glands are _, makes islands
less sticky
debris is moved up on islands to carinas via _
- clean from periphery to the central
- mucocilliary escalator
cilia “beating”
does not regulate soluble phase
- cilia are too deep, below the surface, cannot beat effectively, bacteria can overgrow
cystic fibrosis
peripheral airways have laminar (straight) flow, allows _
for diffusion
alveoli have pores for _, collateral airflow
gas diffusion
volume moved during either an inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breath (L)
Tidal volume (Vt)
- reserve ability for inspiration (L)
- volume of extra air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (L)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of extra air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (L)
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- volume of air remaining in lungs following a maximal exhalation (L)
- usually increases with age
- allows for uninterrupted exchange of gases
Residual volume (RV)
- volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhalation (end tidal) (L)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
functional residual capacity is important for _
maintaining gas pressures in the alveoli
_ determined by:
- height, weight, age, gender
- compliance
- surfactant
- inspiration/expiration muscle strength
- maximal amount of air in the lungs
total lung capacity (TLC)
RV + VC =
TLC
maximal amount of air that can be moved in one minute (L/min)
maximal ventilatory volume (MMV or MBC)
2 types of ventilation
- pulmonary
- alveolar
_ type of ventilation:
- air is brought into lungs and exchanged with air in lungs (Ve)
pulmonary
_ type of ventilation:
- exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
alveolar
- at rest, usually ~ 6 L/min
- increase due to increase in rate and depth
- Rate: increased 35-45 breaths/min, elite athletes: 60-70 breaths/min, max
pulmonary ventilation
_ of _ tidal volume will enter into and mix with existing alveolar air
350 ml of 500 ml
_ will enter alveoli, but only _ is fresh air
- _ is about 1/7 of air in alveoli
- allows for maintenance of composition of alveolar air (concentration of gases)
- 500ml, 350 ml
- 350 ml
anatomic dead space _ with increase in _
- increases
- tidal volume
increase in dead space is still less than increase in _
- therefore, deeper breathing allows for more effective _, rather than an increase breathing rate
- tidal volume
- alveolar ventilation
