Lab Quiz 3 study Flashcards
fibrous (renal) capsule of kidney
a transparent capsule that prevents infections in the surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney
renal hilum
medial surface where concave and have vertical cleft, and where the ureter, renal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves join the kidneys
renal cortex
most superficial kidney region, lighter in color, contains the bulk of nephrons, site of glomerular filtration
renal medulla
deep to the cortex, consist of medullary pyramids, stripped appearance., site of tubular reabsorption
renal columns
spaces between the renal pyramids , bands of granular tissue separating adjacent renal pyramids. contains vessels and urinary tube that run into the cortex.
renal pyramids
cone-shaped tissue masses, board base of each pyramid faces towards the cortex and its apex points internally, appear stripped because they are formed almost entirely of parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and capillaries.
renal sinus
a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat.
papilla of pyramid
the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid.
minor calyx
subdivisions of the major calyx, cup-shaped drain that urine is brought to from the renal papilla.
major calyx
large extensions of the renal pelvis, large funnel shaped chamber made up pf 4 or 5 minor calyces
ureters
tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
urethra
canal through which urine passes from the bladder (and semen passes from the ejaculatory duct in the male) to outside the body
renal artery
bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys
segmental arteries
branches from the renal arteries
interlobar arteries
branches from the segmental arteries
renal vein
exits from the kidneys and drains filtered, deoxygenated blood to the inferior vena cava.
interlobar veins
drains into the renal veins
renal pelvis
a funnel shaped sac that collects the urine and directs it to the ureters, a cavity at the base of the kidney which collects urine from the renal calyces and carries it to the ureter
shell around renal medulla
renal cortex
branches of renal pelvis to renal papillae
calyces
conical mass of tissue within renal medulla
renal pyramind
projection with tiny opening into minor calyx
renal papilla
medial depression for blood vessels to enter kidney
hilum
microscopic functional unit of kidney
nephron
tissue between renal pyramids
renal column
superior funnel-shaped end of ureter
renal pelvis
arrange the following structures to indicate their respective positions in relation to filtrate flow through the nephron: ascending limb of the nephron loop collectioning duct descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule renal papilla
proximal convoluted tubule ascending limb of the nephron loop descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct renal papilla
pyuria
leukocytes in urine, normal values: 4500-11000, presence of WBCs or pus in urine caused by inflammation of the urinary tract could indicate UTI, including pyelonephritis or gonorrhea
nitrituria
nitrites in urine, normal values: 0, results when gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli reduce nitrates to form nitrites, UTIs
urobilinogen in urine
normal values: 0.2-1 mg/dL, too much can indicate liver disease such as cirrhosis, or hepatitis
proteinuria or albuminuria
normal values: 0-20 mg/dL, increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane (proteins are usually too large to pass through); albumin is the most abundant blood protein, pathological: hypertension, glomerulonephritis, ingestion of poisons, bacterial toxins, kidney trauma
nonpathological: excessive physical exertion, pregnancy
Hematuria
normal value: 0, Red Blood Cells in urine, irritation of the urinary tract organs that results in bleeding; or a result of leakage of RBCs through a damaged filtration membrane; could be caused by bleeding in the tract; kidney stones, urinary tract tumors, trauma to urinary tract organs; damaged filtration membrane: glomerulonephritis
specific gravity of urine
normal 1.001-1.030, out of range could be due to fever, diabetes mellitus, starvation, limited fluid intake, pyelonephritis.
ketonuria
normal range: 0; ketone bodies in urine, excessive production of intermediates of fat metabolism, which may result in acidosis, possibly because of of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, low-carbohydrate diet.
bilirubinuria
bile pigments, normal: 0; increased levels of bilirubin in the urine as a result of liver damage or blockage of the bile duct possibly caused by hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver or gallstones.
glycosuria or glucosuria
glucose; normal: 0; high blood sugar levels to to inadequate insulin levels; or can result when active transport mechanisms for glucose are exceeded temporarily, pathological: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, nonpathological: excessive carbohydrate intake.
pH
normal urine pH is 4.5- 8.0, pH can be affected by diet or bacterial infection.
systole
ventricular contraction
diastole
ventricular relaxation
cardiac cycle
sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart
dicrotic notch
a sudden drop in pressure after systolic contraction caused by backflow of blood in arteries when the semilunar valves are closing, marks end of systole
quiescent period
0.4 sec of total heart relaxation
murmurs
blood strikes obstructions and its flow becomes turbulent and generates abnormal heart sounds.
ausculated
listening to internal sounds of a body
pulse
rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body
pulse pressure
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure, and it indicates the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole
plethysmograph
measures changes in volume in different areas of your body.
radial pulse
taken at wrist, commonly used
apical pulse
point of maximum impulse and is located at the apex of heart
pulse deficit
difference between a radial and apex of heart pulse
blood pressure
force exerted by blood against a unit of area of blood vessel walls.
systolic pressure
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure
lowest level of aortic pressure.
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
sphymomanometer
blood pressure cuff, used to obtain blood pressure readings.
sounds of korotkoff
tapping sound over a partially occluded blood vessel
mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels blood to tissues
cardiac output
blood flow through entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
peripheral resistance
a measurement of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels.
auscultating tricuspid valve
right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space; over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space
auscultating bicuspid (mitral) valve
over heart apex or 5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle
auscultating pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle
auscultating aortic valve
2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
Superficial temporal artery pulse point
anterior to ear, in the temple region
facial artery pulse point
clench the teeth and palpate the pulse just anterior to the masseter muscle on the mandible ( in line with the corner of the mouth)
common carotid artery pulse point
at the side of the neck
brachial artery pulse point
in the cubital fossa, at point where it bifurcates into the radial & ulnar arteries.
radial artery pulse point
at lateral aspect of wrist, above the thumb
femoral artery pulse point
in the groin
popliteal artery pulse point
at the back of the knee
posterior tibial artery pulse point
just above the medial malleolus
dorsalis pedis artery pulse point
on the dorsum of the foot.
tidal volume (tv)
500 ml, amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
inspiratory volume (irv)
1900-3100 , amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
expiratory reserve (ERV)
700-1200 ml amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
residual volume (RV)
1100 - 1200 ml, amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
total lung capacity (TLC)
4200-6100 ml, maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: tlc=tv +irv+erv+rv
vital capacity (VC)
3100-4800 ml, maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: vc=tv+irv+erv
functional residual capacity (FRC)
1800 - 2400 ml, volume of air remaing in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC=erv+rv
