Lab quiz 2 Flashcards
microscopic structure of artery
thick tunica media and scalloped
microscopic structure of vein
thin tunica media and irregular shaped
tunica intima
innermost tunic and thin tunic of capillaries, lines lumen of a vessel, single thin layer of endothelium, subendothelial layer and internal elastic membrane. close cells, cmooth blood vessel lining
tunica media
regulates blood vessel diameter and contains smooth muscle and elastin, regulates diameter of blood vessels
tunica externa
most superfiicial tunic and composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue, support and protection
Why are valves present in veins but not in arteries?
The high blood pressure in arteries propels the blood through them. The blood
pressure in veins is low and often the blood is flowing against gravity. Valves prevent backflow.
name two events occuring within the body that aid in venous returen
skeletal muscle “milking” action and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
Considering their functional differences, why do you think the walls of arteries are proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins?
arteries have to withstand high pressure and pressure changes while the veins are low pressure.
the arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two
brachiocephalic
the arteries supply the myocardium
coronary
two paired arteries serving the brain
internal carotid and vertebral
longest vein in the lower limb
great saphenous
artery on the dorsum of the foot
dorsalis pedis
main artery that serves the thigh muscles
deep artery of the thigh
supplies the diaphragm
phrenic
formed by the union of the radial and ulnar veins
brachial
two superficial veins of the arm
basilic and cephalic
artery serving the kidney
renal
veins draining the liver
hepatic
artery that supplies the distal half of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric
drains the pelvic organs
internal iliac
what the external iliac artery becomes on entry into the thigh
femoral
artery that branches into radial and ulnar arteries
brachial
supplies most of the small intestine
superior mesenteric
join to form the inferior vena cava
common iliac
an arterial trunk that has three major branches, which run to the liver, spleen, and stomach
celiac trunk
major artery serving the tissues external to the skull
external carotid
four veins serving the leg
anterior tibial, fibular, posterior tibial, great saphenous
artery generally used to take the pulse at the wrist
radial
What is the function of the cerebral arterial circle?
Provides alternative set of pathways for blood to reach the brain in case of arterial occlusion or impaired blood flow.
The anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise from the __________artery. They serve the _________ of the brain.
internal carotid, cerebrum
Trace the pathway of a drop of blood from the aorta to the left occipital lobe of the brain, noting all structures through which it flows.
aorta>subclavian artery>vertebral artery>basilar artery>posterior cerebral artery>occipital lobe
Drains tissues and return blood to the heart.
veins
True or false: gas exchange takes place between tissue cells and blood through capillary walls.
true
The largest artery of the body.
aorta
The largest branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.
superior mesenteric artery
The anterior tibial artery terminates with this artery which is often palpated in patients with the circulatory problems to determine the circulatory efficiency of the lower limb.
dorsalis pedi
Veins draining the head and upper extremities empty into the——
superior vena cava
located in the lower limb, this is the longest vein in the body
great saphenous
these veins drain the liver.
Hepatic veins
It’s function is to drain the digestive viscera and carry dissolved nutrients to the liver for processing.
hepatic portal circulation.
In the developing fetus, this carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
umbilical vein.
Trace the pathway of oxygen gas molecules from the alveolus of the lung to the right ventricle of the heart. Name all the structures through which it passes. Circle the areas of gas exchanges.
alveolus > alveolar/capillary walls > l & r pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > systemic arteries > capillary beds of tissues > systemic veins > superior or inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle
most arteries of the adult body carry oxygen-rich blood, and the veins carry oxygen -poor blood. How does this differ in the pulmonary arteries and veins?
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood and pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood.
How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? What condition is indicated by this anatomical differences?
Structurally, pulmonary arteries are more like veins. They have thin walls because the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure bed.
This brings blood with carbon dioxide and waste from the fetus to the placenta. It later becomes the medial umbilical ligament.
umbilical artery
This brings oxygen rich and nutrient rich blood to the fetus and later becomes the ligamentum teres.
umbilical vein
Carried blood through the fetal liver bypassing most of its tissue and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
ductus venosus
bypasses fetal lungs by carrying blood from the pulmonary truck to aorta, becomes liagmentym arteriosum
ductus arteriosus
shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium becomes the fossa ovalis
foramen ovale
Which organ serves as a respiratory/digestive.excretory organ for the fetus?
placenta
What is the source of blood carried to the hepatic portal system?
blood drained from the digestive viscera
Why is this blood carried to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation?
The blood contains nutrients and the liver maintains proper blood concentrations of carious nutrients, sugars, proteins and it has phagocytes to clean the blood.
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of
the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric veins.
The splenic vein carries blood from
the spleen, parts of the pancreas and the stomach.
The superior mesenteric vein drains the
small intestine, part of the large intestine and the stomach.
The inferior mesenteric vein emptys into the splenic vein and drains the
distal portion of the large intestine and rectum.
Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed through on the way.
Capillaries of small intestine > superior mesenteric vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein > inferior vena cava > right atrium.
systole
ventricular contraction
diastole
ventricular relaxation
cardiac cycle
one complete heart beat during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax.
When are the av valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
ventricular systole
What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open in the cardiac cycle?
atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure.
When are the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
during relaxation of the whole heart and atrial contraction.
What event causes the semilunar valves to open?
when ventricular pressure is greater than pressure in the great arteries.
are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cardiac cycle?
Yes, right after atrial contraction and ventricular systole
Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cardiac cycle?
no
At what point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart the highest and lowest?
ventricular systole is highest and ventricular diastole is lowest.
What events results in the pressure deflection called the dicrotic notch?
closure of the aortic valves raises aortic pressure briefly as backflowing blood rebounds off of the closed valves cusps.
The length of the normal cardiac cycle
0.8 sec
the time interval of atrial contraction
0.1 sec
the qiuescent period
0.4 sec
the time interval of ventricular contraction
0.3 sec
If the individual’s heart rate is 80 beats/min, what is the length of the cardiac cycle?
.75 sec
What portion of the cardiac cycle decreases with a more rapid heart rate?
quiescent period (ventricular relaxation)
What two factors promote the movement of blood through the heart?
systole and diastole of the heart and the valves opening and closing.
The two monosyllables describing the heart sounds are
lub-dub
The first heart sound is a result of closure of the
atrioventricular valves
The second heart sound is a result of closure of the
semilunar valves.
The heart chambers that have been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the
ventricles
The chambers that have just emptied when you heart the first heart sound are the
atria
Immediately after the second heart sound, both the ____ and _____ are filling with blood
atria and ventricles
The graph illustrating the pressure and volume changed during one heartbeat id call the
cardiac cycle.
T or F
When ventricular systole begins, intraventricular pressure increases rapidly, closing the atrioventricular (AV) valves.
True
The average heart beats approximately _____ times per minute.
75
Abnormal heart sounds called ____ can indicated valve problems.
murmurs
The term ____ refers to the alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.
pulse
The pulse is most often taken at the lateral aspect of the wrist, just above the thumb, by compressing the
radial artery.
Device used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer.
In reporting a blood pressure of 120/90, which number represents the diastolic pressure?
90
Characteristic sounds that indicate the resumption of blood flow to the artery being occluded when taking blood pressure
sounds of korotkoff
Placement of stethoscope for sounds of closure of the tricuspid valve
right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
Placement of stethoscope for sounds of closure of the aortic valve
2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
placement of stehoscope for sounds of apical heartbeat
5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle
Which valve is heard most clearly when the apical heartbeat is auscultated?
mitral valve(biscuspid)
Give an example of how abnormal sounds might be used to diagnose a heart problem
A swishing sound following closure of a valve can indicate a valve issue or a high pitched screeching can indicate constricted or stenosed valves.
Alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.
pulse
Describe the procedure used to take the pulse.
Placing 2 or 3 fingertips over an artery, first compress the artery firmly and then ease up on pressure.
artery palpated at the wrist
radial
artery palpated in front of the ear
temporal
artery palpated on the dorsum of the foot
dorsalis pedis
artery palpated on the side of the neck
common carotid
pressure point to stop bleeding in the thigh
femoral
pressure point to stop bleeding in the forearm
brachial
pressure point to stop bleeding in the calf
popliteal
pressure point to stop bleeding in the thumb
radial
How could you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous?
how quickly the blood is coming out of the body.
You may sometimes observe a slight difference between the value obtained from an apical pulse (beats/min) and that from an arterial pulse taken elsewhere on the body. What is this difference called?
pulse deficit
The pressure that blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls.
blood pressure
Phase of cardiac cycle during systolic pressure
pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction
phase of cardiac cycle during diastolic pressure
pressure during ventricular relaxation
What is the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory medthod of determining blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer
What are the sounds of Korotkoff?
Sounds that indicate the resumption of blood flow in the forearm.
What causes the systolic sound?
fast moving blood over a partially block artery
What causes the disappearance of the sound?
the blood flowing freely.
pulse pressure
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
Why is the pulse pressure measurement important?
indicates the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole, a narrowed pulse pressure may indicate disorders of the heart.
Explain why pulse pressure is different from pulse rate
pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure and the pulse rate is the pressure surges per minute.
How do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures? Why?
Venous pressures are lower because the veins are far from the pumping of the heart.
What maneuver to increase the thoracic pressure illustrates the effect of external factors on venous pressure? And how is this performed?
The valsalva maneuver. Take a deep breath, then mimic the motions of forcibly exhaling without actually exhaling.
What might an abnormal increase in venous pressure indicate?
Heart failure. With the heart unable to effectively pump blood, it pools in the lower extremities and increases venous pressure.
The major role of the respiratory system is to
supply the blood with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
T or F
Four processes - pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration - must all occur in order for the respiratory system to function fully.
True
The upper respiratory structures include the nose, larynx and the
pharynx.
Which cartilage is the largest and most prominent of the laryngeal cartilages?
thyroid cartilage
T or F
The epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow food: it closes off the respiratory passageway to incoming food or drink.
True
Air flows from the larynx to the trachea, and then enters the:
left and right main bronchi.
What is the lining of the trachea which propels dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs?
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
T or F
All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls.
True
These are tiny balloonlike structures, composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium. They are the main structural and functional units of the lung and the actual sites of gas exchange.
Alveoli
Fissures divide the lungs into lobes, three on the right and ____ on the left
two.
Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)?
Inferior vocal fold
forms the adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
shaped like a ring
cricoid cartilage
vocal cord attachment
arytenoid
a “lid” for the larynx
epiglottis
Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?
Prevents it from collapsing due to pressure changes while breathing
Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?
Keeps this part of the wall flexible to allow passage of food as it is swallowed.
What is the function of the pleural fluid?
allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing.
Name two functions of the nasal conchae
filter, warm and moisten incoming air and a resonance chamber for voice production.
Which of the main bronchi is longer? Larger in diameter? more horizontal? Which more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?
longer is left, larger is right, and more horizontal is left and the right more often traps foreign objects.
Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs.
nostrils > nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx> trachea > primary bronchus > tertiary/secondary bronchi >bronchiole> respiratory bronchiole > alveolar duct > alveolar sac > across alveolar /capillary walls.
connects the larynx to the main bronchi
trachea
includes terminal and respiratory as subtypes
bronchiole
food passageway posterior to the trachea
esophagus
covers the glottis during swallowing of food
epiglottis
contains the vocal cords
larynx
nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration
phrenic nerve
pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax
parietal pleura
site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood
alveolus
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
pharyngotympatic tube
contains opening between the vocal folds
glottis
increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity
conchae
separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
palate
What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as the anatomical dead space? And why?
all respiratory passageways except the respiratory membrane, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, etc..
Because no gas exchange occurs except in the respiratory zone.
external respiration
exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells.
