Lab Quiz 2 Flashcards
(Prokaryotic) Enzyme
lower the activation energy of a reaction
- most are proteins with individual shapes determined by their unique amino acid sequence
enzyme
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to trigger a reaction.
enzyme
Active Site
- region where the enzyme binds that determines the catalytic effect of the enzyme.
- relative to the shape
enzyme
Cofactors
Aid in the binding process.
i.e. metallic ions (Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+), vitamins or other small molecules
enzyme
Coenzymes
Also aid in the binding process
i.e. metallic ions (Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+), vitamins or other small molecules
enzyme
Dye-coupled reactions
- The process of adding a dye into a reaction in order to observe the reaction between two things of interest.
- This technique is often used when using a spectrophotometer.
enzyme
Guaiacol
substrate
- colorless ==> brown (when oxidized)
- Used in the enzyme activity experiment, when oxidized it produces a brownish color.
enzyme
Derivative graph
The slope of the raw data and verses the derivatives of the lines at certain points on the graph.
enzyme
Denaturation
enzyme
When a protein loses its shape because of a change of external factors that differ from the native state.
Microplane Reader
enzyme
Detect differences between wells on a microtiter plate.
Spectrophotometry
enzyme
a method used to identify and quantify colored solutions based on their light absorbing properties
Karyokinesis
Mitosis
Nuclear division during mitosis.
Mitosis
mitosis
The process in which cells replicate and produce two identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
mitosis
Cytoplasmic divison, the last step in mitosis.
Chromosomes
mitosis
The carrier of genes found in the nucleus.
Sister Chromatids
mitosis
The duplicate parts of each chromosome.
Centrosomes
mitosis
Where the microtubule spindles meet. Spindles radiate from here.
Centromere
mitosis
Holds the sister chromatids together as part of the same chromosome.
Spindle
mitosis
Microtubules radiating from the centromere. Connect to sister chromatids at the kinetochore to pull them apart during mitosis.
Asters
mitosis
The “star-burst” structure made by the spindles and centrosome
Furrowing
Cleavage Furrow
mitosis
The indent or separation between the two daughter cells in the mitosis.
Cell Plate
mitosis
Found in plant cells, separates the daughter cells during the final stage of mitosis.
Cell Cycle
mitosis
The cell cycle is the events that take place leading up to and during cellular division.
Interphase
mitosis
the period of cellular growth prior to mitosis.
Prophase
mitosis
The nuclear envelope disappears, spindle begins to form.
Metaphase
mitosis
Spindle has arranged the chromosomes in the equator of the cell.
Anaphase
mitosis
Sister chromatids begin to separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
Mitosis
Chromosomes approach their individual poles, cleavage furrow begins to develop.
Blastula
Mitosis
A hollow sphere of cells surrounding intracellular fluid.
Fixative
mitosis
Used to preserve or stabilize specimens prior to microscopy.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
double helix
made up of
AT and GC pairs
Double Helix
DNA
A
DNA
Adenine
G
DNA
Guanine
T
DNA
Thymine
C
DNA
Cytosine
Proteins
the basis for almost all of your body’s structures and functions
DNA
Gene
DNA
Section of DNA that contains the information to make protein.
Genome
DNA
The collection of all of the information found in DNA.
Ribosomes
protein manufacturers, within the cytoplasm
DNA
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Non-covalently bonded complex between the enzyme and substrate that only exists for a few microseconds.
enzyme
Nucleotide
DNA
A unit containing a base, sugar and phosphate.
Endocrine (signaling)
fish
Produces secretions distributed by blood stream.
a type of long-distance signaling, occurs when a cell releases a chemical messenger and its target cell is farther away in the body. For example the hormone estrogen is produced in the ovaries with its target in a tissue somewhere in the body.
Paracrine (Signaling)
fish
Created by one cell, triggers cells around it.
is a type of local signaling that occurs when a target cell and the signal-releasing cell are in the same general proximity.
Autocrine (Signaling)
fish
Created by cell, acts on the surface receptors of the same cell.
occurs when the signal-releasing cell is the same as the target cell (the cell works on itself).
Peroxidase
the enzyme in study in the laboratory
- found in turnips
- H2O2 + RH2 ==> 2 water + R
R = guaniol
Protease
degrades protein
purifies DNA
Nicotine
Vasoconstrictor
- a type of stimulant drug, is most commonly found in tobacco products, such as in cigarettes.
- cause a build-up of plaque in the arteries, narrowing the arteries, and increasing blood flow
Pseudoephedrine
vasoconstriction
a type of nasal decongestant that also causes vasoconstriction due to dilated blood vessels
Epinephrine
vasoconstriction
a common hormone naturally released from the body during a flight or fight response during cardiac arrest, and anaphylaxis
Nitroglycerin
vasodilator
can open up the arteries, or blood vessels, to improve blood flow to treat angina symptoms
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
substrate
will react with guaicol
enzyme
Alcohol
precipitate DNA
i.e. ethanol/isopropanol
