Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology I E3 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy enters most ecosystems as…

A

sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy leaves most ecosystems as…

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cells harvest…

A

chemical energy stored in organic molecules that the mitochondria and eukaryotes use as fuel for cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

yield energy by OXIDIZING and BREAKING down organic molecules
via
an exergonic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fermentation

A

a catabolic process

-a partial degradation of sugars that occurs in the absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway

  • consumes Oxygen and organic molecules such as glucose and yields ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cells must regenerate ATP…

A

in order to keep working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Catabolic pathways yield energy based on …

A

their ability to cause a transfer of elections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Redox reactions

A

transfer elections from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction

i.e. redox of table salt: Na+ is oxidized, Cl- is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oxidation

A

a substance loses elections, or is oxideized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reduction

A

a substance gains elections, or is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the “fall” of electrons during respiration is…

A

stepwise and occurs by an electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

found in inter membrane counter of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During cellular respiration…

A

glucose is oxidized
oxygen is reduced

done through a series of steps, each of which is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

at Key Steps during cellular respiration

A

electrons are stripped from glucose and the electrons are transferred with a proton as a hydrogen atom

glucose + 6oxygen => 6CO2 + 6water + Energy

O: glucose => 6CO2
R: 6oxygen => 6water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized in a…

A

series of steps and
the H atoms are not directly transferred to oxygen but are …

passed to a coenzyme called NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

oxidized form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dehydrogenase enzyme

A

2 H atoms from glucose are removed by this enzyme and then it transfers 2 electrons and 1 H+ (proton) to NAD+ (creating NADH) and the other proton is released into the solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NADH => NAD+

A

NADH: the reduced form

passes e- to the “top” or high energy end of the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If the electron transfer is not stepwise…

A

a large release of energy occurs as in the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Electron Transport Chain location

A

in the mitochondria membranes

22
Q

Electron transport chain

A

“breaks the fall” of electrons by passing them in a controlled series of steps, and uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP

a the “bottom” or lower-energy end, oxygen captures the electrons along with hydrogen to form water

23
Q

During cellular respiration, electrons follow a

A

“downhill” route

24
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Citric Acid Cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

Glycolysis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm
- breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (produces some ATP)
glucose => 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O + 2ATP + 2 NADH

26
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
- utilizes pyruvate and completes the breakdown of glucose
2 pyruvate => ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2

27
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
- drives the synthesis of ATP by the transfer of electrons from NADH in electron transport chain
NADH + FADH2 => ATP

28
Q

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can generate ATP by

A

substrate level phosphorylation

29
Q

Substrate-Level phosphorylation

A

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP, forming ATP

i.e. Pyruvate Kinase: transfers a phosphate (phosphorylates) ADP from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to make ATP and pyruvate

30
Q

Glycolysis

“splitting of sugar”

A

harvests energy by oxidizing glucose, a 6 carbon molecule to two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

2 major phases

1) energy investment (predatory) phase
2) energy payoff phase

31
Q

Glycolysis input and output

A

input: glucose
output: 2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2ATP, 2 NADH

32
Q

Citric acid cycle

A
  • takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion

- completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

33
Q

Pyruvate must be converted into

A

acetyl-CoA
which will link glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

input: 2 pyruvate
output: 2CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA

34
Q

Citric acid cycle input and output

A

for each turn of the cycle
input: 2 acetyl-CoA, 3 NAD, FAD+, ADP

output: 2CO2, 3 NADH, FADH, ATP

after 2 turns: output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP

35
Q

Starting with 1 molecule of glucose

A

produce 10 NADH at end of CAC

2 from glycolysis
2 from conversion of pyruvate
6 from CAC

36
Q

NADH and FADH2

from glycolysis and CAC

A

account for the majority of energy extracted from food

  • donate e- to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
37
Q

Electron transport chain electrons from NADH and FADH2

A

lose energy as they pass down the pathway until the electrons are passed to oxygen, forming water

38
Q

ATP synthase

A

a large protein complex imbedded in the mitochondrial wall and is the enzyme that synthesizes ATP

“Jesus enzyme”

39
Q

Proton (H+) gradient

A

as electrons move through the electron transport chain, the protein complexes pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space creating this gradient

40
Q

H+ gradient

A

stores energy and drives chemiosmosis through the ATP synthase in a process referred to as a proton-motive force

41
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work and the formation of ATP

42
Q

Cellular Respiration overview

A

During respiration, most energy flows in they sequence: glucose to NADH to electron transport chain to proton-motive force to ATP

1 molecule of glucose => 6 CO2, 4ATP are generated during glycolysis and the CAC

EACH NADH from glycolysis and CAC may contribute enough energy to the proton-motive force to generate 3 ATP

1 molecule of glucose => 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and 4 ATP from substrate level phosphorylation => ~36-38ATP

about 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making approximately 38 ATP

43
Q

Without electronegative oxygen to pull electrons down there transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation ceases however fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of O2

44
Q

Glycolysis can produce ATP

A

with or without O2, in aerobic or aerobic conditions and couples with fermentation to produce ATP

45
Q

Fermentation

A

can generate ATP from glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons

46
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which releases CO2

47
Q

Lactic acid Fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product

48
Q

Bother fermentation and cellular respiration use

A

glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to Pyruvate but
cellular respiration produces more ATP

49
Q

Catabolic pathways funnel electrons

A

from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

carbohydrates, fats, proteins can be used as energy

50
Q

Anabolism or biosynthetic pathways

A

the body uses small molecules to bind other substances that may come directly from food or through glycolysis or the CAC

51
Q

Cellular respiration is controlled by

A

allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the CAC

i.e. PFK is inhibited by high levels of ATP and activated by high levels of AMP

General Biology I E3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions