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General Biology I E3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to …

A

reproducing offspring that resemble their parents but may look slightly different (demonstrating variation)

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2
Q

Variation

A

shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings

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3
Q

Genetics

A

the study of heredity and hereditary variation (uniqueness)

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4
Q

Offspring acquire genes from parents by…

A

inheriting gene on chromosomes

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5
Q

Genes

A

the units of heredity and are composed of segments of DNA

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6
Q

Each gene in an organism’s DNA has a …

A

specific locus (location) on a certain chromosome

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7
Q

In sexual reproduction,

in terms of genes

A

we inherit one set of chromosomes from our mother and one set from our father

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8
Q

In asexual reproduction,

A

one parent produces genetically identical or exact copy (clone) offspring by mitosis
- more simple process

i.e. the multicellular hydra reproduces by budding

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9
Q

In sexual reproduction,

A

2 parents (produce gametes) give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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10
Q

Fertilization and meiosis alternate in…

A

sexual life cycles

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11
Q

Life Cycle

A

is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

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12
Q

in humans, each somatic cell has…

A

46 chromosomes

made up of 2 sets, one from each parent

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13
Q

Karyotype

A

an ordered, arranged, visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell that can be used to determine their homology or similarity

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes (autosomes)

A

a pair of chromosomes that have the same characteristics

humans have 22 autosome pairs

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15
Q

Heredity

A

the transmission of genes on chromosomes and their traits from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

distinct from each other and are represented as X and Y

determine the “sex” of an individual
XX = female
XY = male

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17
Q

Diploid Cell

A

has 2 sets of each of its chromosomes and a human has 46 chromosomes (2n=46)

where n = the number of single set chromosomes

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18
Q

n =

A

the number of single set chromosomes

19
Q

Haploid

A

sperm and ova (gametes)

have only one set of chromosomes

20
Q

In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred…

A

the chromosomes are duplicated and consist of 2 identical sister chromatids

21
Q

Gametes

A

unlike somatic cells, gametes only contain 1 set of chromosomes

22
Q

Meiosis

A

variety and the production of new cells that are genetically distinct

cells produce non-identical daughter cells that are used in reproduction
cells contain genes

at sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes by this process

23
Q

Forming a Diploid Zygote

A

during fertilization, the gametes, sperm, and ovum fuse forming a diploid zygote that develops into an adult organism

24
Q

3 main types of sexual cycles differ in the …

A

timing of meiosis and fertilization

25
Q

In animals,

A

meiosis occurs during gamete formation and the gametes are the only haploid cells

26
Q

plants and some algae exhibit…

A

an alternation of generations where the life cycle includes both diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) multicellular stages

27
Q

in most fungi and some protists, meiosis produces

A

haploid cells that gives rise to a haploid multicellular adult organism that carries out mitosis, producing cells that will become gametes

28
Q

haploid multicellular organism

A

predominant phase in plants

29
Q

diploid multicellular organism

A

predominant phase in animals/humans

30
Q

Meiosis

A

resembles mitosis but reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid

takes place in 2 sets of divisions

31
Q

2 sets of meiosis division

A

1) Meiosis I

2) Meiosis II

32
Q

Meiosis I

A

separates the chromosomes and makes the chromosomes haploid

Prophase I
Metaphase I: the tetrads line up on equator (Cross-over occurs here)
Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes pull apart sister chromatids
Telophase I and Cytokinesis

33
Q

Meiosis II

A

separates the sister chromatids and makes 4 daughter cells containing 1/2 the chromosomes as the parent cell (different than parental)

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and Cytokinesis

34
Q

Meiosis can be distinguished from mitosis by 3 events in Meiosis I

A

1) Synapsis and direct crossing over of homologous chromosomes through physical contact and exchange genetic information
2) Tetrads on the metaphase plate, during metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the metaphase plates
3) Separation of Homologous at anaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell

=> in anaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate

35
Q

Tetrads

A

paired homologous chromosomes

36
Q

Genetic Variation

A

produced in sexual life cycles (meiosis) contributes to species diversity and the reshuffling of genetic material in each generation

provides the “raw material” for biological changes that are beneficial to the organism and its offspring

37
Q

3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A

1) Independent assortment
2) Crossing over
3) Random Fertilization

38
Q

Independent assortment

of chromosomes

A

each pair of chromosomes sorts its maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

39
Q

Crossing Over

A

produces recombinant chromosomes that carry genes derived from 2 different parents

during metaphase I

40
Q

Random Fertilization

A

the fusion of gametes will produce a zygote with any of about 64 trillion diploid combinations

41
Q

Mutations

A

a source of genetic variation

42
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

produces new combinations of variant genes, adding more genetic diversity and variability

43
Q

Chiasma

A

physical site where the two chromosome can exchange genetic material

General Biology I E3 (6 decks)

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