Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology I E3 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living cell is a …

A

miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur that convert energy into work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Some organisms can convert ___ to light

A

energy to light

i.e. bioluminescent of jellyfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Some organisms can convert light into___

A

chemical energy

i.e. in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organism’s metabolism

A

transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermo, into the ability to perform work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions that arises from interactions between molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

has multiple steps that begin with a specific molecule and end with a product that is catalyzed by specific enzymes (highly specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

break down complex molecules into simpler compounds during a process that release energy

i.e. during cellular respiration, glucose i broken down into CO2 and H2O in the presence of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

build complicated molecules from simpler ones during a process that consumes energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Energy

A
  • the capacity to cause change and exists in various forms some of which can perform work
  • can be converted from one form to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy associated with motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored in the location of matter and includes chemical energy stored in molecular structures, such as glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations and life is subject to the laws of thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

states that energy can be transferred and transformed, but energy cannot be created or destroyed

(Conservation of energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Entropy

A
  • the quantity of disorder or randomness

- the more random a collection of matter, the greater the entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Order may increase locally; however,

A

the universe tends towards randomness

in other words, spontaneous changes do not require outside energy to increase the entropy, or the amount of disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Living systems create ordered structures from…

A

less ordered starting materials and decrease the entropy of the universe and
use energy to maintain order

i.e. aa are ordered into polypeptide chains which are ordered into proteins which are ordered into organelles, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Free energy

A

the energy that can do work under cellular conditions (constant temp and pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Free-Energy Change (∆G)

A

of a reaction tells us whether the reaction is spontaneous or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Spontaneous Reaction

A

Spontaneous changes do not require energy which is preferred for cellular reactions
(create energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

∆G equation

A

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

where H = enthalpy
S = entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Organisms live at the expense of free energy during a spontaneous change,

A

free energy decreases and the stability (order) of a system increases

i.e. - ∆G becomes a negative #

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A system at equilibrium is…

A

at maximum stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 classifications of chemical reactions

A

1) exergonic
2) endergonic
based on their free energy (∆G) state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is a spontaneous reaction (- ∆G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous
(+ ∆G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reactions in a closed system

A
  • eventually reach equilibrium
  • can perform no work
  • is a dead cell
29
Q

Reactions in an open system

A

Cells tend to maintain a state of disequilibrium, which are capable of constantly exchanging matter with their surroundings

30
Q

Coupling Reactions

A

ATP powers the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reaction as a way to manage their energy resources to do work

31
Q

3 kinds of work a cell does

A

1) Mechanical
2) Transport
3) Chemical

32
Q

1) Mechanical

A

the beating of cilia or contraction of muscles

33
Q

2) Transport

A

the pumping of substances across membranes

34
Q

3) Chemical

A

driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

35
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

the cell’s energy shuttle and provides energy for cellular functions

36
Q

Energy released from ATP

A

when the terminal phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis and favorable products are produced

releases 7.3kcal of energy/mole of ATP with a (- ∆G)

37
Q

ATP hydrolysis can be

A

coupled to other reactions to make the overall runs favorable of the cell

i.e. glutamic acid + ammonia => glutamine (G: +3.4kcal/mol) with
ATP + H2O => ADP + P ( G: -7.3kcal/mol)
= total G -3.9kcal/mol

38
Q

ATP drives endergonic reactions by

A

phosphorylation: transferring a phosphate to other molecules creating a more reactive (less stable) than the original unphosphorylated molecule

39
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP powers three types of

A

cellular work

1) Mechanical: place P on protein=> activate (i.e. myosin); ATP phosphorylates motor proteins
2) Transport: active transport; ATP phosphorylates transport proteins
3) Chemical: coupling or adding P on substrates; ATP phosphorylates key reactants

40
Q

ATP is a renewable resource that

A

can be regenerated by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP
- the energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from various catabolic pathways that drive the regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate

41
Q

Enzymes

A
  • speed up metabolic reactions to make them biologically relevant by lowering energy barriers
  • a catalytic protein capable of speeding up reaction rates by lowering energy barriers (make reactions go faster)
42
Q

Catalyst

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

43
Q

Enzymes regulate

A

reactions in metabolic pathways by bond breaking and forming
“reorganization”

44
Q

Enzymes within a cell may be groups into

A

complexes, incorporated into membranes, or contained inside organelles (i.e. the mitochondria)

45
Q

Ribosome

A

is an enzyme made up of protein and RNA

46
Q

Every chemical reaction between molecules involves both

A

bond breaking and bond forming and enzymes help break and reform chemical bonds

47
Q

Sucrase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose is a chemical reaction involving the breaking of the bond between glucose and fructose and the formation of new bonds with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions with water

48
Q

Activation Energy (Ea)

A

the initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- the energy to push the reactants over the energy barrier

49
Q

At the summit of the reaction, the molecules are in an unstable condition known as

A

transition state

50
Q

Enzyme and activation energy

A

an enzyme will catalyze/speed up reactions by lowering Ea barrier but not the ∆G

51
Q

Energy profile or “reaction coordinate” for an exergonic reaction

A

releases energy into its surrounding

52
Q

Enzymes accelerate

A

reactions and lower their Ea by providing an environment for the chemical reaction to proceed

53
Q

Substrate

A

the reactant or molecule an enzyme acts on

54
Q

Enzyme binds to substrate

A

forming an enzyme-substrate complex during which the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product or products

  • binds at the active site which is a specific region on the enzyme where the substate binds
55
Q

Induced fit of a substrate

A

brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance or tighten their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction wth their substrates

56
Q

Active Site can lower Ea barrier by

A

1) orienting substrates correctly,
2) straining substrate bonds,
3) providing a favorable microenvironment
4) covalently bonding to the substrate

57
Q

the activity of an enzyme is affected by general environment factors

A

temperature and pH

58
Q

Each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH in which it can function

A

i.e. Taq (temperature)

Trypsin (pH 8 , intestinal pH)

59
Q

Cofactors

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers (inorganic)

60
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic cofactors for enzymes

61
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

bind tot eh active site of an enzyme competing with the substrate

62
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

bind to another part of an enzyme, changing the function

63
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

must be tightly regulated and enzyme activity is essential to control cellular metabolism

64
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site

65
Q

Many enzymes are allosterically regulated

A

to become more stable (active) or inhibited (stop/block) depending on the needs of the cell

66
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

change shape when regulatory molecules bind to specific sites, affecting function

67
Q

Cooperativity

A

a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
- enzymes with multiple cattail units can become stabilized upon substrate binding which factors additional substrate binding and activity

i.e. oxygen binding and transport protein hemoglobin

68
Q

Feedback inhibition

A
  • the end product of metabolic pathway feeds bask upon itself and shuts down the pathway
  • prevents a cell from wasting chemical energy

i.e. Isoleucine will feedback and inhibit threonine deaminase

General Biology I E3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions