Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology I E3 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A distinguishing characteristic of living things from nonliving things

A

the ability of organisms to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the continuity of life is based upon…

A

the reproduction of cell, or cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

reproduce an entire organism by cell division

i.e. amoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

depend on cell division for multiple processes including: development from a fertilized cell or egg, growth of cells to develop tissues, and repair and renew cells that die from normal wear and tear or accidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 reasons for Mitosis to occur

A

1) Reproduction
2) Growth and development
3) Tissue renewal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell division is

A

part of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell division requires

A

the distribution of identical genetic material – DNA - to 2 daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells duplicate their genetic material

A

before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genome

A

(a cell’s endowment of DNA, its) genetic information

can range from a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) to several DNA molecules (eukaryotes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(Eukaryotic) Chromosomes

A

have a characteristic number in each nucleus depending on the species and consist of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in animals, somatic cells…

A

have two sets of chromosomes

-i.e. human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2 sets of 23 from each parent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in animals, gametes

A

have one set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In preparation for cell division, DNA…

A

is replicated and the chromosomes condense to make a small package

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has…

A

2 sister chromatids, which separate during cell division and contain identical DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During Condensation (of cell division)

A

the chromatids are connected at a narrow area, called the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Centromere

A

narrow area at which the chromatids are connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Later in cell division,

A

the chromatids are pulled apart into the new nuclei at opposite ends of the parent cell to form individual chromosomes

21
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consists of

A

mitosis

22
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), cytokinesis, and maintenance of the chromosome number

23
Q

Karyokinesis

A

the division of the nucleus

24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

25
Q

Meiosis

A

sex cells (gametes) have a reduction in chromosome number

  • yield 4 nonidentical daughter cells
  • each with half the chromosomes of the parent
26
Q

Cell cycle

A

consists of the mitotic (M) phase which alternates with the longer interphase

27
Q

mitotic phase is made up of

A

karyokinesis and cytokinesis

28
Q

Interphase

A

the cell grows and prepared for cell division

divided into sub-phases: G1, S, and G2
G = growth phases
S = DNA synthesis (replication)

29
Q

5 distinct phases or steps in mitosis

A

1) Prophase
2) Prometaphase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase (and cytokinesis)

30
Q

Prophase

A

the chromosomes are tightly packed, chromatids are joined, and the mitotic spindle begins to form

31
Q

Prometaphase

A

the nuclear envelope fragments, the microtubules from the spindle interact with the chromosomes, and the chromatids contain a kinetochore

32
Q

Metaphase

A

sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate

33
Q

Metaphase plate

A

an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles of the cell

34
Q

Anaphase

A

the centromeres divide separating the sister chromatids which are pulled toward the poles

35
Q

Telophase

A

daughter nuclei begin to form at the 2 poles and nuclear envelopes begin to arise

36
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

an apparatus of spindle microtubules and asters that controls chromosome movement during mitosis and arises from the centrosomes

soem spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosome and move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate

37
Q

In animal calls, Cytokinesis

A

follows mitosis (karyokinesis) and occurs by a process known as cleavage, which first appears by forming a cleavage furrow in the cell surface near the metaphase plate

Within the cytoplasm, is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments that facilitates and pinches the cell in two

38
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a types of cell division called…

A

binary fission

typically more rapid than in eukaryotes

39
Q

During binary fission,

A

the bacterial chromosome, which is circular DNA, replicates and the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart

1) Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell
2) Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell
3) Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited
4) 2 daughter cells result

40
Q

Regulation of Cell Cycle

A

the timing and rates of cell cycle division is crucial for normal growth and development of an organism

and is carefully regulated by an exquisite molecular control system

41
Q

Frequency of cell division

A

varies among cell types and the molecules and enzymes present in the cytoplasm also regulate progress through the cell cycle

42
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a

A

distinct cell cycle control system

(similar to a clock) with cyclinally operating enzymes to coordinate the cell cycle

43
Q

The clock has

A

specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

44
Q

The signals are transmitted by..

A

signal transduction pathways with three major checkpoints in the G1, G2, and M phases

i.e. EGF (epidermal growth factor)

45
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction point

the most important

46
Q

p53

A

is a tumor suppressor

  • protein
  • regulated gene
  • cell health indicator: detect mutations

mutated p53 can cause cancer

47
Q

Internal and External signals

A

control the cell cycles checkpoints:

1) Growth factors: stimulate other cells to divide (i.e. EGF)
2) Density-dependent inhibition: over-crowded cells stop dividing
3) most animal cells exhibit Anchorage Dependence in which they must be attached to a substratum to divide (i.e. EGF)

48
Q

Cancer cells

A

do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms and form tumors

exhibit neither dentist-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

overgrowth leads to tumors and anchorage-independence results in Metastasis (spreading)

can form clump of overlapping cells

49
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form secondary tumors

General Biology I E3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions