Lab Practical Exam 2 Flashcards
3 categories of tests that can be performed on a urine sample
- Chemical analysis
- Direct observation (gross inspection)
- Microscopic examination of urine sediments
4 categories of urine sediments
- Casts
- Cells
- Crystals
- Mucus threads
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: glucose present
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- Large meal consumed
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high pH (> 8.0)
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- Diet rich in vegetables, dairy products
- Severe anemia
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high specific gravity (> 1.025)
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- Decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe anemia
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low pH (< 4.5)
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- High protein diet, cranberry juice
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low specific gravity (< 1.010)
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- Increased fluid intake
- Severe renal damage
Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: protein present
- Possible dietary cause
- Possible disease cause
- High protein diet
- Severe anemia
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: clear to light yellow color
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Alcohol
- Phosphate, carbonate
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: yellow orange to dark green color
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Carrots
- Antibiotics
- Bilirubin from obstructive jaundice
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown-black
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Rhubarb
- Antidepressants
- Melanin pigment from melanoma
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Rhubarb
- Barbiturates
- Anemia or liver infections
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: dark wine
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Beets
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Hemolytic jaundice
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: green
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Green food dye
- Diuretics
- Bacterial infection
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: red to red brown
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Beets
- Laxatives
- Hemoglobine & urine
Abnormal urine color & possible causes: smoky red
- Diet
- Drugs
- Disease
- Beets
- Anticonvulsants
- Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract
Amylase
- What is it
- What produces it
- What does it do
- Digestive enzyme
- Produced by salivary glands and the pancreas
- Breaks dietary starches down into more simple sugars
Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas.
It breaks down ____
Starch
Bile
- Where is it produced
- Where is it stored
- What is it composed of
- Produced by the liver
- Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
- Composed of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol
Bile salts
- Function
- Emulsifier
Biuret reagent
- What is it
- How are results exhibited
- Protein indicator
- Detects the presence of peptide bonds
- pale blue = negative for protein
- pale purple = positive for protein
- pink = shorter peptides present
Bromothymol blue
- What does it indicate
- How are results exhibited
- Chemical pH indicator
- Results
- blue = pH > 7
- yellow = pH < 7
Cholesterol
- What is it
- Molecular structure
- Lipid
- Over 20 carbon atoms configured into 4 rings
Fatty acids
- Molecular structure
- Polar or nonpolar?
- Long chains of carbon with hydrogen attached
- Nonpolar
Lipid
- What is it
- Molecular structure
- Macromolecule
- Hundreds of molecules of mostly carbon and hydrogen
Phospholipid
- What is it
- Molecular structure
- Lipid
- Structure
- 3-carbon glycerol molecule
- Phosphate group; and
- 2 fatty acids
What is an emulsifier
A substance that has a polar and nonpolar component that can disperse fat into smaller particles in water or other polar solutions.
Which kidney is higher, the left or the right?
Left kidney is slightly superior than the right kidney
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
(1,200 mL)
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % formula
- FEV1 / FVC * 100 = %
- Most important measurement
Function of the respiratory system
Exchange gases with the environment in a process known as ventilation (breathing)
Function residual capacity (FRC)
Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
Identify blue structure
Spleen
Identify
Urinary bladder
Identify
Myometrium of uterus
Layer of smooth muscle tissue deep to the endometrium
Identify
Primary follicle of ovary
Identify
Epithelium of esophagus
Verify: Stratified squamous epithelium
Identify
Esophagus
Identify
Alveolus of lung
(high magnification)
Identify
Central v. of liver
Identify
Ureters
Identify
Urethra
Identify
Vas deferens
Identify
Submucosa of duodenum
Identify
Left lung
Identify
Ascending colon
Identify
Uterus
Identify
Spermatic cord
Identify
Epithelium of trachea
(ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
Identify
Mesentery
Identify
Trachea
Identify
Urinary bladder
Identify
Leydig cells of testis
Identify
Right lung
Identify
Duodenum of the small intestine
Identify
Adventitia of esophagus
Identify
Flow transducer
Identify respiratory & digestive systems
Identify
Submucosal gland of duodenum
(Brunner’s gland)
Identify
Gallbladder
Identify
BIOPAC
Identify
Testis
Identify
Sigmoid colon
Identify
Secondary follicle in ovary
Identify
Pancreas
Identify
Ovarian follicle of ovary
Identify
Ovaries
Identify
Epididymis
Identify
Epithelium of endometrium of uterus
Layer closest to the lumen and containing many glands with tube-like structures
Identify
Urinary bladder
Identify
Oocyte of ovary
Identify
Endometrium of uterus
Identify
Urinary bladder
Identify
Villus of duodenum
Identify
Urethra
Identify
Alveolar duct of lung
Identify
Of duodenum
Identify
Muscularis mucosae of esophagus
Identify
Esophagus
Identify
Identify
Interstinal gland of duodenum
Identify
Cardiac notch
Identify
Mucosa of esophagus
Identify
Spleen
Identify
Pancreas
Identify
Epididymis
Identify
Submucosa of esophagus
Identify
Spermatozoa (pleural) of testis
Spermatozoon (singular) of testis
Identify
Jejunum of small intestine
Identify
Identify
Primary oocyte
Identify
Urinary bladder
Identify
Transverse colon
Identify
VERIFY: ref card 76
Mucosa of duodenum
Identify
Alveolar sac of lung
Identify
Ureters