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BIO 151 A&P II > Lab Practical Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of tests that can be performed on a urine sample

A
  • Chemical analysis
  • Direct observation (gross inspection)
  • Microscopic examination of urine sediments
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2
Q

4 categories of urine sediments

A
  • Casts
  • Cells
  • Crystals
  • Mucus threads
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3
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: glucose present

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Large meal consumed
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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4
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high pH (> 8.0)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Diet rich in vegetables, dairy products
  • Severe anemia
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5
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: high specific gravity (> 1.025)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe anemia
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6
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low pH (< 4.5)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • High protein diet, cranberry juice
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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7
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: low specific gravity (< 1.010)

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • Increased fluid intake
  • Severe renal damage
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8
Q

Abnormal urinalysis results & possible causes: protein present

  • Possible dietary cause
  • Possible disease cause
A
  • High protein diet
  • Severe anemia
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9
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: clear to light yellow color

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Alcohol
  • Phosphate, carbonate
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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10
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: yellow orange to dark green color

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Carrots
  • Antibiotics
  • Bilirubin from obstructive jaundice
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11
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown-black

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Rhubarb
  • Antidepressants
  • Melanin pigment from melanoma
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12
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: brown

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Rhubarb
  • Barbiturates
  • Anemia or liver infections
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13
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: dark wine

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Hemolytic jaundice
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14
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: green

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Green food dye
  • Diuretics
  • Bacterial infection
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15
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: red to red brown

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Laxatives
  • Hemoglobine & urine
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16
Q

Abnormal urine color & possible causes: smoky red

  • Diet
  • Drugs
  • Disease
A
  • Beets
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract
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17
Q

Amylase

  • What is it
  • What produces it
  • What does it do
A
  • Digestive enzyme
  • Produced by salivary glands and the pancreas
  • Breaks dietary starches down into more simple sugars
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18
Q

Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas.

It breaks down ____

A

Starch

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19
Q

Bile

  • Where is it produced
  • Where is it stored
  • What is it composed of
A
  • Produced by the liver
  • Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
  • Composed of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol
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20
Q

Bile salts

  • Function
A
  • Emulsifier
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21
Q

Biuret reagent

  • What is it
  • How are results exhibited
A
  • Protein indicator
  • Detects the presence of peptide bonds
    • pale blue = negative for protein
    • pale purple = positive for protein
    • pink = shorter peptides present
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22
Q

Bromothymol blue

  • What does it indicate
  • How are results exhibited
A
  • Chemical pH indicator
  • Results
    • blue = pH > 7
    • yellow = pH < 7
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23
Q

Cholesterol

  • What is it
  • Molecular structure
A
  • Lipid
  • Over 20 carbon atoms configured into 4 rings
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24
Q

Fatty acids

  • Molecular structure
  • Polar or nonpolar?
A
  • Long chains of carbon with hydrogen attached
  • Nonpolar
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25
Q

Lipid

  • What is it
  • Molecular structure
A
  • Macromolecule
  • Hundreds of molecules of mostly carbon and hydrogen
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26
Q

Phospholipid

  • What is it
  • Molecular structure
A
  • Lipid
  • Structure
    • 3-carbon glycerol molecule
    • Phosphate group; and
    • 2 fatty acids
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27
Q

What is an emulsifier

A

A substance that has a polar and nonpolar component that can disperse fat into smaller particles in water or other polar solutions.

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28
Q

Which kidney is higher, the left or the right?

A

Left kidney is slightly superior than the right kidney

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29
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

(1,200 mL)

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30
Q

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % formula

A
  • FEV1 / FVC * 100 = %
  • Most important measurement
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31
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

Exchange gases with the environment in a process known as ventilation (breathing)

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32
Q

Function residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

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33
Q

Identify blue structure

A

Spleen

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34
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

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35
Q

Identify

A

Myometrium of uterus

Layer of smooth muscle tissue deep to the endometrium

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36
Q

Identify

A

Primary follicle of ovary

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37
Q

Identify

A

Epithelium of esophagus

Verify: Stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

Identify

A

Esophagus

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39
Q

Identify

A

Alveolus of lung

(high magnification)

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40
Q

Identify

A

Central v. of liver

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41
Q

Identify

A

Ureters

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42
Q

Identify

A

Urethra

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43
Q

Identify

A

Vas deferens

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44
Q

Identify

A

Submucosa of duodenum

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45
Q

Identify

A

Left lung

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46
Q

Identify

A

Ascending colon

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47
Q

Identify

A

Uterus

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48
Q

Identify

A

Spermatic cord

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49
Q

Identify

A

Epithelium of trachea

(ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

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50
Q

Identify

A

Mesentery

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51
Q

Identify

A

Trachea

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52
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

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53
Q

Identify

A

Leydig cells of testis

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54
Q

Identify

A

Right lung

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55
Q

Identify

A

Duodenum of the small intestine

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56
Q

Identify

A

Adventitia of esophagus

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57
Q

Identify

A

Flow transducer

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58
Q

Identify respiratory & digestive systems

A
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59
Q

Identify

A

Submucosal gland of duodenum

(Brunner’s gland)

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60
Q

Identify

A

Gallbladder

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61
Q

Identify

A

BIOPAC

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62
Q

Identify

A

Testis

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63
Q

Identify

A

Sigmoid colon

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64
Q

Identify

A

Secondary follicle in ovary

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65
Q

Identify

A

Pancreas

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66
Q

Identify

A

Ovarian follicle of ovary

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67
Q

Identify

A

Ovaries

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68
Q

Identify

A

Epididymis

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69
Q

Identify

A

Epithelium of endometrium of uterus

Layer closest to the lumen and containing many glands with tube-like structures

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70
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

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71
Q

Identify

A

Oocyte of ovary

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72
Q

Identify

A

Endometrium of uterus

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73
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

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74
Q

Identify

A

Villus of duodenum

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75
Q

Identify

A

Urethra

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76
Q

Identify

A

Alveolar duct of lung

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77
Q

Identify

A

Of duodenum

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78
Q

Identify

A

Muscularis mucosae of esophagus

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79
Q

Identify

A

Esophagus

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80
Q

Identify

A
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81
Q

Identify

A

Interstinal gland of duodenum

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82
Q

Identify

A

Cardiac notch

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83
Q

Identify

A

Mucosa of esophagus

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84
Q

Identify

A

Spleen

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85
Q

Identify

A

Pancreas

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86
Q

Identify

A

Epididymis

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87
Q

Identify

A

Submucosa of esophagus

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88
Q

Identify

A

Spermatozoa (pleural) of testis

Spermatozoon (singular) of testis

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89
Q

Identify

A

Jejunum of small intestine

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90
Q

Identify

A
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91
Q

Identify

A

Primary oocyte

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92
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

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93
Q

Identify

A

Transverse colon

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94
Q

Identify

A

VERIFY: ref card 76

Mucosa of duodenum

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95
Q

Identify

A

Alveolar sac of lung

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96
Q

Identify

A

Ureters

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97
Q

Identify

A

Electronic water bath

98
Q

Identify

99
Q

Identify

A

Urinary bladder

100
Q

Identify

101
Q

Identify

A

Epididymis

102
Q

Identify

103
Q

Identify

A

Muscularis externa of esophagus

104
Q

Identify

A

Primordial follicle of ovary

105
Q

Identify

A

Renal tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium

(Kidneys)

106
Q

Identify

A

Vas deferens

107
Q

Identify

A

Lumen of testis

108
Q

Identify

A

Pancreatic islets

109
Q

Identify

A

Glomerulus of renal corpuscle (kidney)

110
Q

Identify

111
Q

Identify

A

Descending colon

112
Q

Identify

A

Bowman’s capsule of renal corpuscle (kidney)

113
Q

Identify

114
Q

Identify

115
Q

Identify

A

Alveolus of lung

(low magnification)

116
Q

Identify

A

Ileum of the small intestine

117
Q

Identify

A

Muscularis externa of duodenum

118
Q

Identify

A

Hepatocytes in liver

(In the hepatic cords)

119
Q

Identify

A

Hepatic sinusoid in liver

(Sinusoids are spaces between hepatic cords)

120
Q

Identify

A

Seminiferous tubule of testis

121
Q

Identify

A

Spermatic cord

122
Q

Identify #1

123
Q

Identify #10

A

Ascending colon

124
Q

Identify #11

A

Transverse colon

125
Q

Identify #12

A

Descending colon

126
Q

Identify #13

A

Sigmoid colon

127
Q

Identify #14

128
Q

Identify #15

129
Q

Identify #16

130
Q

Identify #17

A

Appendix

(vermiform)

131
Q

Identify #18

132
Q

Identify #19

133
Q

Identify #2

134
Q

Identify #2

135
Q

Identify #20

136
Q

Identify #21

137
Q

Identify #22

A

Urinary bladder

138
Q

Identify #22

A

Urinary bladder

139
Q

Identify #22

A

Urinary bladder

140
Q

Identify #23

141
Q

Identify #23

142
Q

Identify #24

A

Scrotal sac

(scrotum)

143
Q

Identify #25

144
Q

Identify #26

A

Vas deferens

(ductus deferens)

145
Q

Identify #27

146
Q

Identify #28

A

Epididymis

147
Q

Identify #29

A

Spermatic cord

148
Q

Identify #3

149
Q

Identify #30

150
Q

Identify #31

151
Q

Identify #31

152
Q

Identify #32

153
Q

Identify #32

154
Q

Identify #4

155
Q

Identify #4a

A

Epiglottis

156
Q

Identify #5

A

Greater omentum

(part of the peritoneum)

157
Q

Identify #6

158
Q

Identify #7

A

Gallbladder

159
Q

Identify #8

160
Q

Identify #8

161
Q

Identify #9

A

Small intestine

(comprises the duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

162
Q

Identify (arrow)

A

Hyaline cartilage of trachea

163
Q

Identify open space at top (arrow)

A

Lumen of trachea

164
Q

Identify

A

Terminal bronchiole of lung

(low magnification)

165
Q

Identify

A

Conducting bronchiole of lung

(low magnification)

166
Q

Identify - female pelvis

167
Q

Identify - female pelvis

168
Q

Identify - male pelvis

169
Q

Identify - male pelvis midsagittal

170
Q

Identify female reproductive system

171
Q

Identify form & function

A

Acini (exocrine pancreas)

Secrete digestive enzymes

172
Q

Identify male reproductive & urinary systems

173
Q

Identify on spirogram

174
Q

Identify outmost layer at the bottom

A

Serosa of duodenum

175
Q

Identify respiratory & digestive systems (2)

176
Q

Identify the different urine sediment categories

177
Q

Identify the two parts

A

Head and flagellum

178
Q

Identify white space at the top

A

Lumen of duodenum

179
Q

Identify white space to the left

A

Lumen of esophagus

180
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

  • What is it
  • How is it calculated
A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration
  • Sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
181
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

(3,000 mL)

182
Q

Lugo’s solution

  • What is it
  • What does it detect
  • How are results exhibited
A
  • Reagent
  • Detects the change in starch level
    • pale yellow = absence of starch
    • purple / black = positive for starch. Progressively lighter as less starch is present
183
Q

Microscopic view of oil/water mixture. Which side has an emulsifier?

184
Q

Name the four colons of the large intestine, in order

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
185
Q

Name the organ where urine is stored

A

Urinary bladder

186
Q

Nonpolar

A
  • Covalent bond that produces a molecule without any charge
  • Common when many of the same or similar atoms are bonded
187
Q

Normal urine characteristics

  • Color
  • Turbidity
  • pH range
  • Specific gravity
  • Sediments
  • Solutes (~5%)
A
  • Color: light yellow to dark golden yellow
  • Turbidity: clear
  • pH range: 4.5 - 8
  • Specific gravity: 1.010 - 1.025
  • Sediments: epithelial cells, hyaline casts, crystals, mucous threads, bacteria
  • Solutes: electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hormones, very small amounts of protein, glucose, bilirubin, ketones
188
Q

Indications of obstructive airway diseases

A
  • FEV1 / FVC % = < 75% (normal is 80%)
  • FVC = > 80% of predicted value
  • RV increased
189
Q

List 4 obstructive airway diseases

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Bronchitis
  3. COPD (chronic bronchitis & emphysema)
  4. Emphysema
190
Q

Pancreatic lipase

  • Where is it produced
  • What does it do and where
A
  • Produced by the pancreatic acinar cells
  • Chemically digests triglycerides (substrate) into fatty acids, glycerol, and some monoglycerides (products) within the small intestine
191
Q

Pepsin

  • Function
  • What produces it
  • Environment it is most active
A
  • Digestive enzyme
  • Breaks larger proteins into shorter chain peptides
    • begins in the stomach
    • produced by the chief cells of the stomach
  • Activity is greatest in an acidic environment, such as the stomach, which secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)
192
Q

List the 2 phases of ventilation (breathing)

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Exhalation
193
Q

Place the following in order from inferior to superior:

cecum, descending colon, stomach

A
  • Cecum
  • Descending colon
  • Stomach
194
Q

Polar

A
  • Covalent or ionic bond that produces a molecule with electrical charges
  • Common when atoms that are very dissimilar are bonded
195
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration

196
Q

List 4 restrictive lung expansion diseases

A
  1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  2. Asbestosis
  3. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (lack of pulmonary surfactant)
  4. Pulmonary fibrosis
197
Q

Indications of restrictive lung expansion diseases

A
  • FEV1 / FVC% = > 75% (80% close to normal)
  • FVC = < 80% of predicted value
  • TLC decreased
198
Q

Restrictive lung diseases

  • Affect on physiology
A
  • Affect the FVC and FEV1 amounts proportionally (both values will drop)
  • FEV1 / FVC % remains close to normal
199
Q

Saturated fatty acids

  • Molecular structure
A
  • Single carbon-to-carbon bonds with hydrogen atoms attached
200
Q

Specific gravity

  • What is it
  • What does it indicate
A
  • Density of a fluid as compared to distilled water
  • Indicator for osmolarity of the fluid
  • Note: specific gravity is a comparative number and therefore has no unit associated with it
201
Q

Spirometer function

A

Measures lung volume

202
Q

Structures of the female reproductive system

A
  • Fallopian tube
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
203
Q

Structures of the male reproductive system

A
  • Epididymis
  • Penis
  • Prostate gland
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Testis
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
  • Vas deferens
204
Q

Structures of the respiratory system

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Larynx
  • Left lung
  • Right lung
  • Trachea
205
Q

Structures of the urinary system

A
  • 2 Kidneys
  • Urethra
  • Urinary bladder
  • 2 Ureters
206
Q

T/F

Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated

207
Q

T/F

Lipids in liquid form are oils that do not mix with water because water is polar

208
Q

T/F

Normal urine contains small numbers of body cells

209
Q

T/F

Saturated fatty acids have all single carbon-to-carbon bonds

210
Q

T/F

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds between carbons

211
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing

(500 mL)

212
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Maximum amount lungs can hold

(4650-6400 mL)

213
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC) formula

A

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV

214
Q

Triglycerides

  • Molecular structure
  • How is lipid catabolism visualized
A
  • 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains
  • Can visualize how much lipid catabolism occurs by using a chemical pH indicator
    • The more the fatty acids accumulate, the more acidic the solution becomes
215
Q

Turbidity

  • Describe
  • What does it indicate
A
  • Visual quality based on clarity (cloudiness) of solution
  • Abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents
216
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

  • Molecular structure
A
  • Contains one or more double bonds between carbons with hydrogen atoms attached
217
Q

Urine sediment casts

  • Describe
  • Casts & their indications
    • normal
    • RBC
    • WBC
    • waxy
A
  • Cylindrical masses of cells or other substances that collect in the distal convoluted tubule or the collecting ducts and are eventually flushed out by the flow of urine
  • Indications
    • normal urine contains hyaline casts
    • RBC casts indicate glomerular damage
    • WBC casts indicate infection
    • waxy casts are the result of WBC casts that are retained in the tubules
218
Q

List cells in urine sediment

A
  • Epithelial cells (renal tubule cells, transitional cells, squamous cells)
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
219
Q

Urine sediment mucus threads

  • Describe
  • Describe normal & abnormal indications
A
  • Long, thin strands of mucus
  • Normal urine contains small quantities of mucus threads
  • Large quantities indicate infection, especially STDs
220
Q

Urine sediments

  • Describe
  • What does it include?
A
  • Microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample
  • Includes normal and abnormal urine components
221
Q

Describe the ventilation process

A
  • Air travels through the structures of the respiratory system to the small air sacs (alveoli) where the gases O2 and CO2 can be exchanged with the blood
222
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum quantity of air in one breath

(4500-5500 mL)

223
Q

Fatty acids

  • Molecular structure
  • Polar or nonpolar?
A
  • Long chains of carbon with hydrogen attached
  • Nonpolar
224
Q

What do high numbers of erythrocytes (RBC) casts indicate?

A
  • Menstruation
  • Glomerular damage
  • Trauma to the urinary tract
225
Q

What do high numbers of leukocytes (WBC) casts indicate?

226
Q

What do high numbers of renal tubule cells indicate?

A

Kidney disease

227
Q

What four structures are in the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Pampiniform plexus
  3. Testicular artery and vein
  4. Vas deferens
228
Q

What instrument is used to measure specific gravity?

A

Hydrometer

229
Q

What is a hydrometer that is specifically calibrated for measuring urine called?

A
  • Urine hydrometer; or
  • Urinometer
230
Q

What is a reagent

A

Chemical indicator that detects the presence of fatty acids, proteins, and starch

231
Q

What is carbon dioxide

A
  • A waste product of metabolism
  • Must be removed from the body by exhalation
232
Q

What is the last region of the small intestine called?

233
Q

What is the most common lipid?

A

Triglyceride

234
Q

What is this?

A

Hydrometer

Urine hydrometer if measuring specific gravity of urine

235
Q

What must chemical digestive reactions have?

A
  • Substrate: the substance that the enzyme is acting on (it undergoes a chemical change)
  • Enzyme: the protein catalyzing this reaction (it can often be reused and/or recycled)
236
Q

What organ may be mistaken for a kidney due to its color and proximity?

237
Q

What organs create urine?

A
  • Bladder
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urethra
238
Q

What part of the respiratory system prevents choking on food/liquids?

A

Epiglottis

239
Q

To create a negative control for an enzymatic reaction, what would not be included?

A

Substrate, enzyme, or both

240
Q

Which part of the peritoneum extends inferiorly below the stomach to cover all the rest of the abdominopelvic organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

241
Q

Which part of the peritoneum holds the loops of the small intestine together?

242
Q

Why do tissues need oxygen for internal respiration?

A

To make ATP

BIO 151 A&P II (8 decks)

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