Final Exam Flashcards
T/F
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood
False
T/F
Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
False
T/F
Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow.
False
T/F
Circulatory shock is any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs
True
T/F
Pressure sensors, chemical receptors, and activity receptors are located in various area of the body to regulate our heart rate.
True
T/F
Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.
True
T/F
The liver stores excess iron.
True
T/F
The cardiac center is located in the medulla oblongata and is part of the brain steam.
True
T/F
15% of blood pumped by the heart is pumped to the heart itself through the coronary circulation to sustain its strenuous workload.
False
T/F
Three-fourths (¾) of the the body’s capillaries are shut down at a given time.
True
T/F
A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B.
False
T/F
Incompatibility of one person’s blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs’ (red blood cells) antigens.
True
T/F
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
False
T/F
Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream
False
T/F
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.
True
T/F
Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells names macrophages.
True
T/F
Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia.
True
T/F
White blood cells are divided into two categories known as agranulocytes and granulocytes.
True
T/F
The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and the left sides of the heart.
False
T/F
The systemic circuit contains oxygen-rich blood only (clean blood).
True
T/F
The heart has 6 chambers and 3 valves.
False
T/F
Erythrocytes (RBC’s) have large nuclei and very little cytoplasm.
False
T/F
If the SA node is damaged, nodal (AV node) rhythm is sufficient to sustain life.
True
T/F
Agglutination happens when antibodies bind to antigen during blood incompatibility.
True
T/F
Circulatory system and cardiovascular system terms are used interchangeably because they are the same.
False
T/F
Papillary muscles prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) excessively into the atria when the ventricles contract.
True
T/F
Pulmonary and systemic are the name of the two circuits pathways of the heart.
True
T/F
Erythrocyte production can be influenced by hypoxemia of the kidney’s and negative feedback.
True
T/F
Veins have valves to prevent the back flow of blood.
True
T/F
Hemopoiesis is the study of blood.
False
T/F
The pulmonary circuit is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins. (Hint: think about the type of blood carried by each circuit)
True
T/F
Arterial flow to the lower limb comes from the external iliac artery
True
T/F
Erythrocytes (RBC’s) are the ONLY formed elements that make up blood.
False
Identify X and Y in the diagram of the heart shown.
X = left ventricle
Y = pulmonary artery
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________________.
Tunica externa
___________ was a blood-banking pioneer, and the first black person to use plasma rather than whole blood during transfusions.
Charles Drew
Most of the blood is in the (refer to the distribution of blood diagram)
Veins
These are all possible circulatory routes from the heart except
- heart → arteries → capillary bed → veins → heart
- heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
- heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → veins → heart
- heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart
- heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
Which of the following statements are true concerning Sickle Cell Disease?
- Cells clump together and block blood vessels causing intense pain
- Recessive allele disease that most occur in people of African descent
- When individuals are in a crisis their RBC change into a banana/crescent shape.
- This is an infectious/contagious disease.
- A - C
- A - C
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by
- an aneurysm or weak point in an artery
- an aneurysm or weak point in a vein
- failure of the venous valves
- failure of the lymphatic valves
- a ruptured aneurysm in a vein
- failure of the venous valves
The speed of blood flow decreases when
- Thickness increases
- Blood pressure increases
- Vessels radius increases
- Afterload increases
- Vasomotion
- Thickness increases
Use the diagram below to identify the right atrium.
E
Use the diagram below to identify the left ventricle.
C
Use the diagram below to identify the pulmonary artery.
A
Use the diagram below to identify the aorta.
B
Use the diagram below to identify the pulmonary veins.
D
_______________ has the most important effect on blood velocity
- Blood viscosity
- vessel radius
- Blood osmolarity
- Hemocrit
- vessel radius
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than
- 180/90 mmHg
- 180/90
- 130/60
- 140/100 mmHg
- 200/90 mmHg
- 140/100 mmHg
Place the movement of blood in order from first to last.
- Pressure builds in the right atrium forcing the tricuspid valve to open and blood to rush into the right ventricle.
- Blood travel through the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up O2
- Blood return from the body to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava.
- Pressure build in the right ventricle forcing the pulmonary semilunar valve open.
a. I, II, III, IV
b. IV, III, I, II
c. III, I, II, IV
d. III, I, IV, II
e. II, IV, I, III
d. III, I, IV, II
Place the movement of blood in order from first to last.
- Blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
- As blood fills the left ventricle pressure increases. Eventually, the pressure causing the aortic semilunar valve to open.
- Pressure build in the left atrium forcing the bicuspid/mitral valve to open and blood to flow into the left ventricle
- Blood return from the body to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava and the cardiac cycle begin again.
- Blood leaves the aorta and is distributed to all organs and tissue of the body.
- I, III, II, V, IV
- III, I, V, II, IV
- IV, III, I, V, II
- V, IV, III, II, I
- I, II, III, IV, V
- 1) I, III, II, V, IV
These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except
- Reabsorption
- Filtration
- Secretion
- Transcytosis
- Diffusion
- Secretion
In the ABO blood system, you normally can be type:
- A
- B
- ABO
- A, B, AB, or O
- All of the above
- A, B, AB, or O
Use the diagram below to identify the left atrium.
D
Use the diagram below to identify the right ventricle.
B
Use the diagram below to identify the tricuspid valve.
A
Use the diagram below to identify the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
C
Use the diagram below to identify the inferior vena cava.
E
______________ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
- Compensated
- Anaphylactic
- Neurogenic
- Cardiogenic
- Septic
- Septic
How many pulmonary arteries** empty into the right atrium of the heart? (**HINT: Think about the flow of blood throughout the heart.)
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 4
- 7
- 0
Mother-fetus Rh blood type incompatibility problems can occur if the mother is _____ and her fetus is _____ .
- Rh positive; Rh positive
- Rh positive; Rh negative
- Rh negative; Rh positive
- Rh negative; Rh negative
- Rh negative; Rh positive
The two main cardiac circuit are _________ and ________.
- pulmonary and septic
- systemic and septic
- pleural and pulmonary
- systemic and pulmonary
- systemic and pleural
- Systemic and Pulmonary
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ABO blood system?
- People who have the A antigen normally would not produce the anti-A antibody (A antibodies).
- People who are type AB normally produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (A & B antibodies).
- The only ABO type blood that normally does not have either A or B antigens is AB.
- No answer text provided.
- People who have the A antigen normally would not produce the anti-A antibody (A antibodies).
What is the function of pericardial fluid?
- To reduce the heart rate
- The increase the heart rate
- To reduce friction
- To increase friction
- To reduce friction
The ________________ performs the work of the heart
(HINT: The muscle layer does all the work).
- fibrous skeleton
- pericardial cavity
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
- Myocardium
The universal blood donor for the ABO system are type:
- A
- B
- O
- AB
- O
The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between
- the right atrium and the left atrium
- the right atrium and the right ventricle
- the right ventricle and the left ventricle
- the left atrium and the left ventricle
- the left ventricle and the right ventricle
- The right atrium and the right ventricle
Oxygen-poor blood passes through
- the right AV (tricuspid) valve and pulmonary valve
- the right AV (tricuspid) valve only
- the left AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve and aortic valve
- the left AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve only
- the pulmonary and aortic valve
- The right AV (tricuspid) valve and pulmonary valve
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by
- breathing
- gravity
- valves contracting and relaxing
- pressure gradients
- Pressure gradients
The ________________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.
- sympathetic division of the nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- cardiac conduction system
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
Which of these is not part of the cardiac conduction system?
- The sinoatrial (SA) node
- The tendinous cords (TC)
- The atrioventricular (AV) node
- The atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of his)
- The Purkinje fibers
- The tendinous cords (TC)
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n)
- ectopic focus
- sinus rhythm
- nodal rhythm
- heart block
- arrhythmia
- Arrhythmia
When the left ventricle contracts, the _____ valve closes and the _____ valve is pushed open
- Mitral (bicuspid); pulmonary semilunar
- Tricuspid; pulmonary semilunar
- Tricuspid; aortic semilunar
- Mitral (bicuspid); aortic semilunar
- Aortic semilunar; pulmonary semilunar
- Mitral (bicuspid); aortic semilunar
Mitral valve stenosis causes blood to leak back into the ___________ when the ventricles contract
- Left atrium
- Right atrium
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Left atrium
Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle can cause? (HINT: The right side of the heart fails causing the left side to work harder.)
- Can cause pulmonary edema
- Can cause systemic edema
- Increases the ejections fraction of the right ventricle
- Reduces the ejection fraction of the left ventricle
- Increases cardiac output in both ventricles
- Can cause systemic edema
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called
- the cardiac reserve
- the preload
- the afterload
- the stroke volume
- the cardiac output
- The cardiac output
Blood does not
- Transport a variety of nutrients
- Help to stabilize pH of extracellular fluid
- Participate in initiation of blood clotting
- Produce plasma hormones
- Help to regulate body temperature
- Produce plasma hormones
_________________ is not found in plasma.
- Glycogen
- Fibrinogen
- Glucose
- Urea
- Albumin
- Glycogen
_______________ is a protein not commonly found in plasma.
- Albumin
- Hemoglobin
- Transferrin
- Prothrombin
- Fibrinogen
- Hemoglobin
Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow
- Liver
- Red bone marrow
Which of the following statements best describe arteries?
- All arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
- All arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood
- All arteries carry blood away from the heart
- Only large arteries are lined with endothelium
- All of the above
- All arteries carry blood away from the heart
______________ is more likely to cause anemia than any of the other factors below
- High altitude
- Air pollution other than carbon monoxide
- Renal disease
- Smoking
- Any factor that create a state of hypoxemia
- Renal disease
Anemia has these potential consequences except
- Blood viscosity is increased
- The individual is lethargic
- Blood osmolarity is reduced
- Blood resistance to flow is reduced
- More fluid transfer from the blood stream to the intercellular spaces
- Blood viscosity is increased
The left side of the heart pumps
- deoxygenated blood
- oxygenated blood
- Oxygenated blood
The right side of the heart pumps
- deoxygenated blood
- oxygenated blood
- Deoxygenated blood
Which of the following are valves of the heart?
- Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve
- Bicuspid/Mitral (left atrioventricular) valve
- Pulmonary (right semilunar) valve
- Aortic (left semilunar) valve
- All of the above
- All of the above
The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
- Antigens on the surface
- Glycoproteins on the surfaces
- Antibodies
- Antigen-antibody complexes
- Agglutinins
- Antigens on the surface
The right and left coronary artery both branches off the ________.
- Aorta
- Renal artery
- Pulmonary artery
- Left/right ventricle
- Left/right artia
- Aorta
Arteries carry blood _______, veins carry blood _______ and capillaries _________.
- Away from the heart; back to the heart; connect arteries to veins
- Connect arteries to veins; away from the hear; carry blood back to the heart
- Back to the heart; Away from the heart; connect arteries to veins
- Back to the heart, connect arteries to veins, carry blood towards the heart
- Away from the heart; back to the heart; connect arteries to veins
Which layer is thicker in arteries than in veins?
- Tunica externa
- Tunica media
- Tunica interna
- Tunica media
Which of the following have no effect on stroke volume?
- preload
- contractility
- cardiac output
- afterload
- Cardiac output
Which of the following is not part of the ventricular filling phase?
- systole
- rapid ventricular filling
- diastasis
- atrial systole
- Systole
Place the steps of the conduction system in order from first to last.
- AV node fires
- Excitation spread through the atrial myocardium
- SA node fired
- Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
- Excitation spreads down Bundle of His.
- I, II, III, IV, V
- V, IV, III, II , I
- III, II, I, V, IV
- IV, I, III, V, II
- II, V, III, I, IV
- III, II, I, V, IV
Cardiac output is the
- amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 1 min
- amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 10 mins
- amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 60 mins
- amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 30 mins
- Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in 1 min
Pulse is the surge of pressure produced by each heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery with the fingertips. Why should you never use your thumb when taking a pulse?
- The sensation of the thumb is not as good as it is in the middle two fingers
- The width of the thumb impedes an accurate feel for the pulse
- There is more dexterity in the fingers than there is in the thumb
- The thumb has a pulse and can be confused with the patient’s pulse
- The thumb has a pulse and can be confused with the patient’s pulse
When a hematocrit test is completed on a patient, blood is centrifuged, and separated by density. How would you expected the following components of blood to settle in the test tube?
- WBC, Plasma, RBC
- RBC, WBC, Plasma
- WBC, Plasma, RBC
- Plasma, WBC, RBC
- Plasma, RBC, WBC
- Plasma, WBC, RBC
Hypoproteinemia is a deficiency of plasma proteins, some common causes include all except
- Thin arms and legs
- Extreme starvation
- Liver or kidney disease
- Severe burns
- Thin arms and legs
Mature erythrocytes (RBC)
- Lack all organelles
- Are bi-concaved (shaped like a donut)
- Have 4 alpha heme groups
- A & B
- A - C
- A & B
Which WBC do you expect to increase in numbers if you’re suffering from a bacteria infection?
- Neutophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Neutophils
All of the following are hemostatic mechanisms to control bleeding except
- Vascular spasms
- Hemorrhage
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood clotting (coagulation)
- Hemorrhage
Which WBC do you expect to increase in numbers if your suffering from a chickenpox?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Basophils
Hemophilia is family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiency of any clotting factor. Which of the following diseases is not sex-linked.
- Hemophilia A
- Hemophilia B
- Hemophilia C
- Hemophilia C
Which WBC do you expect to increase in numbers if you’re suffering from a parasitic infection?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) ______________
- Thrombus; embolus
- Embolism; thrombus
- Plaque; thrombus
- Thrombosis; plaque
- Plaque; embolus
- Thrombus; embolus
The parasympathetic nerves and the sympathetic nerves work together to regulate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nerves _______________; whereas the sympathetic nerves ____________.
- increase the heart rate; increase the heart rate
- increase the heart rate; decrease the heart rate
- decrease the heart rate; decrease the heart rate
- decrease the heart rate; increase the heart rate
- Decrease the heart rate; increase the heart rate
Blood pressure is recorded as
- Diastole/systole
- Systole/diastole
- Systole/diastole
- Systole/systole
- Diastole/diastole
- Systole/diastole
Diastole measures the
- Atrial or ventricular contraction
- Atrial or ventricular relaxation
- Atrial or ventricular relaxation
Mitral valve prolapse is the insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction. Individual affected by this disorder has valve complications in the
- Pulmonary circuit
- Systemic circuit
- Systemic circuit
Auscultation is the scientific term for listening to sounds the body make. The heart typically makes two sounds: 1. Lubb (S1) and 2. Dubb (S2). The lubb occurs because ______________, and the dubb occur because _________________.
- The AV valves are closing (tricuspid/bicuspid); the semilunar valves are closing (aortic/pulmonary)
- The AV valves are closing (tricuspid/bicuspid); the AV valves are closing (tricuspid/bicuspid)
- The semilunar valves are closing (aortic/pulmonary); the semilunar valves are closing (aortic/pulmonary)
- The semilunar valves are closing (aortic/pulmonary); the AV valves are closing (tricuspid/bicuspid)
- The AV valves are closing (tricuspid/bicuspid); the semilunar valves are closing (aortic/pulmonary)
If a patient has tachycardia they have _________; whereas a person with bradycardia have ________.
- high heart rate; high pulse
- low heart rate; low pulse
- high heart rate; low heart rate
- low pulse; high pulse
- high heart rate; low heart rate
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the constriction of the coronary arteries, usually the result of _____________
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
- Virus
- Dibetes
- All of the above
- All of the above
Place the following arteries in order from largest to smallest
- Distributing arteries, conducting arteries, metarterioles, resistance arteries
- Conducting arteries, metarterioles, resistance arteries, distributing arteries
- Metarterioles, resistance arteries, distributing arteries, conducting arteries
- Conducting arteries, distributing arteries, resistance arteries, metarterioles
- Conducting arteries, distributing arteries, resistance arteries, metarterioles
All the following are conducting (large) arteries except
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Renal
- Carotid
- Renal
What percentage of capillaries are shut down at any given time?
- 12%
- 30%
- 55%
- 75%
- 93%
- 75%
This is the most common site for blood pressure to be taken?
- Brachial vein
- Carotid artery
- Brachial artery
- Femoral artery
- Subclavian artery
- Brachial artery
Blood flow changes depending on a person’s activity level. When exercising
- A person will have increased perfusion of lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscles
- A person will have decreased perfusion of lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscles
- A person will have decreased perfusion of kidneys and digestive tract
- A person will have increased perfusion of kidneys and digestive tract
- A & C
- A & C
Capillaries reabsorb about _____ of the fluid they filter.
- 12%
- 30%
- 55%
- 85%
- 93%
- 85%
Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue. It occurs when fluid filters into a tissue faster than it is absorbed. Some primary causes included
- Increased capillary filtration - kidney failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return
- Reduced capillary absorption - hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency
- Obstructed lymphatic drainage - surgical removal of lymph nodes
- All of the above
- All of the above
Stroke and myocardial infractions are both due to
- Sudden death of tissue
- Lack of oxygen to tissue
- Severe blood loss
- All of the above
- None of the above
All of the above
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from
- the brain
- the heart
- the liver
- the external structures of the head
- upper limbs
- the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain
- the brain
- the heart
- the liver
- the external structures of the head
- Upper limbs
- The external structures of the head
The cardiovascular system include all of the following except
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessel
- Blood
____________ is drained by subclavian vein
- the brain
- the heart
- the liver
- the external structure of the head
- upper limbs
- upper limbs
____________ shock is a severe immune reaction to antigen, histamine release, generalized vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
- Compensated
- Anaphylactic
- Neurogenic
- Cardiogenic
- Septic
- Anaphylactic
______________ shock is a loss of vasomotor tone, vasodilation, caused from emotional shock to brainstem injury.
- Compensated
- Anaphylactic
- Neurogenic
- Cardiogenic
- Septic
- Neurogenic
Systole measures the
- Atrial or ventricular contractions
- Atrial or ventricular relaxation
- Atrial or ventricular contractions
T/F
The lymphatic system is an active system involving a pump.
False
T/F
The vessels of the lymphatic system work in the same direction as venous blood flow.
True
T/F
CO2 often compete with oxygen when binding to hemoglobin.
False
T/F
Haptens and antigens are the same, both cause an intense immune reaction.
False
T/F
The lymphatic system work parallel to the circulatory system.
True
T/F
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; it also empties into left subclavian vein.
False
T/F
The thymus plays a critical role in immunity during childhood, but shrink and has a less critical role as one grows up.
True
T/F
HIV invades helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells by tricking them to internalize viruses by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
True
T/F
Protein, cell debris, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells which do not enter the blood, are also unable to enter lymph fluid.
False
T/F
Tiny hair/projections called fimbriae keep mucus and dirt out of your lungs.
False
T/F
The immune system is composed of a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease.
True
T/F
The diaphragm’s main function is to pump oxygen out of the lungs and pull carbon dioxide into the lungs.
False
T/F
C-shaped hyaline cartilage reinforce the larynx walls.
False
T/F
The thoracic duct is longer and larger than the right lymphatic duct.
True
T/F
The vessels of the lymphatic system work in the same direction as arterial blood flow.
False
T/F
B lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
False
T/F
There’s an autorhythmic pacemaker cells for respiration, that has a similar function to the SA node in the heart.
False
T/F
Both T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes have a memory functions.
True
T/F
Natural killer cells (NK cells) release perforins and granzymes.
True
T/F
Alveoli are unique sac in each of our lungs. We have about 150 million alveoli in each lung, providing about 70 meter square of surface for gas exchange. The gas exchange include removing oxygen from blood and depositing carbon dioxide.
False
T/F
Alveolar macrophages allow the alveoli be permeable to debris.
False
T/F
Hypersensitivity (allergy) is an excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate.
True
The alternative pathway is associated with the ________________ system.
- Interferon
- Complement
- Complement
T/F
The exact mechanism for setting the rhythm of respiration remains unknown.
True