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Anatomy and Physiology 2141 > Lab practical 2 (specific pages) > Flashcards

Lab practical 2 (specific pages) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

Insulation, cushion, protects, prevents water loss, regulates body temp

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2
Q

What are the basic structures of the skin

A

An epidermis made of epithelium
a dermis made of connective tissue
- cemented together at dermal papilae

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3
Q

How does a blister happen

A

When the dermis and the epidermis seperate

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4
Q

What is the dermal papillae

A

The reticular and papillary layer

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5
Q

Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

A

Stratum corneum

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6
Q

One to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratinohyaline granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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7
Q

Several layers of keratinocytes unified by demosomes. cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

A

Stratum Spinosum

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8
Q

Deepest epidermal layer; one layer of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

A

Stratum basale

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9
Q

What are the accessory organs of the skin

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. cutaneous glands
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10
Q

What do articulations do

A

Hold bones together and allow body movements

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11
Q

What are the three structural types of articulations

A

Fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous

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12
Q

What are the functional types of articulations

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
DIarthroses

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13
Q

Freely moveable joints

A

Synarthroses

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14
Q

Slightly moveable joints

A

Ampiarthroses

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15
Q

Immovable joints

A

Diarthroses

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16
Q

Example of an structurally immovable joint

A

Fibrous joints: suture

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17
Q

have no joint cavity
two major types

A

Fibrous joints

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18
Q

What are the two major types of fibrous joints

A

Suture and syndesmoses (also gomphosis)

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19
Q

Joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
- Short ligament of dense fibers

A

Syndesmoses

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20
Q

joint held together with very short inteconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. (found only in the skull)

A

Suture joints

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21
Q

What is an example of a syndesmosis joint

A

the ligament that hold the fibula and the tibia together

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22
Q

Synovial joints have a

A

articular capsule = fibrous joints + synovial membrane

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23
Q

joint cavity containing fluid that is freely moveable

A

synovial joint

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24
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. ball and socket
  2. condyloid
  3. hinge
  4. plane
  5. pivot
  6. saddle
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25
Q

What are similarites betwen synovial joints

A

-have articular cartilage
- have reinforcing ligaments
- may have fibrocartilage pads

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26
Q

Allows sliding (non axial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
e.g. inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints

A

Plane

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27
Q

Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) flexion and extension
e.g elbow

A

Hinge

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28
Q

Allows rotational movement in 1 axis
e.g proxmial radioulnar joint

A

Pivot

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29
Q

allows biaxial movement in 2 planes
e.g wrist and knuckles

A

condyloid

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30
Q

Allows movement in 2 planes (biaxial)
e.g thumb metacarpal

A

Saddle

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31
Q

Allows multiaxial movement
e.g. shoulder and hip joints

A

Ball and socket

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32
Q

Decreases the angle of a joint

A

flexion

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33
Q

increases the angle of a joint

A

Extension

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34
Q

Increasing the angle of a joint greater than 180 degrees

A

Hypertension

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35
Q

Foot moves upwards

A

Dorsiflexion

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36
Q

Foot flexes downwards

A

plantar flexion

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37
Q

Limb moves away from the midline

A

Abduction

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38
Q

Limb moves toward the midline

A

Adduction

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39
Q

Move bone around it longitudinal axis

A

rotation

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40
Q

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

A

Circumduction

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41
Q

Radius and ulnar are parallel

A

Supination

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42
Q

Radius moves across ulna

A

Pronation

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43
Q

Too foot medially

A

Inversion

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44
Q

Turn foot laterally

A

Eversion

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45
Q

Anterior movement in a transverse plane

A

Protraction

46
Q

Posterior movement in a transverse plane

A

retraction

47
Q

Moving a body part superiorly

A

Elevation

48
Q

Moving a body part inferiorly

A

Depression

49
Q

Touch thumb to finger tips –> made possible by thumb saddle joint

A

Opposition

50
Q

What are the articulating bones of the skull?

A

Cranial and facial bones

51
Q

What is the structural and fucntional type of the skull joint

A

fibrous (suture) ; Synarthrotic (no movement)

52
Q

What are the articulating bones of the tempro-mandibular joint

A

Temporal bone or skull and mandible

53
Q

What is the structural and functional types of the tempro-madibular joint

A

Synovial (modified hinge) ; diarthrotic movement

54
Q

What are the articulating bones of the atlanto-occipital joint

A

Occipital bone of skull and the atlas

55
Q

What is the structure and functional type of the atlanto-occipital joint

A

Synovial (condylar) ; Diarthrotic movement

56
Q

What are the articulating bones of the atlantoaxial joint

A

atlas C1 and Axis C2

57
Q

What is the structural and functional type of the atlantoaxial joint

A

Synovial (pivot) ; diarthrotic movement

58
Q

What are the articulating joints of the interverterbral joint

A

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

59
Q

What is the strucutral and functional type of the intervertebral joint

A

cartilaginous; ampiarthrotic - slight movement

60
Q

What are the articulating bones of the sternoclavicular joint

A

that sternum and the clavicle

61
Q

What are hte structural and functional types of the sternoclavicular joint

A

synovial; diarthoritic

62
Q

What are the articulating bones of the sternocaostal joint

A

The sternum and rib I

63
Q

What are the strucutral and functional types of the sternocostal joint

A

cartilaginous; synarthrotic

64
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint in the boyd

A

the knee joint

65
Q

The knee joint is only partly enclosed by an ______ ______

A

articular capsule

66
Q

What are the three missing ligaments in the anterior knee joint

A

Patellar ligament
medial patellar retinacula
lateral patellar retinacula

67
Q

Muscles responsible for movement

A

Agonist (bicep)

68
Q

Muscle that oppsoe or reverse a movement, alos sometimes responsible for a prime movement

A

Antagonist (tricep)

69
Q

Reduce unnecessary movement

A

Synergist

70
Q

Are specialized synergist that stabilize the agonist

A

Fixators

71
Q

Every muscle is attached at __ points which are _________

A

2 points; origin and insertion

72
Q

the stationary point of attachment

A

Origin

73
Q

The movable point of attachment

A

Insertion

74
Q

When a muscle ______ the insertion moves toward the ____

A

contractions; origin

75
Q

Muscles are named on the basis of

A
  1. Muscle fiber direction
  2. Relative size of muscle
  3. location of muscles
  4. number of origins
  5. Location of origin and insertion
  6. shape of muscle
  7. action of muscle
76
Q

what is an example of a convergent muscle

A

pectoralis major

77
Q

what is an example of a circular muscle

A

obicularis oris

78
Q

What is an exmaple of a fusiform muscle

A

Biceps brachii

79
Q

What is an example of a parallel muscle

A

Sartorius

80
Q

What is an example of a multipennate muscle

A

Deltoid

81
Q

What is an example of a bipennate muscle

A

Rectus femoris

82
Q

What is an exmple of a unipennate muscle

A

Extensor digitorum longus

83
Q

Runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone

A

mylohyoid

84
Q

(two bellies) elevates tongue while swallowing and depresses the mandible to open the mouth

A

digastric

85
Q

Runs from the styloid to the hyoid elevates hyoid during swallowing

A

Stylohyoid

86
Q

Runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid

A

sternohyoid

87
Q

depresses hyoid

A

Sternothyroid

88
Q

Omohyoid

A

Depresses hyoid

89
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Depresses hyoid

90
Q

11 pairs; of ribs for inhalation

A

External intercostals

91
Q

11 pairs; depress ribs for forced exhalation

A

internal intercostals

92
Q

Prime muscle of inhalation

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

Prime mover of the arm

A

Pectoralis major and deltoid

94
Q

Raises arm

A

Serratus anterior

95
Q

Extend head and vertebral column (head rotation)

A

Semispinalis

96
Q

Extends from head to pelvic controlling verterbrae

A

Erector spinae

97
Q

Helps maintain an upright posture

A

Quadratus lumborum

98
Q

Extends forearm and is antagonist to biceps brachii

A

Triceps brachii

99
Q

Flexion and supination

A

biceps brachii

100
Q

forearm flexion

A

Brachioradialus

101
Q

major flexor of arm

A

Brachialis

102
Q

Pronator teres

A

round muscle that turns palm downwards

103
Q

Pronator quadratus

A

square muscle that turns palms downwards

104
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

flexes wrist

105
Q

flexes wrist

A

palmaris longus

106
Q

Flexes wirst of the ulnar bone

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

107
Q

muscle that bends the fingers

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

108
Q

Deep muscle that bends the fingers

A

flexor digitorum profundus

109
Q

Short muscle that bend the thumb

A

Flexor pollicis longus

110
Q

Square muscle that turn the palm facing downwards

A

pronator quadratus

111
Q

help move fingers

A

Thenar muscle lumbricals

112
Q

Muscle that give thumbs up

A

Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

Anatomy and Physiology 2141 (7 decks)

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