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Anatomy and Physiology 2141 > LAB PRACTICAL 2 > Flashcards

LAB PRACTICAL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory organs of the skin?

A

Hair, Nails and Cutaneous glands

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2
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

Insulation, temperature regulation, cushioning, protection and prevention of water loss

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3
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis; 20-30 layers of dead cells and has flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, glycolipids in extracellular space

A

Stratum corneum

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4
Q

What is one to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deterioration; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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5
Q

What layer of the epidermis had several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

A

Stratum Spinosum

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6
Q

What is the deepest epidermal layer and have occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

A

Stratum Basale

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7
Q

What are the three structural types of articulations (joints)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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8
Q

What are the three functional types of Articulations (joints)

A

Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, and Diarthroses

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9
Q

Immovable cartilaginous and fibrous joints found in the axial skeleton

A

Define Synarthroses.

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10
Q

Slightly moveable cartilaginous joints found in the axial skeleton

A

Define Amphiarthroses

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11
Q

Define Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable Synovial joints that are found in limbs

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12
Q

Two major types of fibrous joints

A

1.Sutures
2.syndesmoses
-gomphosis are short fibrous joints that are found in the periodontal ligament
-each have no joint cavity

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13
Q

What is a suture

A

a joint that is held together with very short, interconnection fibers, and bone edges that interlock. Found only in the skull

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14
Q

a joint that is held together by a ligament. FIbrous tissue can vary in length but they are always longer than sutures

A

What is a syndesmosis

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15
Q

What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
    -each have no joint cavity
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16
Q

What are synchondroses joints

A

bone that are united by hyaline cartilage
ex. epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

What are symphysis joints

A

bones united by fibrocartilage
ex. pubic symphysis

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18
Q

What are the types of synovial joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
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19
Q

Joint cavity containg fluid

A

Synovial cavity

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20
Q

Plane

A

allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
eg. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

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21
Q

Hinge

A

Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) -flexion and extension
eg. elbow and interphalangeal

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22
Q

Pivot

A

Allows rotational movement in 1 axis.
eg. proximal radioulnar joint

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23
Q

Condyloid

A

Allows biaxial movements in 2 planes
eg. wrist (radiocarpal) and knuckles

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24
Q

Saddle

A

allows movement in 2 planes (biaxial)
eg. thumb metacarpal

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25
Q

Ball and socket

A

Allows multiaxial movement
eg. shoulder and hip joints

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26
Q

What is flexion

A

Decreases the angle of joint. reduces distance between two bones.

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27
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between 2 bones

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28
Q

Hyperextension

A

increasing angle greater than 180 degress.

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29
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

foot moves upwards

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30
Q

Plantar flexion

A

foot flexes downwards

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31
Q

abduction

A

limb moves away from the midline

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32
Q

adduction

A

Limb moves towards midline

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33
Q

move bone around its longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

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34
Q

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

A

Circumduction

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35
Q

Supination

A

radius and ulna parallel

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36
Q

Pronation

A

radius moves across ulna

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37
Q

inversion

A

turn foot medially

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38
Q

eversion

A

turn foot laterally

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39
Q

Protraction

A

anterior movement in a transverse plane

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40
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement in a transverse plane

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41
Q

Elevation

A

moving a body part superiorly

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42
Q

depression

A

moving a body part inferiorly

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43
Q

opposition

A

touch thumb to fingertips - made possible by thumb saddle point

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44
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint in the body

A

the knee joint

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45
Q

agonist

A

muscle responsible for movement

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46
Q

antagonist

A

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement, also sometimes responsible for a prime movement

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47
Q

synergist

A

reduce unnecessary movement

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48
Q

fixators

A

are specialized synergist that stabilize the agonist

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49
Q

Origin

A

the stationary point of attachment

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50
Q

insertion

A

the moveable point of attachment

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51
Q

What can muscles be named on the basis of:

A
  1. muscle fiber direction
  2. relative size
  3. location of muscle
  4. number of origions
  5. location of origin and insertion
  6. shape of muscle
  7. action of muscle
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52
Q

Masseter

A

chewing muscle

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53
Q

pterygoid

A

wing like muscle of sphenoid bone

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54
Q

buccinator

A

bugle muscle and compresses cheek

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55
Q

Temporalis

A

closes jaw and elevates/retracts mandible

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56
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes and purses lips

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57
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

protracts jaw. grinding.

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58
Q

medial pterygoid

A

elevates jaw. grinding synergist of temporalis and masseter

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59
Q

brachialis muscle

A

muscle of the arm

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60
Q

brachioradialis muscle

A

muscle of the arm along the radius bone

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61
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

muscle near surface that bends the fingers

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62
Q

Frontal belly or frontalis

A

raises eyebrows

63
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

blinking, squniting

64
Q

corrugator supercili

A

scowling

65
Q

zygomaticus

A

smiling

66
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

sad mouth

67
Q

platysma

A

sad mouth, depresses mandible

68
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

flexion to resist head floping back when lying down

69
Q

runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forms floor of mouth; elevates tounge while swallowing

A

Mylohyoid

70
Q

(two bellies) elevates hyoid and depresses the mandible to open the mouth

A

digastric

71
Q

stylohyoid

A

runs from the styloid to the hyoid, elevates hyoid during swallowing

72
Q

sternohyoid

A

runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid

73
Q

sternothyroid

A

depresses hyoid

74
Q

omohyoid

A

depresses hyoid

75
Q

thyrohyoid

A

depresses hyoid

76
Q

pectoralis major

A

prime mover of arm

77
Q

deltoid

A

prime mover of arm

78
Q

serratus anterior

A

raises arm

79
Q

Diaphragm

A

Prime muscle of inhalation

80
Q

rectus abdominis

A

stabilizes pelvis during walking - used for sit up and curls

81
Q

what is the transverse abdominis

A

the muscle that compresses the abdominal wall

82
Q

what is the internal oblique

A

Trunk rotator - Used in oblique curls

83
Q

external oblique

A

Trunk rotator - used in oblique curls

84
Q

Trapezius

A

used in shrugging

85
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

prime mover of arm

86
Q

Infraspinatus

A

stabilizes shoulder

87
Q

Supraspinatus

A

stabilizes the shoulder

88
Q

Rhomboids (Major and Minor)

A

Rotate glenoid cavity down

89
Q

Semispinalis

A

extend head an vertebral column (head rotation)

90
Q

Triceps brachii

A

extends forearm antagonist to biceps brachii

91
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

FLexion and supination (turns corkscrew and pulls cork)

92
Q

Brachioradialis

A

forearm flexion

93
Q

Brachialis

A

Major Flexor of forearm

94
Q

Anconeus

A

Bend of the elbow - assist in extension of the elbow

95
Q

Teres major

A

greater rounded muscle that stabilizes and rotates the humerus

96
Q

Teres minor

A

lesser rounder muscle that stabilizes and rotates the humers

97
Q

Pronator teres

A

round muscle that turns palm downwards

98
Q

Pronator quadratus

A

square muscle that turns palms downwards

99
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

flexes wrist

100
Q

Skull Articulating bones

A

Cranial and facial

101
Q

Atlantoaxial articulating bones

A

Atlas C1 and axis C2

102
Q

Temporomandibular articulating bones

A

temporal bone of the skull and mandible

103
Q

intervertebral articulating bones

A

between adjacent vertebral bones

104
Q

Sternoclavicular articulating bones

A

sternum and clavicle

105
Q

Sternocostal articulating bones

A

Sternum and Rib I

106
Q

Acromioclavicular articulating bones

A

acromion of scapula and clavicle

107
Q

Articulating bones in Shoulder

A

Scapular and humerus

108
Q

Articulating bones in Elbow

A

Ulna (and radius) with humerus

109
Q

Proximal radioulnar articulating bones

A

radius and ulna

110
Q

Intercarpal articulating bones

A

adjacent carpals

111
Q

Carpometacarpal articulating bones

A

carpal and metacarpal I

112
Q

Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

A

Metacarpal and proximal phalanx

113
Q

Pubic Symphysis articulating bones

A

Pubic bones

114
Q

Articulating hip bones

A

hip bone and femur

115
Q

articulating knee bones (tibiofemoral)

A

femur and tibia

116
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

A

The knee joint

117
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there

A

640

118
Q

11 pairs elevates ribs for inhalation

A

External intercostals

119
Q

11 pairs depress ribs for forced exhalation

A

Internal intercostals

120
Q

What deeps muscles extend head and vertebral column (head rotation)

A

Semispinalis

121
Q

What muscle extends from head to pelvis controlling vertebrae

A

Erector spinae

122
Q

What muscle helps maintain an upright posture

A

Quadratus lumborum

123
Q

Greek for “bend of the elbow” and assist in extension of the elbow

A

Anconeus

124
Q

Greater round muscle stabilizes and rotates humerus

A

Teres major

125
Q

Lesser rounded muscle that stabilizes and rotates humerus

A

Teres minor

126
Q

What is the epidermis made of

A

Epithelium

127
Q

What is the dermis made of

A

Connective tissue

128
Q

What happens when the epithelium and the dermis seperate?

A

A bilster

129
Q

what are the two different cutaneous glands?

A

Sebaceous and Eccrine (sweat)

130
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A

The hip joint

131
Q

Ligaments that strap the hip socket in place

A

Illiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ishciofemoral
Ligamentum teres

132
Q

What are the three ligaments of the knee

A

Medial patellar ligament
patellar ligament
lateral patellar retinacula

133
Q

The glenohumeral joint is mostly _____ _______

A

Freely moveing

134
Q

What are skeletal muscles named on the basis of

A
  1. Muscle fiber direction
  2. relative size of muscle
    3 .location of muscles
  3. Number of origins
  4. location of origin and insertion
  5. shape of muscle
  6. action of muscle
135
Q

Define a rectus muscle

A

Parallel (straight)

136
Q

Muscles that are right angles

A

Transverse or oblique

137
Q

Muscles that are converging

A

Convergent

138
Q

Muscles that are circular

A

Obicularis

139
Q

Muscles that are feather-like

A

Pennate

140
Q

Muscles that are spindle shaped

A

Fusiform

141
Q

Examples of muscle fiber direction

A

rectus, transverse or oblique, convergent, etc.

142
Q

Examples of muscles that are named based on size

A

Maximus, longus, brevis

143
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscle

A

Pectoralis major

144
Q

What is an example of a circular muscle

A

Obicularis Oris

145
Q

What is an example of a fusiform muscle

A

Biceps brachii

146
Q

What is an example of multipennate muscle

A

Deltoid

147
Q

What is an example of a unipennate muscle

A

Extensor digitorum longus

148
Q

What is an example of bipennate muscle

A

Rectus femoris

149
Q

What is an example of a parallel muscle

A

Sartorius

150
Q

Extends wrist (long wrist stretcher at the radius bone)

A

Extensor carpi radialis

151
Q

Muscles to give the thumbs up

A
  1. Extensor pollicis
  2. Extensor pollicis brevis
  3. Abductor pollicis longus
152
Q

Long muscle that extends thumb

A

Extensor pollicis longus

153
Q

Short muscle that extends thumb

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

154
Q

Long muscle that extends thumb

A

Abductor pollicis longus

Anatomy and Physiology 2141 (7 decks)

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