Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the skin and what does it do?
the skin is an organ that insulates, cushions, protects, prevents water loss and regulates the body temperature
Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membtanous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space
Stratum Corneum
One to fiver layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratohyaline granules
Stratum Granuiosum
Several layer of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
Stratum Spinosum
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively miotic stem cells, som newly formed cells become apart of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells
Stratum Basale
Accessory Organs of the Skin
Nails, Hair, Cutaneous glands
What are the two different cutaneous glands
Sudoriferous and sebaceous
Artho-
Joint
Syn-
With or together
Sym-
a variation of syn - a growing together
Di-
Two or double
Amphi-
Two or both
-Arthroses
Articulation or joint
-Chondro
Cartilage
-Hold bones together
- allow body movements
Articulations
What are the three structural types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are the three functional types of joints
Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthoses
Synarthroses
Immovable ( axial skeleton - both cartilaginous and fibrous)
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable ( axial skeleton - cartilaginous )
Diarthroses
Freely moveable ( limbs - synovial )
What are fibrous Joints
- they have NO joint cavity
- Immovable
- major types
1. Suture joints
2. Syndesmoses
3. gomphosis
very short connective tissue fibers held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges (found only in skull)
suture joints
short ligament of dense fibers
Joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissues can very in length but is longer than sutures
Syndesmoses
Short peridontal ligament
Gomphosis
cartilaginous joints
- most are slightly moveable
- No joint cavity
- two main types: Synchondroses and symphyses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
synchondroses
bones united by fibrocartilage
symphyses
- Freely moveable
- joint cavity containing fluid
Synovial joints
Types of synovial joints
- plane
- hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
Allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
eg. inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints
plane
Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) - flexion and extension
eg. elbow and interphalangeal
Hinge
Basic Structure of the Skin
An epidermis made of epithelium
A dermis made of connective tissue
What are the two layers that make up the dermal papillae
Papillary layer and the reticular layer
Allows rotational movement in 1 axis
e.g Proximal radioulnar joint and the joint between the atlas and axis
Pivot
Allows biaxial movements in 2 planes
e.g wrist (radiocarpa) and knuckles
condyloid
Allows movement in 2 planes
Saddle
Allows multiaxial movement
Ball and Socket
e.g Shoulder and hip joints
Decreases the angle of joint. reduces distance between two bones
Flexion
Increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between two bones
Extension
Increasing angle greater than 180 degrees
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Foot move upwards
Foot moes downward
Plantar flexion
limb moves away from the middline
Abduction
Limb moves toward the midline
Adduction
Move bone arounds it longitudial axis
Rotation
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Circumduction
Radius and ulnar move parallel
Supination
Radius moves across ulna
Pronation
Turn foot medial
Inversion
Turn foot laterally
Eversion
anterior movement in a transverse plane
Protraction
Posteriror movement in a transverse plane
Retraction
Moving abody part superiorly
Elevation
Moveing a body part inferiorly
Depression
Touch thumb to finger tips - made possible by thumb saddle joint
oppposition
What are the articulating bones of the skull
Cranial and Facial bones
What structural type is the skull
Fibrous; suture
What movements are allow in the skull
Synarthrotic; no Movement
What are the articulating bones in the tempromandibular joint
temporal bone if the skull and the mandible
What strucutral type is the tempromandibular joint?
Synovial; modified hinge
What is the functional type / movements allowed in the temporomandibular join
Diarthrotics; gliding uniaxial, rotiation etc
What ar the articulating bones in the Atlantoaxial joints
Occipital bone of skull and atlas
What is the structural type in the atlantoaxial joint
Synovial; condylar
What functional type/ allowed movements are there in the atlantoaxial joint
Diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head
What are the articualting bones of the intervretabral joints
Atlas C1 and Axis C2
What is the strucutral type for the intervertabral joints
Synovial; pivot
what is hte most freely moveable join in the body
The hip joint (ball and socket)
what are the ligaments that strap the hip socket in place
Illiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligamentum teres
What is the largest and most complex joint of the body
the knee joint
what are the three ligaments in the knee joint where the articular capsule is absent
Patellar Ligament
Medial patellar retinacula
Lateral patellar retinacula
Bone —> bone =
Ligament
Bone —> muscle =
Tendon
What are similarities between sundial joints
1.they have anarticular fibrous capsule + synovial membrane
2.Have an articulate cartilage covering the bone surface
3.Have reinforcing ligaments
4. Many have fibrocartilage pads within capsule
Type of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses and Symphyses
Types of Fibrous joints
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
Types of Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket
- Condyloid
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
how many Skeletal Muscles are there in the body
640
What are the muscles responsible for movement
Agonists
what are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement, also sometimes responsible for a prime movement
Antagonist
What are the muscles that reduce unnecessary movement
Synergist
What are specialized synergist that stabilize the antagonists
Fixator
Every Muscle is attached to bone at how many points?
2
What is the stationary point of attachment
Origin
What is the moveable point of attachment
Insertion
When a muscle Contracts the _______ moves towards the ______
Contracts, Insertion; origin
Muscles are named on the basis of what 7 factors
- Muscle fiber direction
- Relative size of muscle
- Location of Muscles
- Number of origins
- Location of origin and insertion
- Shape of muscle
- action of muscle
What is the muscle of the arm
Brachialis Muscle
what is the muscle of the arm along the radius bone
Brachioradialis Muscle
Muscle near the surface that bends that fingers
Flexor digitorum Superficialis
- Chewing muscle
- Muscle that closes jaw and elevates mandible
Masseter
Wing-like of the sphenoid bone
Pterygoid
- Bugle (trumpet or blowing muscle)
- Compresses cheek
Buccinator
Muscle that elevates and retracts the mandible
Temporalis
Muscle that closes and purses lips (kissing, whistling)
Obicularis Oris
muscle that Protracts jaw (grinding)
Lateral Pterygoid
Muscle that elevates jaw
- grinding synergist of temporalis and masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Deltoid
Triangular
Trapezius
Trapezoid
right angles
Transverse of oblique
Aponeurosis
A thin sheet-like tendon that attaches muscle to bone
What is the function of the frontal belly or Frontalis
Raises eyebrows
What is the function of the obicularis oculi Muscle
Blinking and Squinting
What is the function of the corugator supercili muscle
Scowling
What is the function of the Zygomaticus muscle
Smiling
What are the superficial muscles of the head
- Frontalis
- Orbicularis oris
- Corugator supercili
- Zygomaticus
- Depressor anguli oris
- Playtsma
- Sternoclediomastoid
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris
“sad mouth”
What is the function of the Platysma
Sad mouth and depresses mandible
What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
Flexion to resist head flopping back when lying down
what muscle Runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forms the floor of mouth; elevates tounge while swallowing
Mylohyoid Muscle
what muscle has (two bellies) elevates hyoid and dpresses the mandible to open the mouth
Diagastric muscle
what muscle Runs from the styloid to the hyoid elevates hyoid during swallowing
Stylohyoid Muscle
what muscle Runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid
Sternohyoid muscle
what muscle Depresses hyoid
Sternothyroid, Omohyoid and Thyrohyoid Muscle
What muscles are the prime movers of the arm
Deltoid and the pectoralis major
What muscle raises the arm
Serratus anterior