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ANS 220 > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the 4 placental membranes?

A

-Protection
-Nutrition
-Respiration
-Hormone Production

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2
Q

What does the crown-rump length growth curve suggest about energy requirements during the first stages of gestation?

A

Low requirement prior to attachment then High energy needed during logarithmic (exponential) growth phase

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3
Q

Cow/Sheep/Goat Pregnancy Signal

A

Interferon Tau

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4
Q

Pig Pregnancy Recognition signal

A

Estrogen

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5
Q

Horse Pregnancy Recognition Signal

A

Not sure, most likely movement of embryo

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6
Q

Mouse Pregnancy Recognition

A

Prolactin

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7
Q

Human Pregnancy Recognition Signal

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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8
Q

What type of placenta is most efficient and why

A

discoid- fewer layers of blood to pass from mother to fetus

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9
Q

Which placenta is least efficient and why

A

cotyledonary (or diffuse) – more layers of nutrients have to travel between maternal blood and fetal blood

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9
Q

Rugae

A

Maternal Side of the placenta in pigs

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10
Q

Areola

A

Fetal Side of Placenta in Pigs

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11
Q

Cotelydon

A

Fetal Side of Placenta in cows

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12
Q

Caruncle

A

The maternal side of placenta in cows

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13
Q

What animals have diffuse placentas

A

horses and pigs

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14
Q

what animals have cotyledonary placentas

A

ruminants

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15
Q

What animals have zonary placentas

A

Carnivores

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16
Q

What animals have discoid placentas

A

Primates and rodents

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17
Q

Blastocoele

A

blastocyst cavity

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18
Q

trophectoderm

A

becomes fetal portion of placenta

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19
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Becomes fetus

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20
Q

How many layers does the zonary placenta have

A

Endotheliochorial
5 layers of tissue between the fetal and maternal blood supply

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21
Q

How many layers does a cotyledonary placenta have

A

Epitheliochorial
6 layers of tissue between the fetal and maternal blood supply

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22
Q

How many layers does the diffuse placenta have

A

Epitheliochorial
6 layers of tissue between the fetal and maternal blood supply

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23
Q

How many layers does a discoid placenta have

A

Hemochorial
3 layers of tissue between the fetal and maternal blood supply

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24
Q

How far along is a cow fetus if it feels like a mouse

A

2 months

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25
Q

How far along is a cow fetus if it feels like a rat

A

3 months

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26
Q

How far along is a cow fetus if it feels like a small cat

A

4 months

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27
Q

How far along is a cow fetus if it feels like a large cats

A

5 months

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28
Q

How far along is a cow fetus if it feels like a medium beagle sized dog

A

6 months

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29
Q

Ewe/Doe Gestation length

A

150 days or 5 months

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29
Q

cattle gestation length

A

282 days or 9 months

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29
Q

Sow Gestation Length

A

114 days, 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days

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30
Q

Mare Gestation length

A

340 days-11 months

31
Q

Mice Gestation length

A

21 days

31
Q

Elephant Gestation Length

A

616 days or 2 years

32
Q

What is the earliest an experienced palpator can detect pregnancy in cattle

A

28-30 days post insemination through feeling for the amniotic vesicle, the fetal membrane slip, or the fetus in the uterus.

33
Q

An advantage of early pregnancy detection in cattle

A

-Can identify non pregnant cattle sooner and have the oppprtunity to get them re-bred quicker

34
Q

Disadvantage of early pregnancy detection in cattle

A

Slipping of the amniotic vesicle during this early stage og pregnancy could disturb the implantaion resulting in pregnancy loss

35
Q

Why do we palpate through the rectum as opposed to the vagina to detect pregnancy

A

If we palpate via the vagina we could rupture the cervical plug of pregnancy allowing for bacteria or pathogens to enter the into the uterine body, which could posibly terminate the pregnancy.

36
Q

What substance is detected in the blood pregnancy test used for ruminants? What tissues produce this substance?

A

aPregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB).
binucleated cells of the trophectoderm

37
Q

Where is the milk produced and stored within the mammary gland

A

Produced in the Alveoli and stored in the glands cistern

38
Q

What ligament forms a sling around the udder

A

Lateral Suspensory Ligament

39
Q

What is the function of the streak canal

A

streak canal retains the milk in the udder against the pressure developed by the accumulation of milk and is also the main barrier against infection

40
Q

What hormone inhibits milk letdown?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

41
Q

What hormone stimulates milk letdown

A

oxytocin

42
Q

Why is post-dip used on the udder after milking?

A

To help prevent mammary infection when the animals are returned to their living enviroment.

43
Q

Describe the milk letdown response

A
  • Stimulation of the teats send a nerve pulse from the mammary gland via the spinal cord to the brain.
  • goes to the hypothalamus signaling release of oxytocin from the posterior pitutary into the capilaries
  • The capilaries carry the oxytocin to the myo epithelial cell in the mammary gland.
    Oxtocin binds to its receptor causing smooth muscle contractions forcing the milk from the aveoli through the lacteriferious ducts past the glands cistern and teat cistern and out of the gland.
44
Q

Median Suspensory Ligament

A

divides the udder into right and left halves, and is located along the center of the udder, it can stretch as the gland fills with milk

45
Q

Mammary Aveoli

A

Milk will be produced in cells that are grouped together in tiny storage units called alveoli

They appear as sac-like structures
They are lined with epithelial cells that produce milk

46
Q

Gland Cistern

A

This is the largest storage area for milk
Located above the teat cistern at the base of the udder, it is separated from the teat cistern by the annular or cricoid fold
The gland cistern will fill rapidly during milk letdown

47
Q

Teat Cistern

A

Holds 0.5 to 1.5 ounces of milk
This is where milk will accumulate before being removed through the teat end during milking
Continuously refills during milking

48
Q

How long (total length of time) are sows in the farrowing barn at the Swine Education Unit?

A

1 month, (1 week prior to farrowing and then 21 days of nursing piglets)

49
Q

What hormone is used to induce parturition in sows? Why

A

Lutalyse or Prostaglandin F2A, it removes the source of progesterone i.e. the CL

50
Q

When is an animal culled from the breeding herd?

A

3 or Three strikes equaling being not pregnant after being bred 3 separate times

51
Q

Sign a sow will exhibit prior to parturition

A

Udder development & presence of milk
Species variations in timing
Hollowing & relaxation
Flank, loin & tail head areas
Nesting
Isolation
Off feed
Colicky / discomfort

52
Q

How many females farrow in a group

A

50

53
Q

What are pigs that dies after day 100 called

A

stillborns

54
Q

What are piglets that die between day 50 and 100 called

A

mummies and have been partially reabsorbed by the sow

55
Q

At what days post insemination do the farm crew ultrasound females (sows and gilts) at the Swine Education Unit? Why are those days important in determining pregnancy

A

Farm crew scans at 35 and 56 days, At 35 days they would be able to see fluid filled uteri following the initial breeding. At 56 day this is the time that the animals would be returning into estrus.

56
Q

Uterus on an ultrasound

A

– Dense gray circles looking like doughnut if open, dark fluid filled circles if pregnant

57
Q

Follicles on an ultrasound

A

dark fluid filled circles

58
Q

Bladder on an ultrasound

A

Large dark fluid filled object

59
Q

Bone on an ultrasound

A

very bright objects

60
Q

Preparatory Parturition Stage One

A
  • Uterine contractions
  • Rotation of the fetus
  • Dilation of the cervix
61
Q

Fetal Expulsion: Stage 2

A

*Chorioallantoisnruptures
-Water breaking

*Fetus forced through birth canal
-Abdominal and uterine contractions -Remains inside amnion
-Rupture of amnion
-Delivery of fetus
-Umbilical cord severed

62
Q

Delivery of Membranes: Stage 3

A

-CHorionic Villi Loosen and Detach
-Afterbirth is shed

63
Q

What Body Condition Scoring Scale is used at the NCSU Beef Unit?

A

Scale is 1-9 with 1 being emaciated and 9 being very obese, ideally we want cattle to be around a 5-6

64
Q

At what temperture are sperm stored in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator.

A

-320 Farenheit

65
Q

Why arent sperm cells destroyed in this extremely cold environment

A

Sperm cells are placed in an extender containing a cryopreservant, in addition the sperm are rapidly frozen which prevents the formation of ice crystals

66
Q

What is the critical danger zone

A

This is the neck region of the liquid nitrogen refrigerator, where the temperature rapidly increases

67
Q

At what temperature and for how long do we thaw a semen straw

A

Thaw semen at 95F (35C) for 30-45 seconds

68
Q

What are the 6 main areas that we observe in cattle to determine a body condition score?

A

The six main areas we observe are the tail head, back, hooks, pins, ribs, and brisket

69
Q

5) What is capacitation and why is it important

A

Capacitation is final maturation step of spermatozoa,it is a biochemical event that alters the sperm head,induces hypermotility and enables the sperm cell to attach and penetrate the egg

70
Q

What is the volume and sperm concentration of an AI straw

A

The volume is 0.5 cc (mL) and 20 to 40 million sperm per straw

71
Q

How does time and temperature impact semen quality post thaw

A

Changes in temperature either too cold or hot will kill the sperm, additionally We observed that sperm moltilty decreased over time post thaw

72
Q

What species has the easiet semen to preserve

A

ttle, Dairy Cattle are the leading species where AI is used; therefore, a lot of research has been focusing on preserving cattle semen

73
Q

What information can we find on a semen straw

A

AI Center code (1-312)
Bull’s Breed (AN)
Bull’s ID within AI center (100)

74
Q

Cane and Goblet

A

A cane and goblet help keep the ampules and the straws organized

They also keep the straws from falling into the bottom of the liquid nitrogen refrigerator

Can also get canes with built in goblets

75
Q

Goblet

A

unit that holds the semen straws

76
Q

Primary abnormalities of sperm

A

head of sperm
-pear shape, slender, double head, micro or macro cephalic

77
Q

Secondary Abnormalities Midpiece and Tail

A

Midpiece: kinked, double, swollen
Tail: coiled, cytoplasmic droplet

ANS 220 (6 decks)

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