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ANS 220 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of estrous synchronization?

A

control estrus and ovulation in females so that breeding can be completed in a short period of time

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2
Q

Non synchronized estrus

A

50% get bred each cycle and with 3 cycles 88% are bred

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3
Q

Synchronized estrus

A

1 extra cycle equals 94% cows are pregnant

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4
Q

Advantage of average cow age with synchronized estrus

A

9 day advantage & 6% total pregnancy rate advantage utilizing a timed breeding program and assuming 50% AI and Natural Service conception rates

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5
Q

Potential advantages of estrous synchronization

A

-can shorten breeding and calving season
-shortened time to breeding
-utilizes labor more efficiently
-no heat checking needed
-reduced days to first service
-groups timing of parturition which means uniform offspring

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6
Q

What regarding cost is a disadvantage in estrous synchronization

A

-labor costs are increased because it requires specifically skilled labor
-much higher input costs so need to way risks and rewards

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6
Q

What regarding labor is a disadvantage in estrous synchronization

A

requires skilled labor and periods of intensive management
-multiple injections are needed

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7
Q

What regarding facilities is a disadvantage in estrous synchronization

A

-requires adequate facilities
-less time is spent observing animals
-can miss detecting non-cyclers in herd

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8
Q

How does prostaglandin manipulate the cycle

A

-decrease progesterone
-regresses cl

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9
Q

Restraints on prostaglandins regressing active corpus luteum

A

-only effective on day 5-17 corpus luteum
-no effect on days 0-5
-days 18-20 there is no corpus luteum

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10
Q

Hoe do progestins manipulate the cycle

A

blocks ovulation

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11
Q

How soon after PGF2a injection does the animals go into estrus

A

usually 2-5 days
heifers 50hrs
cows 72hrs

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12
Q

How many PGF2a injections need to be given

A

If one about 60-65% will respond
If two you will sybncronize the entire herd as the ones who did not respond will be in the luteal phase

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13
Q

Factors to consider with PGF2a

A

-animals must be cycling
-easy to use
cost 1-3$ per dose
can be combined with GnRH for timed AI

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14
Q

Synchronization with PGF2a

A

-Inject PGF on day 0
-heat check and AI days 2-7
-Inject PGF on day 12-14
-heat check and AI days 2-7

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15
Q

The goal of progesterone when synchronizing estrus

A

suppress estrus by reducing GNRH pulses thus preventing the preovulatory LH surge and also blocks behavioral estrus

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16
Q

Progesterone Administration for livestock species

A

Injection
Feed-mix in the ration
Implant-place in ear
CIDR-place in vagine

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17
Q

Effectiveness of the CIDR

A

-extremely effective and works within the hour
-while inside maintains
-once removed progesterone levels drop within 4 hours since no CL

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18
Q

MGA-melengesterol acetate

A

form of progesterone
cheapest (pennies per day)
oral administration in food

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19
Q

MGA disadvantages

A

-cows have to have supplemental feed
-they have to be fed this for a long time to make sure each cow gets enough especially the submissive cows

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20
Q

Norgestemate

A

-ear implant
-no longer on market for livestock
-too challenging and invasive

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21
Q

CIDR advantages

A

easy to use
multiple inserts can be used to alter therapeutic levels
retention rates about 95%

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22
Q

Recommendations for using CIDR

A

-implant for 7 days (enough to mimic the luteal phase)
-inject PGF on day 6 or day 7
-heat check and breed after heat for the next 3-4 days after CIDR removal

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23
Q

OV-Synch GNRH

A

On day 0-follicle turnover
(85% of cows will ovulate follicle but all will start new follicular wave)
Day 8-9 regresses CL

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24
Q

OV-Synch PGF

A

7 days after first GNRH shot
regresses the CL

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25
Q

OV-Synch Breed

A

12-16HR after GNRH shot breed. Pregnancy rates around 40%

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26
Q

Select synch

A

GnRH on day 0 then PGF on day 7 to regress CL and then heat check and breed after estrus is observed

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27
Q

Select Synch +CIDR

A

add a cidr after GNRH before OGF this will make sure the CL is maintained

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28
Q

Co-Synch

A

Day 0-gnrh shot to starta new follicular wave
Day 7-pgf to regress cl
Day 9-Gnrh to ovulate and breed at the same time for management

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29
Q

Co-Synch + CIDR (7 day)

A

Day 0-gnrh shot to starta new follicular wave
CIDR to maintain progesterone and stop ovulation and maintain cl
Day 7-pgf to regress cl
Day 10-Gnrh to ovulate and breed at the same time for management

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30
Q

Co-Synch + CIDR (5 days)

A

Day 0-GNRH for new follicular wave
Day 5-PGF
Day 5 (8hrs later)-PGF to make sure all CLs regress since so early in the cycle
Day 8-GnRH shot for ovulation and to breed.

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31
Q

advantages of synch methods

A

-shortened time to AI (10 days after start of trt)
-no heat checking needed
-reduced days to first service
-comparable to first service conception rates

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32
Q

Disadvantages of Synch Methods

A

-Drug Cost
-Multiple Injections Required
-Less time spent observing animals
-can miss detecting non-cyclers in herd

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33
Q

PGF2a cost

A

$2.00/injection

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34
Q

GnRH Cost

A

$5.00/injection

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35
Q

CIDR Cost

A

$12.00/insert

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35
Q

1 shot pGF2a preg rate

A

55%

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36
Q

Natural Service Preg Rate

A

80%

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37
Q

2 shot pgF preg rate

A

37%

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38
Q

CIDR PGF preg rate

A

45%

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38
Q

Select SYnch preg rate

A

37%

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39
Q

Select Synch + CIDR preg rate

A

53%

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40
Q

Co-synch preg rate

A

35%

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41
Q

Co-Syncg +CIDR (7 day) preg rate

A

53%

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42
Q

C0-SYnch + CIDR (5 day) preg rate

A

57%

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43
Q

OV-synch preg rate

A

29%

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44
Q

Advantages of using natural service to breed synchronized females

A

-AI not required
-No heat checking required
-good conception rates
-normal bull-female ratio used
-shortened breeding/calving season

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45
Q

Disadvantages of using natural service to breed synchronized females

A

-males should be proven sires
-BSE strongly recommended
-Bulls must be maintained through thee year
-Drug cost for synchronization
-bulls tired right after synch period

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46
Q

Main takeaways for estrous synchronization with cattle

A

1.)prostaglandins only work with cycling animals
2.)progestins and GnRH can help anestrous animals cycle. But must include prostaglandin in program.
3.) For timed AI must control follicular wave

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47
Q

Methods of estrous synchronizarion in sheeps and goats

A

-utilizing the male effect
-light therapy
-hormone therapy

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48
Q

Buck Effect

A

Strategic exposure of does to intact males will result in the ewes displaying estrus approximately 7 to 10 days.
Rams need to be isolated from doe’s sight & smell for ~60 days this procedure to be effective
Effective during short day lengths

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48
Q

Light Therapy in sheep and goats to suppress cyclicality

A

– Two months of 16-19-20 hour days
– 1-2 hr. of bright light 16 hours after dawn for 2 months

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49
Q

Light therapy in sheep and goats to induce cyclicity

A

– return to short day length;
– does start cycling in about 6 weeks

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50
Q

Sheep/Goats inducing estrus in breeding with progesterone supplementation

A

Need Progesterone supplementation for 11 to 14 days
CIDR–preferred method of progesterone supplementation
-Do not need extra hormones (eCG or PG600) to stimulate ovulation
Note: this method is optimum for getting ewes to cycle together–for uniform lamb crop
* Ewes will display estrus in 1 to 3 days following CIDR removal

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51
Q

Inducing estrus in the breeding season (sheep/goats) no progesterone

A

Make sure ewes are cycling!
– Give ewes first injection of Prostaglandin F2a (10 to 15 mg) on day 0
* Wait7to10days
– Give ewes second injection of Prostaglandin F2a (10 to 15 mg) on days 7-10
– Ewes will display estrus in 1 to 3 days following second injection of Prostaglandin F2a
* Note: Fertility may be lower the progesterone supplemented programs

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52
Q

Inducing estrus in acyclic (out of season) ewes

A

Need Progesterone supplementation for a minimum on 5 days (typical is 7 or 10 days)
– CIDR
– MGA
* When Progesterone is removed need to stimulate OVULATION
– eCG
– PG600

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53
Q

CIDR+PG600 out of season synchronization protocol

A

-10 day CIDR treatment
– 2.5cc PG600 1 day before remove CIDRs
– Estrus ~2 days after CIDR removal
– Can Ram breed or breed timed AI at 48h after CIDR
* (1cc GnRH at time of AI breeding)

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54
Q

Key issues with the out-of-season synchronization protocol

A

-Antibodies develop to PG600?
– maybe not at low doses; high doses can limit use

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54
Q

Estrus Synchronization in Horses(lights)

A

-long day breeders
may not cycle til may but need to be bred in feb
-light treatment begins 60-90 days before desired breeding date

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55
Q

Horse estrus synchronization with hormone regulation

A

-Not common
GNRH
PGF2A-They are really sensitive and can only iuse a small amount
-regumate but used to prevent heat

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56
Q

Abrupt light method(horses)

A

14.5-16h of light

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56
Q

Gradual light method

A

increase 1 hour a week

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57
Q

Intermittent light method

A

-10L-8D-2L-4D
* Photosensitive period (inducible period)
– 1 hour of light 9.5 – 10.5 h after the onset of darkness

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58
Q

Estrus Synchronization in Swine

A

-not used frequently
-PGF2a not effective til after day 12
-Matrix available

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59
Q

Matrix program in swine

A

-on feed for 14 days
-85% of gilts fed were in estrus 4-9 days after cessation of feeding (most on day 5)
-could be used to synchronize gilts for entry into breeding herd
-shown to improve farrowing rate

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60
Q

Seminforous tubules

A

where spermatogenesis occurs

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60
Q

What lines the seminiferous tubules

A

the basement membrane

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60
Q

What are the Leydig and Sertoli cells analogous to

A

leydig-theca
sertoli-granulosa cells

61
Q

Interstital cells-leydig

A

produce testorone

62
Q

Sertoli cells

A

-nuture germ cells through development
-produce numerous steroids

63
Q

Endocrine regulation of testosterone

A

-only negative feedback
-increase in testorone means lower GnRH
-only tonic releases

64
Q

leydig cells endocrine function

A

-respond to LH
-Produce androsternedione (prepubertal)
-Produces testorone (postpubertal)

65
Q

sertoli cells endocrine function

A

-responds to fsh
Produces:
-estrogen
-inhibin
-AMH
-Various Growth Factors
-ABP

65
Q

What does androgen binding proteins do

A

binds to testosterone and traps it in the seminiferous tubules to keep testosterone concentration high.

66
Q

What is the function of estrogen in the male’s testes

A

stimulates mitosis of the gametes

67
Q

Spermatogenisis

A

-onset is during puberty
-hormonal requirements
-lh,fsh and testosterone regulation
-occurs in waves and cycles

68
Q

Spermatogonal phase

A

-occurs along the basement membrane
-proliferation,renewal and differentiation
-mitosis

68
Q

Spermatocyte phase

A

-meiosis
-diploid to haploid

69
Q

Spermatid Phase

A

final maturation steps
round->elongated spermatozoa

70
Q

Golgi Phase

A

acrosomic vesicles form
golgi sacules come together and coalesce

71
Q

Cap phase

A

acrosomic vesicle spreads over nucleus

72
Q

Acrosomic phase

A

-nuclear and cytoplasmic elongation
-centrioles migrate to opposite ends of nucleus
-acrosome wraps around nucleus
-initial formation of the tail

73
Q

Maturation Phase

A

-final assembaly and elongation
-acrosome completely wraps around the nucleus
-mitochondria wrap around centrioles in helical fashion.

73
Q

Acrosome

A

has enzymes for penetration of the egg

74
Q

nucleus

A

-genes for fertilization/syngamy
-genetic variation

74
Q

mitochondria

A

energy for motility

75
Q

flagellum-principle piece

A

mechanical base for motility
-whiplike motion

76
Q

Charecteristics of spermatogenesis

A

-duration is fixed and constant
-stem cells enter spermatogenesis at regular intervals
-stem cells enter spermatogenesis in groups that are connected by intercellular bridges

77
Q

stage

A

specific cellular associations
-what is seem at the lumen of the seminfourous tubules

77
Q

cycle

A

progression through sequence of all stages along the sertoli cells

78
Q

Cycle 1

A

-type A spermatogonia along basement membrane
-entering into the stage of spermatogosis

79
Q

Cycle 2

A

intemediate and type b spermatogonia and as a primary spermaroxyte begins meiosis 1
-one later closer to the lumen

80
Q

Cycle 3

A

-develops into a secondary spermatocyte
-about halfway to the lumen
-finishes meiosis I

80
Q

Cycle 4

A

-finishes meiosis II
-cell undergoes many morphological changes as it develops as a spermatid
-near the lumen

80
Q

Cycle 4.5

A

-undergoes final changes
-released into the lumen of the tubule as a spermatozoan
-round -> elongated

81
Q

Bull spermatogenic cycles

A

-13.5 days per cycle
-needs 4.5 cycles
-spermatogenesis takes 61 days

81
Q

Waves

A

refers to seqquential ordering of stages which occur along the length of the seminiforus tubule
-stage 8 is when it reaches that max

82
Q

When injury/insult happens to the testicle when is it noticible

A

it takes a full cycle

83
Q

semen functions

A

-fluid environment for transport
-provides energy source
-buffer
-maintains osmolarity

84
Q

Semen composition

A

fructose,insitiol,citric acid,prostaglandins, growth factor, cholesterol and lipids

85
Q

testes contributions to semen

A

-sperm (immature)
-rete testes fluid

85
Q

Caput

A

head of epidiymis
absorption to concentrate sperm
-transport

86
Q

epdidymis contribution to semen

A

-maturation of sperm
-loss of cytoplasmic droplet
-gains forward motility
-concentration
-storage

87
Q

Corpus=body

A

-secretions mature sperm
-remove cytoplasmic droplet
-foward and progressive motility
-fertility

88
Q

Cauda=tail

A

storage for ejaculation

89
Q

sperm transport through effect ductules

A

-flow of fluids in the ducts aided by the reabsoprtion of fluids within the ducts
-flow through the ducts aided by cilia

89
Q

sperm transport through seminiforus tubules

A

-passively moved by flow of fluids produced by sertoli cells and flowing to rete testis

90
Q

sperm transport through epidymidis

A

spontaneous persistaltic contractions of lining the wall

91
Q

semen evaluation

A

-volume
-concentration
-sperm motility
-sperm morphology

91
Q

sperm transport through vas deferens

A

-flows through vas defefrens due to steady flow through epididymis
-flow through vas deferens at ejaculation due to persitaltic contractions into urethra
-emptying of vas deferens leaves room for further floe from the epididymis

92
Q

sperm transport through pelvic and penile urethra

A

-rythmic contractions of bulbospongious and ischoncavernous muscles at ejaculation
-simultaneous emptying of accessory glands to provide fluid vehicle.

93
Q

what should sperm ph be

A

around 7 neutral

94
Q

How is morphology tested

A

-collect sample
-fix and stain sperm cells
-look at abnormalities

95
Q

Sperm head abnormalities

A

pear shape, slender. double head. micro or macro cephalic

96
Q

Sperm midpiece abnormalities

A

kinked, double, swollen

97
Q

Sperm tail abnormalities

A

coiled, cytoplasmic droplet, absent or double

98
Q

how is motility tested

A

-droplet test
-placer fresh sample on slide
-estimate percentage(7/10)
-Ranking System
-high
-medium
-low

99
Q

What does mate selection rely on

A

-odors
-visual cues
-vocalizations

100
Q

Erection Neurological steps

A

first-erotogenic stimuli cause sensory nerves to fire
second-sensory nerves activate the “reproduction behavior center” in hypothalamus
third-stimulation of parasympathetic nerves that innervate penile arteriole
Fourth-parasympathetic nerve terminals release nitric oxide
Fifth-nitric oxide initiates biochemical cascade that causes an erection

101
Q

Phase 1 of ejaculation

A

intromission

102
Q

Phase 2 of ejaculation

A

sensory stimulation of glans penis (temperature or pressure0

103
Q

Phase 3 of ejaculation

A

sudden and powerful contraction of the urethral, bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus muscles.

104
Q

Phase 4 of ejaculation

A

expulsion of sperm

105
Q

What causes erection

A

-Sensory stimuli and psychic stimulates the reflex, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves which causes increased vascular supply

106
Q

What cause emission

A

-Sensory stimuli and psychic stimulates the reflex, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and causes smooth muscle contractions of accessory glands

107
Q

What causes ejaculation

A

-Sensory stimuli and psychic stimulates the reflex, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves which causes contractions of muscles

108
Q

Post-copulatory phase

A

-period of refractory
-time in which additional stimuli will not stimulate male to copulate again
-results in satiation and unwillingness

109
Q

Site of semon deposition in cattle and sheep

A

the anterior portion of the vagina

110
Q

Rapid phase of sperm transport

A

-occurs within minutes
-peristaltic contractions induced by copulation
-happens upon the time of emission

111
Q

Slow phase of sperm transport

A

-fertilizing sperm to AI junction
-8 hours (ewe,cow)
-motility and contractions

112
Q

Sperm Transport: Cervical Phase

A

Billions Deposited
Roles
-receptive at estrus
-reservoir cervical crypts
-protection from vagina
-energy from mucus
-filtration of dead and defective sperm.

113
Q

Sperm Transport: Uterine Phase

A

Thoudands survive
-longest pathway
-movement-primarily contraction
Sperm Capacitation
-hypermotility
-acrosome reaction

114
Q

Capacitation

A

-biochemical change
-alters glycosaminoglycans (prevent acrosome from binding to sona pelusida)
-requires 1-7 hours
-alloes acrosome reaction to occur

115
Q

Sperm transport uterotubal junction

A

-limits number of spem reaching oviduct
-acts a second filter
-sperm reservoir

116
Q

How is the sperm transport affected by the utero-tubal junction

A

estrogen-allows cells to flow towards oviduct
progesteron-flows towards uterine horn to encourage embryo

117
Q

Sperm transport-oviduct phase

A

-only hundreds to thousands survive
Transport by contraction and fluid currents by cillia
-sperm pool in isthmus

118
Q

Endogenous factors

A

-age
-sperm maturation
-energy stores
-cell surface

119
Q

Fate of unsuccessful sperm in cow repro tract

A

73% recovers
-majority is in mucous discharge

120
Q

Transport of oocyte

A

cilia
fluid currents
rhythmic segmented peristaltic contractions

121
Q

what is the pattern between the time between ovulation and insemination

A

the longer timr the less fertilization occurs

122
Q

First Fertilization step

A

the sperm squeezes through cells left over from the follice

123
Q

Second fertilization step

A

the sperms acrosomal enzymes digest jelly coat to penetrate the zona pellucida

124
Q

third fertilization step

A

proteins on the sperm head bind to egg receptors

125
Q

fourth fertilization step

A

the plama membrane of sperm and egg fuse

126
Q

Fifth fertilization step

A

the sperm nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm

127
Q

sixth fertilization

A

a feriliziation envelope forms

128
Q

seventh ferilization

A

the nuclei of the spperm and egg fuse

129
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

-penetration of cumulus granulosa cells and corona radiate
-fusion of plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane
-exposure of inner actosomal membrane
-penetration of zonna pellucida

130
Q

Zona reaction and vitelline block

A

-initiated by penetrarion of sperm
-release of cortical granules into perivitelline space
-reorganization of zona and vitelline membrane
-enzymes released to harden the zona pellucida
-ZP3 sperm receptors inactivatied
-prevents polyspermy
-efficency decreased by age and temp

131
Q

Cleavage

A

mitotic divisions with no increase in cell mass

132
Q

Blastomeres are equal

A

-increase in number but not size or shape

133
Q

Totipotency

A

capable of producing a complete individual

134
Q

Morula

A

compact ball of cells of aproximetly equal size

135
Q

Blastocyt

A

cells have rearranged to form compartments

136
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

gives rise to the embryo

137
Q

Trophectoderm

A

give rise to the placenta

138
Q

blastocoele

A

fluid filled cavity

139
Q

Hatching of the blastocyst

A

-removal of the zona pellucida
-allows for expansion and attachment of the blastocyst

140
Q

Dizygotic

A

fertilization of 2 ova (non-identical)

141
Q

Monozygotic

A

splitting of one ovum
-complete seperation of cells during early cleavage
-formation and latter separation of 2 embryonic vesicles

142
Q

gastrulation

A

-blastocyst rearanges
-needs to go from a glob of cells to various layers

143
Q

Antiluteolytic

A

porevents or block luteolysis

144
Q

Luteotropic

A

stimulates CL to continue to function even in the faceoff PGF

145
Q

Maternal Recogniation of pregnacy

A

signal originates from the tropectoderm
-signal acts directly on the endometrium and or ovary
-once signal sent, female will remain in a pregnant state even if conceptus dies

146
Q

Cow Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A

Recognized on Day: 14-17
Signal: Interferon tau
shift from pgf to pge

147
Q

Doe Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A

Recognized on Day: 14-17
Signal: Interferon Tau
Shift from PGF to PGE

148
Q

Ewe Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A

Recognized on Day: 13-16
Signal: Interferon Tau
Shift form PGF to PGE

149
Q

Sow Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A

Recognized on Day: 10-12
Signal:Estrogen and an increase of blood flow

150
Q

Horse Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A

Recognized on Day:14-16
Signal:Unsure but know that movement of embryo is needed

ANS 220 (6 decks)

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