Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cranial region
A
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
2
Q
What is the pelvic region
A
The gonads and the tube system
3
Q
What is the surge center
A
part of the brain that releases massive impulses to respond to an abnormal change
4
Q
What is the tonic center
A
A part of the brain that releases constant impulses to help maintain homeostasis
5
Q
What are the functions of the sphenoid bone
A
It surrounds the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which consists of capillaries that help distribute hormones. It also helps provide protection
6
Q
The Sella Turcica
A
Provides structure around the hypothalamus and pituitary. It is the cavity in between the brain and the sphenoid bone
7
Q
The general functions of the hypothalamus
A
It is like a thermostat and it senses things then responds.It contains neurosecretory cells and produces neurohormones.
8
Q
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary
A
It is a direct connection via hormones
9
Q
General Form of the Posterior Pituitary
A
It is an extension of the hypothalamus via infundibular stock
Made of neural tissue
Direct extension of axons of the hypothalamus
10
Q
General Function of the Posterior Pituitary
A
Site of hormone storage not synthesis
11
Q
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
A
It is an indirect connection via the primary portal plexus.
12
Q
Anterior pituitary general form
A
Located above the roof of the mouth and below hypothalamus
Made of glandular tissue
13
Q
Anterior pituatary General Function
A
Site of hormone synthesis
The hypothalamus sends hormone A to the primary portal plexus which then sends it to the anterior pituitary which uses that information to secrete hormone b.
14
Q
Median Eminence form
A
contains the infundibular stock and primary portal plexus
15
Q
What are the immediate effects of severing the pituitary stalk
A
There is a complete inhibition of the pituitary function
16
Q
What structure is generally referred to as the body’s thermostat
A
Hypothalamus
17
Q
True or False? The anterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus via hypothalamic neurons
A
False. The anterior pituitary is connected indirectly via the primary portal plexus.
18
Q
What happens after GNRH is released from the hypothalamus
A
It is carried to the anterior pituitary by the primary portal plexus
19
Q
What structure encapsulates the pituitary gland to aid in protection and diffusion of releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary
A
sella turcica
20
Q
True or false? Gonadotropes are individual cells that can be found scattered randomly throughout the anterior pituitary.
A
False. Gonadtropes are found in clusters not scattered randomly
21
Q
Where does GNRH enter the blood stream after released from hypothalamic neurons
A
The median eminence
22
Q
True or false. Tropes are specialized hormone producing cells found within the posterior pituitary, which stimulate endocrine organs throughout the body.
A
False they are found in the anterior pituitary
23
Q
Somatropes
A
secrete somatotropin
24
Q
Adrenotropes
A
secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
25
Thyrotropes
secrete thyroid stimulating hormones
26
What species has an ovulation fossa
Mare
27
Where are follicles and other functional structures located on the canine ovary
Cortex
28
What do Sertoli cells in a mature male do
Support gametes and produce steroids
29
What is a feature of a corpus hemorrhagic
it is similar to a large blood clot
30
After the ovary, the correct sequence of ducts that ovum pass through on their way toward the cervix is:
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine cornua
31
In domestic livestock, how much cooler do the testicles have to be in order for sperm production to occur
4-6°C cooler than body temperature
32
What makes a species with a duplex reproductive tract unique
two cervices and two uterine horns
33
How does having both circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers help the tube system
Allows for peristaltic contractions (sequential squeezing)
34
Main Six Functions of the Female Reproductive Tract
-Hormone Production
-Gamete Production
-Gamete Transport
-Fertilization
-Growth and Development of Offspring
-Parturition
35
Why is the ovary considered the primary organ
It is the only one that can produce gametes
36
Ovarian Cytogenic Function
production of gametes (oocytes)
37
Ovarian Endocrine Function
Secretes Hormones
38
Tunica Albuginia
Protective white layer that provides structural support and is covered by germinal epithelium.
39
Cortex
The outer zone and where structures that form the gametes reside
40
Medulla
The inner zone that contains the blood vessels which help nourish the ovary
41
Ovulation Fossa
Only present in horses
Where ovulation occurs on the thinning of the medulla
42
What is different about the configuration of the ovary in horses
The medulla and cortex are reversed. The medulla is on the outside so the horse has the ovulation fossa
43
Primordial Follicles
One layer of cells that surround the oocyte and is made up of primordial germ cells.
44
Primary Follicles
One Layer of cuboid epithelial cells.
Increase in size of oocyte and height of follicular cells
45
Secondary Follicles
Surrounded by several layers of follicular cells
Formation of theca and granulosal cells
Not fluid filled
46
Tertiary Follicles
Surrounded by several layers of follicular cells in which there is a differentiation. The follicle forms a fluid filled cavity known as antrum.
47
Cumulus
Granulosa cells that take care of the oocyte
48
Granulosa Cells
Inner most cells that surround oocyte and add the fluid
49
Thecal Cells
surround granulosa cells and maintain structural support and well as produces testorone
50
Mural Cells
A type of granulosa cells underneath the thecal cells that add the fluid and produce estrogen
51
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
A newly ruptured follicle that is essentially a blood clot
52
Corpus Luteum
After the CH
"Yellow Body"
Produces Progesteronee
53
Corpus Albicans
"White Body"
Scar Tissue
remains after the CL regresses
54
Mucosal layor
directly supports lumen and releases fluid to help nourish
55
Submucosal Layer
Carries the blood vessels and lymphatic system
56
Muscularis
The muscle layer that contains both circular and longitudinal layers
57
Serosal Layer
Outer Protective Layer
58
What is the general structure of the uterus
There is the body, the cornua(horns) and is composed of three layers
59
What are the three general functions of the uterus
-Development of offspring
-Sperm survival
-Regulation of the cycle
-Parturition
60
Perimetrium
-outermost protective layer in the uterus
-similar to the serosal layer
61
Myometrium
-muscle layers in the uterus
-similar to the muscularis layer
62
Endometrium
-secretory lining of the uterus
-submucosa and mucosal lining
63
Bicornuate Uteri
Centrilized Uterine Body and Uterine Horns
64
Duplex uteri
Two cercvixes and to unterine bodies
65
Simplex Uteri
no uterine horns
66
Cervical Structure
It is constricted and thickend as well as has secretory and ciliated cells lining cervix
67
Cervical Functions
It is a physical and chemical barrier between the uterus and the outside. It also helps with sperm function and storage
68
Cervix Annular Rings
-Cow and Ewe
-Filter mechanism
69
Cervical Interdigitating Pads
-Sow
-Filter mechanism but also provides stimulation to the boar
70
Cervical Longitudinal Folds
-mare
-has folds of cervical lining
71
Vaginal Structure
-squamos epithelial cell layer surrounded by the muscular wall
72
General Vaginal Function
It is a copulatory organ, has sperm function, chemical barrier (helps maintain pH balance), and responsive to steroids
73
Major parts of the external genetalia
-vestibule or vagina
-urethral opening
-labia majora and labia minora
-Clitoris
74
External Genetalia Functions
-protection
-stimulation
-sexual attracta
75
Functions of the male reproductive tract
-Hormone Production
-Gamete Production
-Gamete Transport
-Urination
-Ejaculation
76
Testicles Form
-primary male reproductive organ
-paired in mammals
-found outside the body wall
-must descend into scrotum to ensure normal function
77
Gubernaculum
Muscle that attaches from the base of the scrotal pouch and the base of the testicle in which the swelling allows testicle descent
78
Inguinal cavity
whole in cavity in male and closes after testicular descent
79
Cryptocordism
If the testes do not descent
80
Time of testicular descent for bulls and rams
midterm gestation
81
Time of testicular descent for boar
last quater of gestation
82
Scrotal Skin
has an increased number of sweat glands for temperature regulation
83
Cremaster Muscle
A muscle that temperalily moves the testes to and from the body cavity
84
Tunica Dartos
Muscle that allows for long term moved closer to and from the body cavity
85
Pampiniform Plexus
slows the speed of the blood down to help cool the testes
86
Cytogenic Function of the Testes
-Production of Gametes
-spermatoza
87
Testes endocrine function
-secretes hormones
-steroid
-protein peptides
88
Interstitial Cells (Leydig)
outside the tubule
produces testorone to the blood supply or tubule
89
Basement membrane
Basal lamina
Outermost layer of seminiferous tubule and provides structure
90
Primordial Germ Cells
Spermatigonium and either self renews or repopulates
91
Caput
Head of the epididymis
absorption to concentrate sperm
transport
92
Corpus
body of epidermis
secretions mature sperm
removes cytoplasmic droplet
forward/progressive motility
fertility
93
Cauda
Tail of the epidydimis
storage for ejaculation
can cause leakage
94
Vas Deferens-Ducuts Deferens Form
continuation of the caudal epididymis
Enters the pelvic urethra just posterior to bladder
95
Vas Deferens Function
contractile tube for sperm transport
longitudinal and circular muscular layers
96
Muscular Ampulla
bull, ram and stallion
temporary holding area of cells during reproduction
thickening of vas deferns
97
Seminal Vesiccles form
-vesicular glands
-paired
-lobulated except in stallions
98
Seminal Vessicles function
production of seminal fluid
sperm viability
flushes tract
99
Seminal Plasma
flushes reproductive tract helps nutrients and buffer to help with cell survival
100
What do seminal vesicles produce
fructose
citric acid
insitiol
101
Prostate Form
Body and/or disseminate
small in bull and ram
large in boar
2 lobes in stallion
102
What does the prostate produce
-prostate specific antigens
-other proteins
103
Bulbourethral Gland
Cowpers Gland
Paired
Produce large gelatinous function
104
Vascular Penes
No sigmoid flexure
Penis fills with blood
raises blood pressure
In Humans and Stallions
105
Fibroelastic Penes
rigid in non erect state
s shape due to sigmoid flexure
raised blood pressure mean straightens
in bulls, rams and boars
106
Penis Retractor Muscle and Sigmoid Flexus
allows extension and retraction of the penis and sigmoid flexure extends in copulation
107
Ischiocavernous and. bulbospongiousus muscles
skeletal muscles for the ejaculation process
108
Blood-Testes Barrier
tight junctions only allow the gametes, no immune cells, because the cells Innside are haploid immune cells would. destroy sperm cells
109
Wired Communication
communication with neurons
110
Wireless communication
communication via endocrine glands
111
Neurocrine
uses neurons
-axonal transport
then via blood
112
Exocrine
-secreted into ducts or epithelial surface
-saliva, sweat, milk and pancreatic enzymes
-many times related to digestive function, secretion of enzymes ect..
113
Endocrine signaling
endo=in, internal
-substance produced in one site travels via blood supply to affect processes in another organ (tissue)
-classical effects of hormones
-example: gonadotropins
114
Paracrine Signaling
A type of endocrine signaling
-alter activities (+/-) neighboring cells of different types
115
Autocrine Signaling
-Alters activities neighboring cells of the same type or the secreting cell itself
116
Autocrine
-a type of endocrine signaling
-alters activities neighboring cells of the same type or the secreting cell itself
117
Juxtacrine signaling
- a type of endocrine signaling
-alters actvities of cells immediatley adjacent cells transmitted directly through components of a cell membrane
118
Hormone definition
substance secreted by a cell that acts on some target cell (receptors)
they travel through blood, lymph, diffusion, cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid
119
Ablation
remove and study change in activity
120
Replacement
after ablation, add substance back
121
Betholds Experiment
-castrated 6 roosters
-re-implanted a testis in 2 roosters (normal)
-transplanted a testis from another bird in 2 roosters (normal)
-left 2 castrated roosters to testis-less (lacking masculine charecteristics)
122
Sterioid Hormones (General Information)
-Cholesterol Backbone
-Adrenocorticoids
-Sex Hormones
-active metabolites of vitamin D
123
Chemical Properties of Steroid Hormone
-small
-hydrophobic/lipophilic
-travel in blood w/ carrier
-lipid soluable and diffuse through cell membranes
-cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors(also lipid membranes)
124
What is the precursor for testosterone and estrogen
progesterone
125
What is the precursor for estrogen
testerone
126
Progesterone Production in a luteal cell
promote energy of cholesterol into mitochondria
regulated by STAR
127
CYP11A
Goes from cholesterol to pregenolone by reducing the number of carbons
128
HSD3B1
goes from pregnolone to progesterone by changing the structure
129
Aromatase
causes testorone to go to estrogen by losing one carbon
130
Non-steroid hormones
proteins/peptides
eicosanoids
biogenic amines and catecholamines
131
Chemical Properties of non-steroid hormones
-large
-hydrophilic
-not lipid soluble so can't fit through membrane
most hormones
received by receptors external to the cell membrane
requires second messenger mechanism of action
132
Where are receprtors for non-steroid hormone located
on the cell membrane
133
Where are the receptors for steroid hormone located
found in the cells cytoplasm or in its nucleus
134
What constitutes the effectiveness of a hormone
-number of specific hormone receptors available
-the affinity of hormone binding to receptor
135
Agonist hormone
can bind to the hormone receptor and superstimulate the response
136
Antagonist hormone
stops the signaling and shuts down the response
137
Positive feedback mechanism
increases the amount of hormone
138
Negative feedback mechanism
regulates and can recognize to much hormones and can shut that hormone production down
139
What is oxytocin
a non steroid neuropeptide
produced in hypothalamus
-stored in posterier pituatary and nerve signals cause release
140
Functions of oxytocin
-promptes smooth muscle contraction
-milk letdown and is the love/trust hormone
141
What is gonadotrppin releasing hormones
-produced and stored in the hypothalamus
-non steroid neuropeptide
142
What does gonadotropin releasing hormone do
-target gonadropes in anterior pituitary
-responds to steroid hormones produced by the gonads
-released into the primary portal plexus
143
Growth hormone releasing hormone
-44 amino acids
-stimulates growth hormone production and release
144
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
stimulates thyrotropin stimulating hormone and prolactin production and release
145
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Stimulates adrenocrticotropic hormone production and release
146
What is follicle stiumulating hormone
-glycoprotein
-produced and stored in anterior pituitary
-responds to gnrh pulses
147
FSH Ovary function
stimulates follicle growth and development as well as stimulates estrogen production
148
FSH Testes Function
supports Sertoli cell function and estradiol production
149
What is luteinizing hormone
-glycoprotein
produced and stored in anterior pituitary
responds to gnrh pulses
150
LH Ovary Functions
stimulates ovulation and luteinization of the follicle and progesterone secretion
151
LH Testes Function
targets leading cells to stimulate testosterone T production
152
FSH and LH subunits
alpha is the same and beta is what provides specificity
153
Somatropin Hormone
stimulate cell growth, reproduction and regeneration
154
Prolactin
similar structure to GH
promotes lactation, nest building and motherly instinct
155
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
stimulates release of T3 and T4 from thyroid
156
Adrenocorticotrpic Hormone
stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal gland
157
What is testorone
Steroid Hormone
* Responds to LH pulses from AP
* Negative feedback to hypothalamus
158
What secretes testotorone
leydig cells in testes and theca cells in follicles
159
Testosterone general actions
-behavorial changes for sexual receptivit
-stimulates anabolic growth
160
Testorone actions in males
promotes spermatogenesis
promotes secretion of accessory sex glands
161
Testoronbe actions in females
substrates for estrogen production
masculinization
162
What is estrogen
steroid hormone
responds to FSH pulses from AP
Positive and Negative feedback to hypothalamus
163
What secretes estrogen
secreted by
-Sertoli cells in testes
granuloma cells in follicles and placenta
164
Estrogen action
In males
feminization
In females
initiates durge of GnRH from pituitary
increases secretory activity of the tube system
increases uterine tone by heightening myometrium
165
What is Progesterone P4
Steroid Hormone
-responds to LH pulses from AP
-Negative feedback to hypothalamus
166
What secretes progesterone
Secreted by:
Luteal cells in the corpus leteum
placenta
167
Progesterone Actions
-required to maintain pregnancy
-inhibits GnRH pulses and LH surge
-Decreases secretory activity of tube system
-Decrease uterine tone
168
What is prostaglandin f2 alpha
-eicosanoids
responds to OXT induced muscle contrations
169
What secretes prostaglandin f2 alpha
secreted by the uterine gland and vesicular gland
170
Prostaglandin F2 alpha actions
-Promotes smooth muscle contractios
-vasoconstricter
-kills the corpous luteum (lteolysis)
-Involved in ovulation
171
What is Prostaglandin E2
-eicosanoids
short half life
172
What secretes prostaglandin E2
secreted by
-uterine endometrium
-granulosa and theca cells
-embryonic membranes
173
Prostaglandin E2 actions
-promotes P4 production by CL
-Promotes vascularization of tissues
vasodialater
-involved in ovulation
174
What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
-Glycoprotein
-found in other primates
-produced by trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst
175
HCG actions
acts like LH to stimulate P4 production by CL
indirectly blocks luteolysis
causes ovulation in non-primate females
-embryo-increases fetal growth
176
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin
-aka pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin
-glycoprotein
-produced by endometrial cups of the placenta
177
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin actions
-causes formation of accessory CL=P4 production
-indirectly block luteolysis
-acts like FSH in other species
178
Interferon Tau (IFNT)
Glycoprotein only found in ruminants
produced by trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst
179
IFNT Actions
-Inhibits OXT receptors
-Prevents PGF2a synthesis
-promotes protein production to nourish conceptus
180
Mitosis
produces two identical daughter cells
181
What cells does meiosis happen in
only in germ cells within ovary or testes
182
Genital Ridge
-formation of primary sex cords
-pcg undergos mitosis
-sealed by tunica albungica
183
Mesonephros
Male wolfian duct
AMH and Androgen
Forms:
Rete Testes
Efferent Ducts
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
184
TDF-testis determining factor
synthesized by developing sex cords
causes differention of sertoli cells
185
Anti-Mullerian Hormone Produced
AMH or MIH
sertoli cell product
186
Female Development
No Y chromosome
No AMH or androgens
Forms
ovidycts
uterus
anterior vagina
187
How can you tell the difference between a mature sperm and an immature sperm
the cytoplasmic droplet is not present in a mature sperm
188
What section of the male reproductive tract do sperm become fertile
corpus epididymis
189
Destruction of this ligament will result in unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and an increased risk for developing inguinal hernias.
Gubernaculum
190
True of False. Inguinal Hernias occur in females
false
191
True or False? During an erection, blood flow and pressure are only important in species with a vascular penis type.
False
192
True or False? A cryptorchid male produces sperm but not any hormones.
False
193
In general, the hypothalamus,
produce A) hormones, whereas the anterior pituitary produces B) hormones.
A) releasing and B) stimulating
194
Complete the following statement:
Failure to maintain the testes 4-6 degrees cooler than normal body temperature results in...
Suppression of primordial germ cells resulting in a reduced sperm count, without impacting testosterone synthesis by the interstitial cells.
