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ANS 220 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Progesterone Pregnancy Functions

A

-inhibits uterine contractions
-stimulates uterine secretions
-creates cervical plug
-mammary gland development
-species variation

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2
Q

Estrogen Pregnancy Functions

A

-stimulates the endometrium to increase blood flow and secretions
-needed for events leading to parturition
-mammary gland development

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3
Q

Estrogen sources during pregnancy

A

-follicles on ovary continue to grow during pregnancy
-placental membranes are the major source of estrogens for all species during pregnancy

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4
Q

Where does progesterone come from during gestation in sow?

A

It comes from the CL throughout the entire pregnancy

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5
Q

Where does progesterone come from during gestation in the doe?

A

It comes from the CL throughout the entire pregnancy

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6
Q

Where does progesterone come from during gestation in the ewe?

A

It comes from the CL in the first 40 days
It comes from the placental membranes in the last 100 days

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7
Q

Where does progesterone come from during gestation in cow?

A

It comes from the CL in the first 128 days
It comes from the placental membrane after day 128

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8
Q

Where does progesterone come from during gestation in the mare?

A

-the original CL from 35 days
-the accessory CL from days 40-180
-the placental membranes after day 160-180

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9
Q

Equine Accessory CL

A

-Stimulated by production of equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg)

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10
Q

ECG

A

-produced by the endometrial cups
-invasion of endometrium by chorionic girdle cells of the embryonic vessilve
-increased follicular development and formation of many CL

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11
Q

Advantages of AI

A

-superior male genetics available
-reduces chance of sexually transmitted diseases
-increased coverage by selected sire

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12
Q

Disadvantage of AI

A

-increased labor costs
-requires skilled labor and periods of intensive management
-requires adequate facilities
-higher input costs

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13
Q

Dairy Industry AI

A

-90% national cow herd bred AI

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14
Q

Beef Industry AI

A

<12% national cow herd bred AI
-greater use in purebred operations or special projects

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15
Q

Swine Industry AI

A

-use is increasing
-struggle is keeping crypreserved semen alive
-now chilled not frozen semen is used
Swine is NC >90% AI

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16
Q

Equine Industry AI

A

Challenges with cryopreserved semen
Breed standards for certain things like Kentucky derby the horses must be bred by live cover

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17
Q

Site of Semen Deposition in NM vs AI

A

AI-must be in the uterus and bypasses cervix
NM-site varies by species

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18
Q

Ejaculate amount in NM vs AI

A

NM-entire ejaculate is used on one female
AI-entire ejaculate is extended on several females between (3-500)

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19
Q

Timing of mating between NM vs AI

A

NM-during estrus
AI-estrus or beginning of metaestrus to find the right time when ovulation occurs

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20
Q

Number of inseminations in NM vs AI

A

NM-one and done
AI-multiple inseminations usually twice

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21
Q

Cow insemination technique

A

yo have to find the cervix then weave through the annular rings, the struggle is making sure you don’t go through the fornix instead making sure to inseminate in the uterus instead of the uterine horn

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22
Q

Mare insemination technique

A

transvaginal with finger to find the cervical oss, making sure there is extra liquid with the insemination to prevent back flow

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23
Q

Sow insemination technique

A

-simple but must make sure it is turning the right way to get in through the corkscrew into the uterus

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24
Q

Sexed semen

A

-ability to separate x and y sperns
-allows for female heifers
not all sires can because since it takes so long to process there is a risk of sperm death

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25
Q

Advantages of Sexed Semen

A

1.) Breed Heifers. with X sperm to decrease calving difficulties
2.) Eliminate biosecurity risks with closed herd expansions
3.) On average 9 out of 10 calves will be of the desired sex

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26
Q

Disadvantages of Sexed Semen

A

-Cost is approximately $30 more per straw
-Reduced fertility and conception rates
-much higher conception rates when used with heifers

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27
Q

Pregancy rates with bulls vs AI

A

-bulls have about a 60% pregnancy rate which is similar for many timed AI programs
-bulls may be better at clean up and catching cows that are not synchronized

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28
Q

Embryo Transfer

A

-Method for propagation of superior females
-Superovulation allows for multiple possible embryos in one round
-can either fresh transfer embryos or freeze embryos

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29
Q

Superovulation

A

-ultimatley want to keep more follicles alive
-block folliculogenesis
-use FSH or different forms

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30
Q

Superovulation protocol for the donor female

A

9 days after estrus FSH is given twice a day from day 9-12 but with decreasing dosage
-on day 11 pdf is given to kill CL and allow for estrus to start
day 13 is estrus and they are inseminated on day 13 and 14
-day 20 is when embryos are recovered

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31
Q

SUpovulation protocol for recipient female

A

=PGF day 10
-Estrus day 13
-recieves embryos day 20

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32
Q

What is done after the embryos are recovered to the donor female

A

given pgf to drop progesterone to make sure they don’t stay pregnant if some embryos are missed

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33
Q

Uterine-embryo synchrony

A

fertility decreases if uterine environment and stage of embryo development are not synchronized

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34
Q

Bovine Embryo Transfer expected results

A

-average 5-6 embryos per flush
but can range from 0-30 embryos per flush
Pregnancy rates following transfer
-fresh transfer-60%
-frozen embryos-40-50%`

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35
Q

What is in vitro embryo production used for

A

-applied animal biotechnologies
-research
-propagation of superior fences
-increased flexibility for sire selection
-treatment for clinical infertility

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36
Q

Production of Embryos In Vitro

A

-oocyte-cumulus complexes aspirated from 2-10 mm antral follicles
-aspirated complies collected from sediment
-oocyte-cumulus complexes washed
-cultured for 20h(oocyte maturation)
-sperm prepared from frozen semen
-swim-up used to select motile cells
-must be capacitated in vitro
-insemination (18h)
-vulture for 7 dyas
-culture to blastocyst stage
-transfer to recipient female

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37
Q

IVF Profuduction (abbatitoir) ~ 100 ovaries

A

-150-180 ova for in vitro maturation
-gertilization rate >90-95%
-143 one cell embryos
-tranferable embryos 35-45%
-60 embryos
-blastocysts at 7 days 25-30%
-45 embryos

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38
Q

IVF Production (transvaginal)

A

-single aspiration(both ovaries)
~10 ova for IVM
-Blastocyst at 7 days
~1-2 embryos
-number of aspiration 1-2/week

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39
Q

Embryo grades

A

embryos are graded based on the amount of fragmentation (lower grade the better)
0-none
1-up to 10%
2-10-25%
3->25%

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40
Q

IVF Calfs

A

-increased birth wwights
-faster growth rates
-more saleable carcass
-dystocia
-health problems

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41
Q

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

A

-method for producing a series of “identical” individuals
-clones are genetically identical but are nor always physically identical
-clones can vary in age (if frozen)

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42
Q

Step 1 in cloning

A

-remove DNA from Metaphase II oocyte
-“enucleated oocyte”

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43
Q

Step 2 in cloning

A

remove cells for donor animal

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44
Q

Step 3 in cloning

A

fuse donor cell with inculcated oocyte using electrical pulses to incorporate the DNA into the cytoplasm
-Donor DNA reprogrammed
-cone created

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45
Q

Step 4 in cloning

A

-culture to blastocyst stage in lab
-transfer to recipient

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46
Q

Uses for clones

A

-rapid sire proof
-phatmaceuticals
-xenotransplant
-nutrapsueticals

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47
Q

Pitfalls with clones

A

-low prep rates
-some abnormally large fetuses
-some malformation
-abnormal placenta development
-increased calling difficlties
extended gestation lengths

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48
Q

How many generations can cloning be successful

A

5

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49
Q

What animals have been cloned

A

-mice.rabbits,sheep,goats,cattle, pigs, cats, mules, horses and dogs

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50
Q

“Dolly”

A

first clone from a fully mature somatic cell (mammary cell clote)
-cloned from an adult ewe

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51
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

the production of cloned cells for the sole purpose of harvesting stem cells

52
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

-therapuetic cloning
-tissue derived from embryo growing in vitro
-provides long term source of DNA
-can be genetically modified
can be used to grow transplant organs

53
Q

invasive implantation

A

the chorion of the embryo berries into the uterine endometrium

54
Q

Placenta protection function

A

-fluid cushion (skeletal system)
-placental barrier (immune system function)
-does not prevent toxins from going back and forth

55
Q

Placenta nutrition function

A

-suppl of all energy protein, CHO, FA precursors
-removal of waste products

56
Q

Placenta Respiration Function

A

-Carries oxygenated blood into the placenta and carries deoxygenated blood out

57
Q

Placenta hormone function

A

-chorionic goandotropin
-progesterone
-estrogens
-chorion is responsible for making those hormones

58
Q

Placentation formation

A

-folding over the inner cell mass to form the amnion
-chorion-fusion of trophoblast with mesoderm
-expansion of the allantois-‘extension’ of the bladder
-fusion with the chorion

59
Q

Time of placenta formation in pig

A

formation starts in 13 days, formation in 18-24 days

60
Q

Time of placenta formation in sheep

A

formation starts in 14-16 days formation in 28-35

61
Q

Time of placenta formation in cattle

A

formation starts in 28-32, formation done by days 40-45

62
Q

Time of placenta formation in horses

A

formation starts in 34-40 days formation done by day 95-150

63
Q

Epitheliochoiral Placenta

A

-6 layers
-Has the fetal and maternal endothelium , storm, epithelium
-no transfer or antibodies between mother and fetus
-non invasive implantation

64
Q

Endotheliochorial placenta

A

-4 layers
antibodies can pass so passive transfer of antibodies can occur

65
Q

Hemochorial Placenta

A

3 layers
very efficient
invasive type of implantation

66
Q

Diffuse Placenta

A

-Covers entire surface of uterus
-invasive
-chorion interlocks with uterine endometrium

67
Q

Zonary Placenta

A

central girdle of cells
-the only transfer between maternal and fetal blood happens at the zonary band

68
Q

Discoid Placenta

A

-disk shaped site on one side
-invasive implantation

69
Q

Cotylendary Placentas

A

-special sites of attachment
-convex caruncles in cows
-concave caruncles in ewes
-non invasive

70
Q

Placentones

A

where the cotelydon and caruncle attach where the maternal and fetal nutrients exchange 6 layers

71
Q

Nutrients of the embryo pre-implantation

A

-cytoplasm of the zygote/blastocyst
-soley dependent on uterine and oviductal secretions

72
Q

Pre-attachment histotrophic nutrition

A

-stored energy in the cytoplasm
-MRNA already in cytoplasm
-uterine gland secretions provide the precursors
-communication between embryo and uterus-synchrony reqired

73
Q

Post attachment nutriotopn

A

-hometorophic nutrition
-selective transfer across placenta
-amino and fatty acids and glucose
-co2 and O2
-vitamins mineral and electrolyte

74
Q

Factors affecting fetal growth

A

-genetics
-environemnt and neutron (placenta and uterus size)
-litter size (bigger litter smaller fetuses)

75
Q

Sex of fetus affecting gestation length

A

-male calf usually 1-2 days longer than female

76
Q

Number of offspring affecting gestation length

A

-twin calves 5-10 days less
-neonatal survival

77
Q

Age of dam affecting gestation length

A

older ewe 1-2 days longer

78
Q

Geneetics affecting gestation length

A

-mare abd stallion 340 days
-mare and jack 355 dyas

79
Q

Season affecting gestation length

A

-mare bred in winter (longer)
-ewe bred in summer (shorter)
seasonally polyesters is when this comes into play

80
Q

Changes in the cervix for parturition

A

-dialates
-occurs through synergism between relaxin and estrogen

81
Q

Changes in the pubic symphysis form parturition

A

occurs through synergism between relaxin and estrogen

82
Q

Changes in the reproductive tract uterus for parturition

A

-uterine contraction
-inhibiotrs like progesterone are removed
estrogen increases oxytocin receptors
-oxytocin Increases concentration and fathers PGF release to get rid of progesterone

83
Q

Relaxin

A

-produced by CL-stored then dmped
-restructures cervix to allow relaxation and dilation’
-relaxes ligaments of pbic symphysis

84
Q

changes in the mammary gland

A

-initiqal development at puberty
-estrogen stimulates development of duct system throughout gestation
-progesterone stimulates alveolar growth through gestation
-E2 and P4 inhibit milk production

85
Q

changes the fetus with growth

A

-maturation of the lungs
severing of the umbilical cord intiates fetus to take first breath
-thermoregulatiob
-nutrient absorption
-immune function

86
Q

control of parturition

A

-intitated by fetus as hypothalamus matures
-stress causes release of fetal adrenaline corticosteroids
-increased estrogen decreased progesterone
-increased oxytocin and relation.

FETAL STRESS

87
Q

Initiation of Partutiton by Fetus

A

-hypothaamus matures and produces CRH
-anterior pituitary releases ACTH
-adrenal cortex produces steroids
-fetal placenta shifts from P4 to E2

88
Q

Initiation of Parturition by dam

A

-gravid uterus releases PGF
-corpus lute loses P4 and releases relaxin
-posterior pituitary releases oxytocin
-uterine contractions

89
Q

Signs of impending parturition

A

-udder development and presence of milk \
-hollowing and relaxation
-nesting
-isolation
-off feed
-colicky and discomfort

90
Q

Parturitoon Prepatory Stage 1

A

-uterine contractions go from irregular to regular
-rotation of fetus
-dilation of cerviz
-relaxation of the pubic symphysis

91
Q

Parturition stage 2 fetal expulsion

A

-chorioallontois ruptures
-fetus forces through birth canal
-rupture of aminion
-delivery of fetus
-then umbilical cord severed

92
Q

Positive feedback loop with parturition

A

-pressure on cervix causes a nerve impulse to hypothalamus which cause the posterior pituitary to keep releasing oxytocin

93
Q

Parturition stage 3-delivery of the mebranbes

A

-choriuonic villi loosen and detach
-afterbirth is shed

94
Q

When are placentas typically retained

A

-early delivery
-disease or vitamin/mineral imbalances
-twins or triplets

95
Q

How does feeding manipulation affect parturition timing

A

begin feeding schedule so cows eat approximately 12hrs before preferred calming time

96
Q

Causes of dystocia

A

-small size of dam
-unusually large fetus
malpresentatons

97
Q

Why induce parturition or abortion

A

management tool-timing
-limits fetal size
-abortion stops mosmatinh
-entry into feedlots would be inhibited if pregnant

98
Q

Sow induction of parturition

A

PGF is drug of choice because it kills the CL
If it is done before day 110 its an abortion because piglets are not formed enough to survive
If its done after day 112 it is considered normal parturition

99
Q

Ewe induction of parturition

A

-glucocorticoids (mimic fetal stress)
-within a week of due date
-glucocorticodids after day 40-50 will abort
-PGF before day 40 will abort

100
Q

Cow induction of partition

A

-glucocorticoids within 2 weeks of term
-abortion in feedlot or mismated cattle
-pFD before day 150
after day 150 glucotorticoids
high indenice of retained placentas
Relaxin does not work

101
Q

Induction of parurition in mares

A

-no good method
pdf most effective before day 150 for abortions
-past 330 days and with milk calcium of 200 pop
-use oxytocin and PGF
-repeat oxytocin until stage ii starts

102
Q

Uterine involution

A

-trandormation from pregnant to non-pregnant sixe
-shrinkage
-muscle tone
-blood flow
-epitherlial lining

103
Q

Time required for involution

A

diffuse faster than cotyledonary
-cattle 4-6 weeks
-sheep 3-4 weeks
swine 2-3 weeks
equine 1-2 weeks
Slowed by abnormal delivery

104
Q

Resumption of estrous cycles

A

-lh at low frequency
-prl elevated
-opioid peptides elevated
-adrenal corticoid
-refractory periodS

105
Q

Suckling affecting estrous cycle

A

-greater intesity=longer anestrus

106
Q

nutrition effect on estrus cycle

A

-energy balance
-early postpartum
-magnitude of negative eb is critical

107
Q

party effect on resumption of estrus cycle

A

-primiparous longer than multiparous
-cattle 30-40d longer
-swine 3-12 days longer

108
Q

Season effect on resumption of estrous cyckle

A

-sheep-anestrous season
0swine-summer infertility

109
Q

Postpartum fertility in coes and ewes

A

-short and sub functional CL in 80% of 1st cycles postpartum
-gearing system up

110
Q

postpartum fertility in mare

A

-foal heat can be fertile
-may wait one cycle to breed

111
Q

Postpartum fertility in sows

A

-post-farrowing heat not a true heat (behavior only)
-good fertility following weaning

112
Q

Metabolic periparturient disorders

A

-ketosis
-milk fever

113
Q

Physical periparturient disorders

A

-lameness
-displaced abomasum
-dystocia related injuries

114
Q

Reproductive periparturient disorders

A

-metritis
-cystic follicles

115
Q

Postpartum rebreeding in sow goal

A

-24 pigs/sow/year
-wean 10 pigs per litter
2.4 litters

116
Q

Postpartum rebreeding sow timing

A

-gestation 114 days
-weaning at 18-21 days
-rebreeding has be done asap as they got to be pregnant 282 days

117
Q

Postpartum rebreeding sow potential roadblock

A

-summer heat stresses
-cystic follicles after early weaning

118
Q

postpartum rebreeding ewe/doe goal

A

one lambing per tear or 3 lambing per two years (2 lambs per lambing)

119
Q

postpartum rebreeding ewe/doe timing

A

-gestiation 150 days
-weaning at 35 days
rebred within 2 cycles

120
Q

postpartum rebreeding ew/doe potential roadblocks

A

-seasonal anestrus
-short cycles/subfunctional cl

121
Q

Post partum rebreeding mare goal

A

-1 foal per year

122
Q

postpartum rereading timing mare

A

-gestation 11 months
weaning 6 months
foal heat 7-10 days

123
Q

Postpartum rebreeding beef cow goal

A

1 calf per year

124
Q

Postpartum rebreeding beef cow timing

A

-gestation 282 days
-rebred within 90 days (heifers one month before that)
-weaning at 6 months

125
Q

Postpartum rebreeding beef cow potential roadblocks

A

-lactational anestrus
-beef>dairy (cow presences
-summer heat stress
-short cycles/subfunctional cl

ANS 220 (6 decks)

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