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BIO 112 > Lab Practical 1 Review > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a dichotomous key?

A

Scientific tool used to identify different organisms based the organisms observable traits.

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2
Q

how are organisms named in the taxonomic system?

A

By their binomial name, consisting of the genus and species name, both italicized, genus is capitalized

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3
Q

what are the different levels of the taxonomic system?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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4
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteria, archean, eukarya

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5
Q

what are the four kingdoms of eukarya?

A

plantae, animilia, protista, fungi

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6
Q

what is used to place organism into different taxonomic groups?

A

evolutionary relationships of organisms, by comparing similarities and differences to other organisms

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7
Q

what is the naming system called?

A

binomial nomenclature

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8
Q

describe the characteristics of the organisms that make up the three different domains of life

A

bacteria- no nucleus, archea- no nucleus with cell wall, eukaryotes- have nucleus

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9
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

process where organism not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

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10
Q

are homologous or analogous traits used to make phylogenetic trees?

A

homologous

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11
Q

how can you tell if a trait is homologous or analogous

A

study the anatomy of the living organism and the fossil and observe any changes

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12
Q

what are phylogenetic trees?

A

hypothesis on evolutionary relationships between different organisms

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13
Q

what are monophyletic groups?

A

groups with single common ancestors and ALL of its descendants

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14
Q

what are paraphyletic groups?

A

groups with single common ancestor and only SOME of its descendants

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15
Q

how are molecular phylogenetic trees constructed?

A

by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the same gene across different species, by counting the number of differences in base-pairs, the more differences the more time has passed and have the least amount of common ancestors

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16
Q

what do nodes on a phylogenetic tree indicate?

A

when a species diverged

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17
Q

what are shared derived traits?

A

a trait that develops between a common ancestor but is not found in the ancestor and is shared with its descendants after that trait arises

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18
Q

how are insertions and deletions accounted for?

A

they change the length of the DNA, if they occur its hard to match the sequences from two species, we now use programs that determine the best way to align DNA sequences of different lengths for comparison

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19
Q

what are the approximate lengths of a DNA barcode?

A

400-800 base pairs

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20
Q

what gene is used to barcode for fish, vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI)

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21
Q

what gene is used to barcode plants?

A

rbcL and matK

22
Q

what gene is used to barcode fungi and lichen?

A

RNA

23
Q

what is the coding (exon) region of a gene used for in barcoding?

A

coding regions aren’t used since they don’t offer enough variation between species to accurately identify

24
Q

what is an exon and an intron?

A

exons are sections of DNA that code for proteins, introns are non-coding sections of RNA transcript that affect gene expression

25
Q

in what eon did life first appear?

A

archean eon

26
Q

when did eukaryotes first appear in the fossil record?

A

proterozoic eon

27
Q

in what era and periods were the dinosaurs more prevalent?

A

phanerozoic eon ,mesozoic era, triassic period

28
Q

what period did dinosaurs go extinct?

A

the cretaceous period

29
Q

when did the cambrian explosion occur?

A

paleozoic era

30
Q

when did land plants appear on the fossil record?

A

paleozoic era

31
Q

what event cause mammals to become dominant?

A

the permian extinction

31
Q

what are the different mass extinctions in order?

A

-the ordovician
-the late devonian
-the great dying, marked the end of the paleozoic era

32
Q

what era and period did the first hominins appear?

A

cenozoic era, neogene period

33
Q

what are some of the possible causes of the Permian and Cretaceous mass extinctions?

A

asteroid impact

34
Q

what is absolute dating?

A

radioactive isotopes, compare the decay

35
Q

what are the conditions that need to be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

-large population
-no migration
-no mutation
-no selection
-random mating

36
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance, due to natural disasters or back luck

37
Q

what are the two types of natural selection?

A

founder effect, bottleneck effect

38
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

type of natural selection, subset of original population separates and creates a newer population with fewer alleles

39
Q

what is the bottleneck effect?

A

type of natural selection, when a population is subjected to a disaster, found in endangered species

40
Q

what does hominin mean?

A

humans and all of our extinct bipedal ancestors

41
Q

what is a hominid?

A

the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes

42
Q

what osteological characteristics help Paleoanthropologists decide if a fossil will be classified as a hominin fossil or a non-human primate?

A

the shape and position of the pelvis (hip), femur (leg), and tibia (shinbone) distinguish bipeds from quadrupeds, or animals that walk on four feet

43
Q

what does bipedalism mean?

A

using two feet for standing and walking

44
Q

what aspects of the skeleton are indications of that specimen being bipedal?

A

position of the foramen magnum

45
Q

glabella to occipital length (g-op)

A

forehead to back of head

46
Q

maximum breadth (eu-eu)

A

ear to ear

47
Q

basion-bregma height (ba-b)

A

foramen magnum to top of head

48
Q

what does the size of a large zygomatic arche tell about the diet?

A

herbivores

49
Q

what does the presence of a sagittal crest tell you about the diet?

A

consumed tough foods like meat

50
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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