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BIO 112 > Final Lab Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Lab Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of isopropanol and ethanol in DNA isolation

A

it causes the DNA to precipitate, it separates it from the cellular components

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2
Q

how does the extraction buffer aid in extracting DNA

A

it breaks down the cellular membrane and nuclear envelopes

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3
Q

what is PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction, technique used to amplify a specific section of the DNA

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4
Q

what is a thermal cycler used for

A

used in PCR, controls the temperature cycles that are required for denaturing, annealing and extending the DNA

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5
Q

what is used for gel electrophoresis

A

agarose gel

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6
Q

what gene is used to barcode for fish, vertebrates and invertebrates

A

mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1)

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7
Q

what gene is used to barcode for plants

A

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) or the maturase K (matK) gene.

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8
Q

what gene is used to barcode for fungi

A

fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS)

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9
Q

what are primers

A

short DNA sequences that anneal to specific regions of DNA, mark starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR, start DNA amplification and decide what regions will be amplified

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10
Q

why do we use two different primers in PCR

A

allows DNA polymerase to amplify the region between two primers resulting in double stranded DNA

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11
Q

what type of DNA sequence is ideal for barcoding

A

short sequences, non coding regions

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12
Q

what are the different stages of PCR

A

denaturing ( heat ), annealing ( cools down, primers bind to DNA template ), extension ( heat is raised, primers extend ), elongation ( heat raised, makes sure complete synthesis of all DNA strands )

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13
Q

how is DNA visualized on a gel, what type of stain is used to see the DNA

A

it is visualized thru the use of stains, ethidium bromide or SYBR SAFE is used

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14
Q

what is a PHRED score

A

measure of the quality of sequence data, specifically the probability of a base call being incorrect, ranges from 0-40

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15
Q

which part of the heart receives oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood returning from other parts of the body

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16
Q

how does blood return to the heart of the body

A

veins

17
Q

how does blood flow from the heart to the lungs

A

enters the right atrium then ventricle and then through the pulmonary artery

18
Q

how does blood flow from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

19
Q

how does blood flow from the heart to the body

A

arteries

20
Q

what do coronary arteries do

A

provide the main blood supply to the heart

21
Q

do all veins carry deoxygenated blood

A

yes, except the pulmonary vein, same goes for arteries

22
Q

what do the liver and kidneys do for the body

A

detoxify, metabolize, waste excretion

23
Q

what function does the spleen serve

A

controls the levels of red and white blood cells, plays a role in immune response

24
Q

how can you tell the difference between bacteria and different types of protists

A

bacteria are prokaryotic and protists are eukaryotic and have specialized organelles

25
Q

what are the different bacteria shapes

A

bacillus ( rod shaped ), coccus (spherical shaped ), spirillum ( spiral shaped ), vibrios ( comma shaped )

26
Q

what is the zone of inhibition

A

circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow

27
Q

gram positive vs gram negative

A

gram positive- purple stain, simple walls with large amount of peptidoglycan, more anti biotics targe it

gram negative- pink stained, less peptidoglycan and toxic outer membrane, more resistant to antibiotics

28
Q

paramecium vs amoeba

A

paramecium- moves with pseudopodia, one nucleus, can change its body shape, feeds though phagocytosis

amoeba- move with cilia, one or more nuclei, definite shape, feeds through predation

29
Q

what is the supergroup Excavata

A

unicellular eukaryotes, parasites, protists,

30
Q

what type of disease does Trypanosoma cause

A

sleeping sickness, caused from trypanosome brucei, a parasite

31
Q

species in the SAR clade

A

stromatolites, alveolates, rhizarians

32
Q

supergroup Archaeplastida

A

red algae, green algae

33
Q

supergroup unikonta

A

slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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