Final Lab Exam Review

Question 1

what is the role of isopropanol and ethanol in DNA isolation

Answer 1

it causes the DNA to precipitate, it separates it from the cellular components

Question 2

how does the extraction buffer aid in extracting DNA

Answer 2

it breaks down the cellular membrane and nuclear envelopes

Question 3

what is PCR

Answer 3

polymerase chain reaction, technique used to amplify a specific section of the DNA

Question 4

what is a thermal cycler used for

Answer 4

used in PCR, controls the temperature cycles that are required for denaturing, annealing and extending the DNA

Question 5

what is used for gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

agarose gel

Question 6

what gene is used to barcode for fish, vertebrates and invertebrates

Answer 6

mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1)

Question 7

what gene is used to barcode for plants

Answer 7

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) or the maturase K (matK) gene.

Question 8

what gene is used to barcode for fungi

Answer 8

fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS)

Question 9

what are primers

Answer 9

short DNA sequences that anneal to specific regions of DNA, mark starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR, start DNA amplification and decide what regions will be amplified

Question 10

why do we use two different primers in PCR

Answer 10

allows DNA polymerase to amplify the region between two primers resulting in double stranded DNA

Question 11

what type of DNA sequence is ideal for barcoding

Answer 11

short sequences, non coding regions

Question 12

what are the different stages of PCR

Answer 12

denaturing ( heat ), annealing ( cools down, primers bind to DNA template ), extension ( heat is raised, primers extend ), elongation ( heat raised, makes sure complete synthesis of all DNA strands )

Question 13

how is DNA visualized on a gel, what type of stain is used to see the DNA

Answer 13

it is visualized thru the use of stains, ethidium bromide or SYBR SAFE is used

Question 14

what is a PHRED score

Answer 14

measure of the quality of sequence data, specifically the probability of a base call being incorrect, ranges from 0-40

Question 15

which part of the heart receives oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 15

the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood returning from other parts of the body

Question 16

how does blood return to the heart of the body

Answer 16

veins

Question 17

how does blood flow from the heart to the lungs

Answer 17

enters the right atrium then ventricle and then through the pulmonary artery

Question 18

how does blood flow from the lungs to the heart

Answer 18

pulmonary veins

Question 19

how does blood flow from the heart to the body

Answer 19

arteries

Question 20

what do coronary arteries do

Answer 20

provide the main blood supply to the heart

Question 21

do all veins carry deoxygenated blood

Answer 21

yes, except the pulmonary vein, same goes for arteries

Question 22

what do the liver and kidneys do for the body

Answer 22

detoxify, metabolize, waste excretion

Question 23

what function does the spleen serve

Answer 23

controls the levels of red and white blood cells, plays a role in immune response

Question 24

how can you tell the difference between bacteria and different types of protists

Answer 24

bacteria are prokaryotic and protists are eukaryotic and have specialized organelles

Question 25

what are the different bacteria shapes

Answer 25

bacillus ( rod shaped ), coccus (spherical shaped ), spirillum ( spiral shaped ), vibrios ( comma shaped )

Question 26

what is the zone of inhibition

Answer 26

circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow

Question 27

gram positive vs gram negative

Answer 27

gram positive- purple stain, simple walls with large amount of peptidoglycan, more anti biotics targe it gram negative- pink stained, less peptidoglycan and toxic outer membrane, more resistant to antibiotics

Question 28

paramecium vs amoeba

Answer 28

paramecium- moves with pseudopodia, one nucleus, can change its body shape, feeds though phagocytosis amoeba- move with cilia, one or more nuclei, definite shape, feeds through predation

Question 29

what is the supergroup Excavata

Answer 29

unicellular eukaryotes, parasites, protists,

Question 30

what type of disease does Trypanosoma cause

Answer 30

sleeping sickness, caused from trypanosome brucei, a parasite

Question 31

species in the SAR clade

Answer 31

stromatolites, alveolates, rhizarians

Question 32

supergroup Archaeplastida

Answer 32

red algae, green algae

Question 33

supergroup unikonta

Answer 33

slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas