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BIO 112 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic

A

monophyletic- all organisms with ancestors
paraphyletic- all organisms with some ancestors
polyphyletic- not closely related organisms

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2
Q

what’s a clade

A

monophyletic group

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3
Q

what is a basal taxa

A

first organism to diverge without a relative

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4
Q

what is a shared derived trait?

A

trait only derived in a clade

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5
Q

what is a ancestral trait?

A

trait shared by ALL ancestors

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6
Q

what is a molecular clock?

A

the average rate at which a species’ genome accumulates mutations

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7
Q

what are the evolutionary differences of the three different domains?

A

eukarya- have nucleus
bacteria- no nucleus
archea- no nucleus with cell wall

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8
Q

how is Binomial nomenclature used to name organisms?

A

genus species, both italicized and genus is capitalized

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9
Q

how are molecular clocks used to determine relatedness?

A

by looking at the differences in DNA sequence, attempts to determine when the species started to evolve differently

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10
Q

what kind of assumptions are made when using molecular clocks?

A

substitution rates for homologous genes are fairly constant thru time

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11
Q

what type of DNA is used for developing molecular clocks?

A

ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial DNA

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12
Q

how can you tell which species diverged first when comparing molecular sequence data?

A

looking at the rRNA tells you which one diverged millions of years ago and looking at the mDNA tells you which diverged recently

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13
Q

what is a extremophile?

A

organisms that thrive in extreme enviroments, archea

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14
Q

what is a halophil?

A

can live in extremely haline environments ( high salinity )

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15
Q

what is thermophil?

A

can live in extreme heat like hydrothermal vents

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16
Q

what is gram positive?

A

thick peptidoglycan wall, during staining procedure it turns purple due to the thickness of the cell wall, it retains more, targeted by anitbiotics, crystal violet shows

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17
Q

what is gram negative?

A

thin peptidoglycan wall, during staining procedure it turns pink due to the thing wall not being able to retain as much, saffron shows, most likely antibiotic

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18
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A

outer most part of cell membrane, slimey, helps with protection, fertilization co-adhesion

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19
Q

what is the lipopolysaccharide?

A

outer membrane component of only gram negative, provides structure and protection

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20
Q

what shape is coccus bacteria?

A

spherical shape

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21
Q

what shape is bacillus bacteria?

A

rod shaped

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22
Q

what shape is vibrio bacteria?

A

comma shaped

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23
Q

what is nutrient cycling?

A

a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment

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24
Q

what is decomposition?

A

process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.

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25
what are fimbriae?
short hairs that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces
26
what are pili?
longer hairlike structures that aid in exchange of DNA between bacterial cells
27
what is the flagellum?
organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis
28
what are cyanobacteria?
phylum of bacteria, photosynthesize, live in water, produce O2 and organic carbon, take in nitrogen, not considered algae
28
what roles do microorganisms have in maintaining ecological systems?
decomposition, oxygen production, evolution and symbiotic relationships
29
how do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission, asexual reproduction
30
how do antibiotic resistance genes get transferred from one species to another?
horizontal gene transfer, transformation
31
what is genetic recombination?
a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles
32
what are the three ways genetic recombination can occur?
transformation, transduction, conjugation
33
what is transduction
method of genetic recombination, bacterial phage infects a donor bacterial cell
34
what is conjunction?
method of genetic recombination, exchange of DNA fragments from one bacterial cell to another using sex pili
35
what is transformation?
method of genetic recombination, when naked DNA in the environment is taken up by a cell without direct cell to cell contact
36
how can bacteria provide benefits to humans?
help you digest food, protect against infection, maintain reproductive health
37
what is a phototroph?
energy source is only light, photosynthetic prokaryotes
38
what is a chemotroph
energy source is from inorganic chemicals, sulfur bacteria
39
what is a photoheterotroph?
use light as energy and organic compounds for energy, aquatic prokaryotes
40
what is a chemoheterotroph?
use organic compounds, used by most prokaryotes
41
describe the evolutionary advancements that allowed plants to colonize land
change in reproduction that allowed for tem to sexually reproduc outside of water, apical meristem ( roots ) and thick epidermis, helps them from drying out
42
what are the 2 groups of plant phyla?
vascular plants and non vascular plants
43
what are the bryophytes?
the non vascular plants, liverworts, hornworts, mosses
44
what are some characteristics of bryophytes?
small, close to the ground, moist environments, need water droplets or film to reproduce
45
what is alternation of generations?
land plants alternate body forms form having diploid (2n) to haploid (n) lifestyle
45
what is the closest ancestor to plants?
charophytes
46
why is it beneficial to have a gametophyte body low to the ground?
gametophytes produce gametes so sperm from other plants can swim to new plant in dew drop s or water
47
what process creates spores in sporophytes?
meiosis
48
what generation is dominant in bryophytes?
the gametophyte, the plant it self
49
what did vascular tissue do for plants?
allows them to grow larger body sizes because they didnt have to use osmosis to gain water
50
what are stems made out of?
xylem, phloem
51
what does the xylem do?
carry water from the roots to the leaves
52
what does the phloem do?
transport sugars produced in photosynthesis down to the root
53
what are the three categories of vascular plants?
seedless- vascular, non-flowering seed plants, flowering seed plant
54
what are the two types of seedless plants?
lycophytes and pteridophytes
55
what is the dominant body type for seedless plants?
sporophyte
56
what are the two types of vascular seeded plants?
gymnosperms ( non flowering ) and angiosperms ( flowering )
57
how are fruits formed?
angiosperm flower gets pollinated, fruit forms and contains seeds inside
58
what are seeds?
result of sexual reproduction, holds the developing embryo, allows for more harsher environments
59
what are the 4 phylum of gymnosperms?
cycadophyte, ginkgophyte, gnetophyte, pinophyte
60
how to cycads reproduce?
using cone like ovules and pollen that attract beetles
61
what is a characteristics of ginkgophytes?
lobed shaped leaves
62
what are gnetophytes commonly used for?
medicine
63
what is the most diverse phylum of gymnosperms?
pinophytes
64
what is the dominant generation in gymnosperms
sporophyte
65
what is endosperm?
tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms, product of double fertilization ex: yolk
66
what are the male parts of a flower?
stamen; anther, filament
67
what is the anther?
male part of flower, produces pollen
67
what are the female parts of the flower?
pistil; stigma, style, ovary
68
what does double fertilization create?
zygote, endosperm
69
what are the monophyletic lineages of angiosperms?
monocots and eudicots represent 97 percent of angiosperms
70
what is the paraphyletic lineage of angiosperms?
the basal, represents 3 percent of angiosperms, diverged first
71
how are monocots recognized?
single cotyledon, single pollen grain pore, and flowering in threes or multiples of threes ex: orchids, lilies, grasses
72
how are eudicots recognized?
two cotyledons, pollen grains have three or more pores, flower in parts of four ex: roses, daises, sunflowers
73
what is coevolution?
when two or more species influence each other's evolutionary path, flowering plants rely on animals to reproduce, any changes will influence both of them
74
what is pollinator syndrome?
flowers are specific to attract certain pollinators
75
why do plants have defense mechanisms?
they cannot move away from threats, so they defend themselves from herbivory and microbial attacks.
76
what are mechanical defense mechanisms?
thick cuticles, thorns
76
what are the two types of defense mechanisms in plants?
mechanical, chemical ( secondary metabolites, phytochemicals )
77
what are the three types of chemical defense mechanisms?
terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids
78
what are terpenes?
chemical defense mechanism, mainly from gymnosperms, produced from hydrocarbon isoprene, released when stressed or damaged, gets animals' attention for help
79
what are phenolics?
chemical defense mechanism, provides color to flowers and fruit, responsible for flavors, absorbs UV, strong anti-oxidant, irritant to predators
80
what are alkaloids?
chemical defense mechanism, compounds that contain nitrogen, bitter taste, effect animals nervous system, ex: caffeine

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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