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BIO 112 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic

A

monophyletic- all organisms with ancestors
paraphyletic- all organisms with some ancestors
polyphyletic- not closely related organisms

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2
Q

what’s a clade

A

monophyletic group

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3
Q

what is a basal taxa

A

first organism to diverge without a relative

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4
Q

what is a shared derived trait?

A

trait only derived in a clade

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5
Q

what is a ancestral trait?

A

trait shared by ALL ancestors

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6
Q

what is a molecular clock?

A

the average rate at which a species’ genome accumulates mutations

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7
Q

what are the evolutionary differences of the three different domains?

A

eukarya- have nucleus
bacteria- no nucleus
archea- no nucleus with cell wall

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8
Q

how is Binomial nomenclature used to name organisms?

A

genus species, both italicized and genus is capitalized

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9
Q

how are molecular clocks used to determine relatedness?

A

by looking at the differences in DNA sequence, attempts to determine when the species started to evolve differently

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10
Q

what kind of assumptions are made when using molecular clocks?

A

substitution rates for homologous genes are fairly constant thru time

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11
Q

what type of DNA is used for developing molecular clocks?

A

ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial DNA

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12
Q

how can you tell which species diverged first when comparing molecular sequence data?

A

looking at the rRNA tells you which one diverged millions of years ago and looking at the mDNA tells you which diverged recently

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13
Q

what is a extremophile?

A

organisms that thrive in extreme enviroments, archea

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14
Q

what is a halophil?

A

can live in extremely haline environments ( high salinity )

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15
Q

what is thermophil?

A

can live in extreme heat like hydrothermal vents

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16
Q

what is gram positive?

A

thick peptidoglycan wall, during staining procedure it turns purple due to the thickness of the cell wall, it retains more, targeted by anitbiotics, crystal violet shows

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17
Q

what is gram negative?

A

thin peptidoglycan wall, during staining procedure it turns pink due to the thing wall not being able to retain as much, saffron shows, most likely antibiotic

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18
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A

outer most part of cell membrane, slimey, helps with protection, fertilization co-adhesion

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19
Q

what is the lipopolysaccharide?

A

outer membrane component of only gram negative, provides structure and protection

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20
Q

what shape is coccus bacteria?

A

spherical shape

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21
Q

what shape is bacillus bacteria?

A

rod shaped

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22
Q

what shape is vibrio bacteria?

A

comma shaped

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23
Q

what is nutrient cycling?

A

a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment

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24
Q

what is decomposition?

A

process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.

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25
Q

what are fimbriae?

A

short hairs that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces

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26
Q

what are pili?

A

longer hairlike structures that aid in exchange of DNA between bacterial cells

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27
Q

what is the flagellum?

A

organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis

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28
Q

what are cyanobacteria?

A

phylum of bacteria, photosynthesize, live in water, produce O2 and organic carbon, take in nitrogen, not considered algae

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28
Q

what roles do microorganisms have in maintaining ecological systems?

A

decomposition, oxygen production, evolution and symbiotic relationships

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29
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission, asexual reproduction

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30
Q

how do antibiotic resistance genes get transferred from one species to another?

A

horizontal gene transfer, transformation

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31
Q

what is genetic recombination?

A

a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles

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32
Q

what are the three ways genetic recombination can occur?

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

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33
Q

what is transduction

A

method of genetic recombination, bacterial phage infects a donor bacterial cell

34
Q

what is conjunction?

A

method of genetic recombination, exchange of DNA fragments from one bacterial cell to another using sex pili

35
Q

what is transformation?

A

method of genetic recombination, when naked DNA in the environment is taken up by a cell without direct cell to cell contact

36
Q

how can bacteria provide benefits to humans?

A

help you digest food, protect against infection, maintain reproductive health

37
Q

what is a phototroph?

A

energy source is only light, photosynthetic prokaryotes

38
Q

what is a chemotroph

A

energy source is from inorganic chemicals, sulfur bacteria

39
Q

what is a photoheterotroph?

A

use light as energy and organic compounds for energy, aquatic prokaryotes

40
Q

what is a chemoheterotroph?

A

use organic compounds, used by most prokaryotes

41
Q

describe the evolutionary advancements that allowed plants to colonize land

A

change in reproduction that allowed for tem to sexually reproduc outside of water, apical meristem ( roots ) and thick epidermis, helps them from drying out

42
Q

what are the 2 groups of plant phyla?

A

vascular plants and non vascular plants

43
Q

what are the bryophytes?

A

the non vascular plants, liverworts, hornworts, mosses

44
Q

what are some characteristics of bryophytes?

A

small, close to the ground, moist environments, need water droplets or film to reproduce

45
Q

what is alternation of generations?

A

land plants alternate body forms form having diploid (2n) to haploid (n) lifestyle

45
Q

what is the closest ancestor to plants?

A

charophytes

46
Q

why is it beneficial to have a gametophyte body low to the ground?

A

gametophytes produce gametes so sperm from other plants can swim to new plant in dew drop s or water

47
Q

what process creates spores in sporophytes?

A

meiosis

48
Q

what generation is dominant in bryophytes?

A

the gametophyte, the plant it self

49
Q

what did vascular tissue do for plants?

A

allows them to grow larger body sizes because they didnt have to use osmosis to gain water

50
Q

what are stems made out of?

A

xylem, phloem

51
Q

what does the xylem do?

A

carry water from the roots to the leaves

52
Q

what does the phloem do?

A

transport sugars produced in photosynthesis down to the root

53
Q

what are the three categories of vascular plants?

A

seedless- vascular, non-flowering seed plants, flowering seed plant

54
Q

what are the two types of seedless plants?

A

lycophytes and pteridophytes

55
Q

what is the dominant body type for seedless plants?

A

sporophyte

56
Q

what are the two types of vascular seeded plants?

A

gymnosperms ( non flowering ) and angiosperms ( flowering )

57
Q

how are fruits formed?

A

angiosperm flower gets pollinated, fruit forms and contains seeds inside

58
Q

what are seeds?

A

result of sexual reproduction, holds the developing embryo, allows for more harsher environments

59
Q

what are the 4 phylum of gymnosperms?

A

cycadophyte, ginkgophyte, gnetophyte, pinophyte

60
Q

how to cycads reproduce?

A

using cone like ovules and pollen that attract beetles

61
Q

what is a characteristics of ginkgophytes?

A

lobed shaped leaves

62
Q

what are gnetophytes commonly used for?

A

medicine

63
Q

what is the most diverse phylum of gymnosperms?

A

pinophytes

64
Q

what is the dominant generation in gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

65
Q

what is endosperm?

A

tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms, product of double fertilization ex: yolk

66
Q

what are the male parts of a flower?

A

stamen; anther, filament

67
Q

what is the anther?

A

male part of flower, produces pollen

67
Q

what are the female parts of the flower?

A

pistil; stigma, style, ovary

68
Q

what does double fertilization create?

A

zygote, endosperm

69
Q

what are the monophyletic lineages of angiosperms?

A

monocots and eudicots represent 97 percent of angiosperms

70
Q

what is the paraphyletic lineage of angiosperms?

A

the basal, represents 3 percent of angiosperms, diverged first

71
Q

how are monocots recognized?

A

single cotyledon, single pollen grain pore, and flowering in threes or multiples of threes ex: orchids, lilies, grasses

72
Q

how are eudicots recognized?

A

two cotyledons, pollen grains have three or more pores, flower in parts of four ex: roses, daises, sunflowers

73
Q

what is coevolution?

A

when two or more species influence each other’s evolutionary path, flowering plants rely on animals to reproduce, any changes will influence both of them

74
Q

what is pollinator syndrome?

A

flowers are specific to attract certain pollinators

75
Q

why do plants have defense mechanisms?

A

they cannot move away from threats, so they defend themselves from herbivory and microbial attacks.

76
Q

what are mechanical defense mechanisms?

A

thick cuticles, thorns

76
Q

what are the two types of defense mechanisms in plants?

A

mechanical, chemical ( secondary metabolites, phytochemicals )

77
Q

what are the three types of chemical defense mechanisms?

A

terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids

78
Q

what are terpenes?

A

chemical defense mechanism, mainly from gymnosperms, produced from hydrocarbon isoprene, released when stressed or damaged, gets animals’ attention for help

79
Q

what are phenolics?

A

chemical defense mechanism, provides color to flowers and fruit, responsible for flavors, absorbs UV, strong anti-oxidant, irritant to predators

80
Q

what are alkaloids?

A

chemical defense mechanism, compounds that contain nitrogen, bitter taste, effect animals nervous system, ex: caffeine

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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