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BIO 112 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution?

A

a change in the prevalence of traits within a population of organisms from one generation to another

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2
Q

what researchers influenced Darwin?

A

Buffon, Cuvier, Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus

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3
Q

what did buffon believe/discover?

A

related species came from common ancestors

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4
Q

what did cuvier believe/discover?

A

theory of catastrophism

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5
Q

what did lamarck believe/discover?

A

hypothesized that species change over time

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6
Q

what did lyell believe/discover?

A

earth is older than 60,000 years

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7
Q

who were Darwin’s mentors?

A

Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus

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8
Q

how did malthus influence him?

A

resources are limited, so species competed

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9
Q

what discoveries did Darwin make on his trip on the Beagle?

A

different types of finches, show similarity with mainland birds, brought up the idea of common ancestors

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10
Q

who was Alfred Russell Wallace?

A

another naturalist, was studying evolution too and reached out to Darwin

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11
Q

why did Darwin wait so long to publish?

A

he was scared of peoples reactions especially the church

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12
Q

how did Darwin believe evolution occurred?

A

evolution happens through natural selection

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13
Q

three criteria for evolution to be present according to Darwin

A

-variation of alleles for a trait
-trait has to be heritable
-has to be differential reproductive success as a result of that trait

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14
Q

what is the outcome of natural selection on populations?

A

fitness increasing alleles become more common

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15
Q

how does natural selection lead to adaptation?

A

weak traits will slowly die off and wont be passed anymore

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16
Q

what is a population?

A

group of one species

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17
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

the total genetic diversity found in a population

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18
Q

at what level does evolution act?

A

level of population

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19
Q

at what level does natural selection act?

A

level of the individual organism

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20
Q

what is the difference between natural selection and evolution?

A

evolution is gradual change, natural selection is a mechanism of a population best suited for their environment will survive. natural selection contributes to evolution

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21
Q

what is a SNP, how does it contribute to variation?

A

its a nucleotide, change in SNP can cause a trait to be favored by natural selection

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22
Q

what is polymorphism?

A

2 different forms of something

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23
Q

how does polymorphism contribute to variation of a trait in a population?

A

results of it cause several different forms of a single species, dividing the population in distinct forms

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24
Q

conditions needed for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

-large population
-random mating
-no migration
-no mutation
- no selection

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25
Q

what does it mean for a population to be in H-W equilibrium?

A

its not evolving

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26
Q

what is microevolution?

A

changes in allele frequency within a population

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27
Q

requirements for microevolution to occur

A

-mutation
-natural selection
-genetic drift (random)
-migration
-nonrandom mating
-small population

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28
Q

evidence of microevolution occurring today

A

pesticide resistance, antibiotic resistance

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29
Q

what is natural selection?

A

differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to difference in phenotype

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30
Q

what is the result of natural selection?

A

favorable traits are transmitted through generations

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31
Q

the different mechanisms involve in natural selection

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

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32
Q

what is the directional mechanism

A

selection for extreme phenotype

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33
Q

what is the stabilizing mechanism?

A

selection for intermediate phenotype, against any extremes

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34
Q

what is the disruptive mechanism?

A

selection for 2 or more phenotypes

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35
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than others to obtain mates, leads to secondary sexual characteristics

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36
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

formed during puberty, physical traits that aren’t reproductive

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37
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

difference in form between individuals of different sex in same species

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38
Q

what are intrasexual characteristics?

A

traits that members of the same sex compete with for access to the opposite sex

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39
Q

what are intersexual characteristics?

A

one sex chooses mates from multitudes of opposite sex individuals

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40
Q

why are females the most choosiest sex?

A

males traits show information about health and ability to reproduce so they pick the best

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41
Q

why do males compete?

A

males compete because they want to increase their reproductive output as much as possible

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42
Q

what is runaway selection?

A

female choice leads to the development of male secondary characteristics, leads to more exaggerated traits, females like big so it keeps getting bigger over generations

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43
Q

what is a honest signal?

A

a trait that cannot be faked

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44
Q

what does balancing selection do?

A

help maintain variation at some chromosomal loci, brings allele to intermediate equilibrium

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45
Q

what are the two types of balancing selection?

A

frequency dependent and heterozygote advantage

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46
Q

what is frequency dependent selection?

A

situation where fitness is depended upon the frequency of the phenotype or genotype in a population

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47
Q

what is heterozygote advantage selection?

A

balancing selection favors heterozygotes over homo due to environmental conditions

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48
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

change in allele frequency in a population due to random chance, can lead to fixation of an allele and reduce variation

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49
Q

what are the different types of genetic drift?

A

founder effect, bottleneck effect

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50
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

subset of the original population separates and creates a newer population with fewer alleles

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51
Q

what is the bottleneck effect?

A

when a population is subjected to a disaster

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52
Q

does genetic drift occur all the time?

A

yes, it happens to all populations

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53
Q

what types of populations does genetic drift have the largest impact on?

A

small populations

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54
Q

what does it mean if a allele becomes fixed in a population?

A

allele is present at a frequency of 1.0 so all individuals in the population have the same allele

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55
Q

what does fixation mean in terms of variation for a trait?

A

change in gene pool from two variants of a particular gene existing to just one of the gene variations remaining

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56
Q

what is the role of migration?

A

causes gene flow and changes the alleles in a population

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57
Q

what is bidirectional migration and its effect?

A

when individuals from two different populations are free to move back and forth, reduces differences in allele frequency between populations, increases genetic variation within a population

58
Q

what is assortive mating?

A

individuals of similar phenotypes are more likely to mate, increases homozygotes and diverges populations

59
Q

what are the results of non random mating?

A

higher chance of recessive diseases, lower fitness

60
Q

what is interbreeding depression?

A

the reduces survival and fertility of offspring of inbreeding

61
Q

what is the geologic time scale?

A

chronicles of the major events in earth’s history, divided into 4 eons then eras

62
Q

how does fossil evidence show transitions between major groups

A

fossils found provide a link between life in sea and tetrapod’s on land

63
Q

how can fossils be formed?

A

in sedimentary rock, can be formed from compression, petrification, impression, cast and intact preservation

64
Q

what are the biases that are used in the fossil record?

A

anatomy, size, number, environment, time, geology and paleontology

65
Q

what are the 2 types of dating?

A

radiometric and relative dating

66
Q

what are the different radiometric dating isotopes?

A

carbon-14, potassium- 40, uranium-238

67
Q

what is the age range for carbon-14?

A

less than 50,000 years old

68
Q

what is biogeography?

A

study of the geographic patterns of species around the world

69
Q

what are endemic animals?

A

native animals, only found in one location

70
Q

what are marsupials?

A

non placental mammals that carry offspring in pouches

71
Q

what are monotremes?

A

non placental mammals that lay eggs

72
Q

why aren’t then large numbers of marsupials around the world?

A

they are physically isolated in australia

73
Q

what is wallaces line?

A

imaginary line that separates the species found in Australia and southest asia

74
Q

why are islands a good source of evolutionary evidence?

A

they have endemic species that are often closely related to species found on the nearest mainland

75
Q

can evolution be witnessed happening in our lifetime?

A

yes

76
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?

A

bacteria can transfer their resistance to others even if not offspring

77
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

78
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

structures that look similar in structure and function but evolve independently

79
Q

what are homologous structures?

A

anatomical similarities that represent variations with common ancestors

80
Q

what are vestigial structures?

A

anatomical structures that have no current function but resemble structures of ancestors

81
Q

what is a example of a vestigial structure?

A

wisdom teeth, tonsils

82
Q

what is Evo-Devo?

A

study of the developmental history of species to look at similarities

83
Q

what is heterochrony?

A

changes in rate and time of developmental events

84
Q

what are hox genes?

A

they provide information on the position on the body during development, duplication leads to more complex body structures

85
Q

what are Pax6 genes?

A

genes that code for eye development

86
Q

what is pedomorphosis?

A

when adult remains with juvenile traits of an ancestor

87
Q

what are molecular clocks?

A

technique that uses mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time that evolution occurred

88
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

major evolutionary changes

89
Q

what does macroevolution lead to?

A

the formation of new species or groups of related species

90
Q

difference between micro and macro evolution?

A

micro is small changes over short periods of time and macro is larger changes over a long period of time

91
Q

what is a species?

A

group of related individuals that have common attributes, potential to interbreed but offspring has to be fertile

92
Q

what are the different species concepts?

A

biological, phylogenetic, ecological, morphological

93
Q

what is the biological concept defined of?

A

species defined by the ability to interbreed

94
Q

what is the phylogenetic concept defined of?

A

species share common ancestors

95
Q

what is the ecological concept defined of?

A

unique set of resources and habitat they need

96
Q

what is the morphological concept defined of?

A

their physical features

97
Q

what is reproductive isolation?

A

mechanism to used prevent different species from interbreeding

98
Q

what are the two types of reproductive isolation?

A

prezygotic and postzygotic isolation

99
Q

what is prezygotic isolation?

A

mechanism that prevents zygote from forming

100
Q

what is postzygotic isolation?

A

offspring is formed but has issues

101
Q

what are the different mechanisms of prezygotic isolation?

A

habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavior isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

102
Q

what are the different mechanisms of postzygotic isolation

A

hybrid in viability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

103
Q

what is speciation?

A

the formation of a new species or distinct species in a cause of evolution

104
Q

two ways speciation occurs

A

cladogenesis and anagenesis

105
Q

what is cladogenesis?

A

splitting one species into two

106
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

gradual evolution of species that continues to exist

107
Q

what are the two types of speciation?

A

allopatric speciation, paratactic speciation

108
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

geographic barriers do not allow for gene flow

109
Q

what is paratactic speciation?

A

population enters a new area that borders parent population

110
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, followed after a mass extinction

111
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

speciation that takes place in the same habitat

112
Q

how does sympatric speciation happen?

A

polyploidy- changes in chromosome number due to errors in meiosis

113
Q

what is gradualism?

A

pace of evolution, each species gradually evolves over time

114
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium?

A

pace of evolution, unchanged for long periods, small changes accumulate then rapid change is seen

115
Q

what are hybrid zones?

A

incomplete geographic barriers that have interbreeding occuring

116
Q

what are the possible hybrid outcomes?

A

reinforcement, fusion, stability

117
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

hybrid zone outcome, reproductive barrier is reinforced

118
Q

what is fusion?

A

hybrid zone outcome, barrier weakens and fuse together to make one

119
Q

what is stability?

A

hybrid zone outcome, two species remain different, but the production of hybrids continues

120
Q

how does mass extinction lead to adaptive radiation?

A

it creates niches, ecological role an organism has in a habitat

121
Q

what are the different stages of life?

A

stage 1: generation of small organic molecules
stage 2: organic monomers joint to form polymers
stage 3: genetic material in the form of RNA provides ability for self replication
stage 4: polymers enclosed by a boundary

122
Q

what is the hypothesis of how biological molecules first appeared?

A

spontaneous events produced from atoms in early earth’s atmosphere

123
Q

what gasses did early earths’s atmosphere have?

A

water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, ammonia, no oxygen

124
Q

what was the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

it recreated earth’s early atmosphere, found amino acids where being formed, esp after volcanic eruptions

125
Q

what are the other two less popular hypothesis about the origin of life?

A

extraterrestrial- organic molecules came from a meteorite
deep sea vent- cracks in the earth’s surface creates vents to release heat under sea

126
Q

what was the first organic polymer to form?

A

RNA

127
Q

why is RNA a special polymer?

A

it stores genetic information and also catalyzes chemical reactions

128
Q

what are photobionts?

A

the first formed cell, lipid bi layer allows it to maintain internal environment

129
Q

what are earth’s 4 eons?

A

hadean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

130
Q

when did life first appear on the fossil record?

A

archean eon, 3.5 billion years ago, it was cyanobacteria

131
Q

what eon did eukaryotes first appear?

A

proterozoic eon, 2-1.5 billion years ago

132
Q

what is so significant about the cambrian period?

A

marked the beginning of diversity, 550 million years ago

133
Q

what events allowed the cambrian explosion to happen?

A

increase of oxygen gas allowed for more complex life forms

134
Q

in what era did the Cambrian explosion occur?

A

paleozoic era, in phanerozoic eon

135
Q

when did vascular plants make an appearance in the fossil record?

A

paleozoic era, in phanerozoic eon

136
Q

what were the major mass extinctions events that occurred?

A

the ordovician- mostly marine 86%
the late devonian- 75%
the great dying- 96%, marked the end of the paleozoic era and beginning of mesozoic

137
Q

what occurs after a mass extinction?

A

the biodiversity is increased

138
Q

what was the era of dinosaurs?

A

mesozoic era

139
Q

was the triassic period in the mesozoic era?

A

yes, phanerozoic eon >mesozoic era >triassic period

140
Q

what event made mammals the dominant animal on earth?

A

the cretaceous extinction

141
Q

what period did the hominins emerge?

A

tertiary period

142
Q

when did modern humans evolve?

A

300,00 years ago

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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