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BIO 112 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the key characteristics of all animals

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, specialized tissues

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2
Q

what does it mean to be heterotrophic

A

to have to ingest food to make energy

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3
Q

what is radial symmetry

A

only has a top and bottom side, no front back left or right, often non moving animals

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4
Q

what is bilateral symmetry

A

two sided symmetry, have a top, bottom, left and right front and back, often animals that move

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5
Q

what is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry

A

in bilateral the body can be divided into two halves, radial body can be divided into similar halves from any plane.

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6
Q

what are the defining characteristics of the phylum Porifera

A

sponges, lack true tissue, most are hermaphrodites, make both sperm and egg, reproduce sexually and asexually, adults are sessile, larvae are free moving

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7
Q

what are the defining characteristics of Cnideria

A

chnidocytes- stinging cells, one end of the body has a opening, have simplest form of contractile tissues and nerves, two main body types, polyps and medusa ex: jellyfishes, hydras, corals

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8
Q

what are the defining characteristics of Lophotrochazoa

A

most diverse body forms, most groups, larval stage
ex: flatworms, mollusks, annelids

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9
Q

what are annelids

A

segmented worms

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10
Q

what are mollusks

A

soft unsegmented animals

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11
Q

what are some key characteristics shared by all vertebrates

A

two or more Hox genes, enclosing spinal cord, an elaborate skull

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12
Q

what are the key differences between vertebrates and invertebrates

A

invertebrates have no back bone, have a exoskeleton, generally smaller, open circulatory system, includes radial and bilateral symmetry.

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13
Q

what characteristics do the jawless fishes share

A

feed by suction, long cylindrical bodies

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14
Q

what’s the significance of the development of jaws on animals

A

allows organism to grip more prey firmly increasing their capture rate, provide ability to attack larger prey opens up to more food sources

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15
Q

what are the shared characteristics of class actinopterygii

A

bony skeletons, scale covered skin, have an operculum- allows to take in oxygen without swimming, have a swim bladder, typically external fertilization

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16
Q

what characteristic allows ray finned fish to stop swimming and not sink

A

their swim bladder, helps with the buoyancy

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of nematodes

A

bilateral symmetry, unsegmented, round worms that are visible, large numbers are parasitic

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18
Q

what types of nematodes contribute to diseases

A

pinworms, hookworms, heartworms

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19
Q

what does it mean to be a lobed fin fish

A

having paired fins that are rounded and fleshy

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20
Q

what groups share lobed fin fish as a common ancestor

A

tetrapod’s

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21
Q

what are the characteristics common among all reptilian lineages

A

all are vertebrates, lay eggs, have scaly skin, cannot control body temp

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22
Q

what are the key characteristics of the class aves

A

nearly all can fly, feathers, feathers grow back, scales on feet and legs, evolved from saurischian dinos

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23
Q

what characteristics allow birds to fly

A

feathers, air sacs makes bird breathing more efficient, reduction of organs, light weight bones, enlarged breastbone provides anchor for flight muscles

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24
Q

what are the derived characteristics of mammals

A

mammary glands secrete milk, hair, specialized teeth, enlarged skull

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25
Q

what are amniotes

A

group of turtles, lizards, snakes, crocs, birds, derived trait of the amniotic egg

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26
Q

what is the evolutionary advantage of being a amniote

A

facilitated the movement of vertebrates from water to land

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27
Q

what are the key characteristics of amniotes

A

desiccation resistant skin: thicker, water resistant , contains keratin
thoracic breathing: allows greater volume of air
water conserving kidneys

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28
Q

what are the key characteristics of arthropods?

A

largest phylum of invertebrates, jointed appendages, exoskeleton is made out of chitin and protein, segmented

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29
Q

what are the different types of mating systems seen in the animal kingdom

A

polygyny (m), polyandry (f), and monogamy

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of species that have monogamous mating systems

A

territorial defense, highly coordinated behavior between 2 sexes, male parenting, low sexual dimorphism, distress upon separation

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31
Q

what factors effect the leading to different mating systems

A

resource availability
predation risk
differences in sexes sizes and features

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32
Q

why are females the most choosy

A

they are the limiting sex, invest more into offspring than males

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33
Q

why would it be advantageous for a male to be territorial

A

able to mate without interruption or raise offspring with little competition for food

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34
Q

what is reciprocal altruism

A

when apparent acts of altruism occur between non related individuals, ex: vampire bat throw up a meal for a unrelated individual

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35
Q

what conditions need to be in place for reciprocal altruism to occur

A

repeated interactions between individuals, benefits to the recipient needs to be greater than the costs of the donor, ability to recognize and punish cheaters

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36
Q

what is communication

A

transmission and reception of signals between animals which can alter the behavior or a individual

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37
Q

what are the different forms of communication used by animals

A

chemical, auditory, visual, tactile

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38
Q

what is chemical communication

A

pheromones carry information, picked up thru taste or smell ex: rabbit leaves a scent to communicate with others

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39
Q

what is auditory communication

A

the use of sound waves to communicate orders, ex: howling

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40
Q

what is visual communication

A

visual signals can help animals identify potential mates or rivals ex: chimpanzees raising their arm when theres a threat coming

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41
Q

what is tactile communication

A

communication via the sense of touch, ex: mother tigers lick and nuzzle their babies

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42
Q

how do altruistic behaviors between close relatives affect the individuals involved

A

increase the frequency of the altruistic genes in the next generation

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43
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

involuntary response becomes associated with stimulus that did not originally elicit the response ex: dog reacts to presence of food by salivating

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44
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

type of learning where the animals behavior is reinforced by a reward or punishment

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45
Q

who is W.D Hamilton and what did he say

A

British evolutionary biologist, in kin selection the individual that is preforming the altruistic act is really acting in thein own genes best interest

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46
Q

what is a sign stimulus

A

a signal from the environment

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47
Q

what is a fixed action pattern

A

behavior that once initiated, the behavior continues until completion ex: if goose finds a egg outside the next it will continue to roll it

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48
Q

what is cognitive learning

A

higher level learning that involved the ability to problem solve with conscious effort and though, its not only seen in humans

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49
Q

what is imprinting

A

form of simple behavior that occurs during a sensitive period of infants development, generally irreversible

50
Q

what are the ultimate and proximate causes of behavior

A

proximate explains “how” of animal behavior and ultimate explains “why” of animal behavior

51
Q

how is population defined

A

a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area

52
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

limit of the environment to “carry” the population (k)

53
Q

what happens to a population growth rate when the number in the population starts to or reaches carrying capacity

A

the population growth slows significantly

54
Q

how do the terms r and K relate to the exponential and logistic growth curves

A

K is the carrying capacity and r is the growth rate

55
Q

what is logistic growth

A

growth with constraints associated with the environment, carrying capacity

56
Q

what is exponential growth

A

unrestrained population growth in relation to its size, larger the population the more it will grow, cannot be sustained forever

57
Q

what is seasonal iteroparity

A

one offspring per season

58
Q

what is continuous iteroparity

A

have offspring many times ex: humans

59
Q

what is semelparity

A

when organisms have only one reproductive event in their lifetime

60
Q

what are the three different methods used to determine the sizes of populations

A

observation, mark and recapture and sampling

61
Q

what are density dependent population control factors

A

ecological factors that influence population growth based on the size and density of the population, associated with carrying capacity ex: disease, competition, predation

62
Q

what are the different types of distribution patterns seen for population

A

clustered pattern, uniform pattern, random pattern

63
Q

explain a clustered pattern

A

most common, when resources are more accessible, environmental conditions favor growth, associated with mating behavior

64
Q

explain a uniform pattern

A

organisms evenly distributed, direct interactions with individuals, high competition, result from territory

65
Q

explain a random pattern

A

unpredictable spacing, organisms are independent, resources are constant, no territory or associated mating behavior

66
Q

what are survivorship curves

A

they show a proportion of individuals in a population that are alive at any particular point in their life, predict likelihood of being alive at certain age, revolves around reproduction output and amount of parental care

67
Q

explain a type I survivorship curve

A

long lived species, large mammals, high parental care, as age more prone to sickness and predation, survivorship drops off at old age

68
Q

explain a type II survivorship curve

A

death can occur at anytime due to predation, disease, accidents, generally have multiple offspring year after year, parental care, young tend to mature to sexual maturity in the first year of life

69
Q

explain a type III survivorship curve

A

juveniles die very early or are eaten, no parental care, if offspring survive early pressure then the adult can survive a fairly long time, most marine invertebrates ex: fish, insects

70
Q

what are K-selected species

A

fairly stable, traits have been selected for adaption, reproduce later in life, parental care, tend to be larger mammals

71
Q

what are r-selected species

A

high population growth rate, have traits that have been selected to maximize reproductive success in low density environments, no carrying capacity, no parental care, insects

72
Q

explain abiotic and biotic components of a ecosystem

A

biotic are living and abiotic are non living, things like parasites and biotic and temperature and moisture is abiotic

73
Q

what is a ecosystem, what is it made out of

A

an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life

74
Q

what is a fundamental niche

A

potential niche a species could occupy given the correct circumstances

75
Q

what is a realized niche

A

actual niche a species occupies

76
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

2 or more species, often foul tasting, mimic each others warning signals to their mutual benefit, one bad experience with one mimic the predator will avoid all similar colorations ex: viceroy and monarch butterflies

77
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

a nontoxic species resembles a toxic species ex: eastern coral snake and scarlet king snake

78
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle

A

two separate species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time, one will out complete the other and pressure the other species into extinction in the local area

79
Q

how does the level of disturbance affect species diversity

A

any force that changes a community, high levels exclude slow growing species, low levels allow dominant species to exclude less completive species, intermediate provides the highest diversity

80
Q

why is high biodiversity important

A

more primary production, more resources to provide, better equip to withstand and recover from environmental stressors, withstand more invasive species

81
Q

what are the different types of competition

A

intraspecific, interspecific, exploitation, interference

82
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

competition between same species

83
Q

what is interspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of different species

84
Q

what is exploitation competition

A

competition that occurs when individuals indirectly compete with each other for a limited resource, try to get as much as possible

85
Q

what is interference competition

A

direct physical competition between individuals, fighting each other

86
Q

what is ammensalism

A

interaction where one species will be negatively affected and there is no effect on the other species ex: grazing cattle and insects

87
Q

what is commensalism

A

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited ex: whales and barnacles

88
Q

what is resource portioning

A

when there is a separation of niches by space or time that enables similar species to coexist in the same ecosystem

89
Q

what is character displacement

A

different species in direct competition for resources withing an ecological niche, can develop morphological difference within the species

90
Q

what is facultative mutualism

A

beneficial but not essential to survival ex: ants and aphids

91
Q

what is obligatory mutualism

A

interaction is essential to the survival of the other, neither can live without the other

92
Q

what is parasitism

A

species interaction, feeds on host but does not kill it outright

93
Q

what is a food web

A

more accurate depiction of the trophic interactions that occur in an ecosystem, are branched food chains, where you see organisms occupying more than one trophic level

94
Q

what are the different trophic levels

A

producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

95
Q

what is the energy transfer between trophic levels

A

about 10 precent of the energy contained in an organism is transferred to the next trophic level

96
Q

what are the different types of predator defenses

A

physical, behavioral, mechanical, chemical

97
Q

what role do keystone species play in an ecosystem

A

exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches, not most abundant, if removed ecosystem will suffer, invasive species

98
Q

what is biomagnification

A

overtime predators accumulate toxins from prey

99
Q

what is bioaccumulation

A

accumulation of chemicals in a organism through exposure like soil, water, air

100
Q

where is the most biodiversity found and why

A

closer to the equator, more solar energy

101
Q

what are biodiversity hotspots

A

areas of the world that have a large amount of biodiversity and that biodiversity is under severe threat due to human activity, a lot contain endemic species

102
Q

what are exotic/invasive species and why are they harmful

A

new species that take over the ecosystem, they have no predators, native species cannot defend themselves from them ex: fire ants, brown tree snake

103
Q

what are the urban planning techniques

A

movement corridors, wildlife bridges and culverts and zoned/buffered areas

104
Q

what is fragmentation

A

when parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller unconnected areas

105
Q

what is the minimum viable population size

A

minimum size a population needs to be in order for that species to survive, need to know the effective population size first

106
Q

what is the effective population size

A

number of individuals that contribute genes to the next generation, its the reproductive potential for a particular population

107
Q

how does acid rain form

A

result from burning fossil fuels, gasses react with the water vapor in the air producing sulfuric and nitric acid, chemicals travel in water

108
Q

where does acid rain have its biggest effect geographically

A

north eastern united states

109
Q

what affects does acid rain have

A

kills organisms, change in chemistry of soil and water, damages buildings

110
Q

what are the impacts of the reduction of the Ozone layer

A

ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is our shield against UVA and UVB radiation, it strengthens the suns intensity

111
Q

what are flagship species

A

instantly recognizable species, they attract funding for conservation ex: pandas

112
Q

what are umbrella species

A

a species that if protected results in many other species being also protected ex: grizzly bear

113
Q

what are indicator species

A

a species that their status provides information on the health of an ecosystem ex: lichen

114
Q

what are the leading causes of extinction

A

habitat destruction, direct exploitation/overharvesting, introduction to exotic species, climate change

115
Q

what is the primary cause of extinction

A

habitat loss

116
Q

what has caused the increase in the average global temperatures over the last 50 years

A

global warming and the greenhouse effect, CO2 increases the temperatures

117
Q

what type of gases are involved in climate change and the greenhouse effect

A

CO2 and methane (over burning gases)

118
Q

is the greenhouse effect a natural phenomenon

A

yes, it helps keep our planet warm, CO2 and methane help trap the reflected energy from the sun, keeping us from freezing, human activities have disrupted the natural order

119
Q

what is eutrophication and what’s the leading cause

A

process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of plant life, result in depletion of dissolved oxygen, natural process but human activities have exacerbated it, caused by runoff nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers

120
Q

what are dead zones in the gulf of mexico and how are they created

A

areas of bodies of water where aquatic life cannot survive because of low levels of oxygen, heavy rains and melting snow washed a massive amount of nutrients into the water

121
Q

what factors make species more vulnerable to extinction

A

small geographic range, small population, narrow habitat tolerance

122
Q
A

BIO 112 (6 decks)

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