Exam 3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
what are the key characteristics of all animals
A
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, specialized tissues
2
Q
what does it mean to be heterotrophic
A
to have to ingest food to make energy
3
Q
what is radial symmetry
A
only has a top and bottom side, no front back left or right, often non moving animals
4
Q
what is bilateral symmetry
A
two sided symmetry, have a top, bottom, left and right front and back, often animals that move
5
Q
what is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry
A
in bilateral the body can be divided into two halves, radial body can be divided into similar halves from any plane.
6
Q
what are the defining characteristics of the phylum Porifera
A
sponges, lack true tissue, most are hermaphrodites, make both sperm and egg, reproduce sexually and asexually, adults are sessile, larvae are free moving
7
Q
what are the defining characteristics of Cnideria
A
chnidocytes- stinging cells, one end of the body has a opening, have simplest form of contractile tissues and nerves, two main body types, polyps and medusa ex: jellyfishes, hydras, corals
8
Q
what are the defining characteristics of Lophotrochazoa
A
most diverse body forms, most groups, larval stage
ex: flatworms, mollusks, annelids
9
Q
what are annelids
A
segmented worms
10
Q
what are mollusks
A
soft unsegmented animals
11
Q
what are some key characteristics shared by all vertebrates
A
two or more Hox genes, enclosing spinal cord, an elaborate skull
12
Q
what are the key differences between vertebrates and invertebrates
A
invertebrates have no back bone, have a exoskeleton, generally smaller, open circulatory system, includes radial and bilateral symmetry.
13
Q
what characteristics do the jawless fishes share
A
feed by suction, long cylindrical bodies
14
Q
what’s the significance of the development of jaws on animals
A
allows organism to grip more prey firmly increasing their capture rate, provide ability to attack larger prey opens up to more food sources
15
Q
what are the shared characteristics of class actinopterygii
A
bony skeletons, scale covered skin, have an operculum- allows to take in oxygen without swimming, have a swim bladder, typically external fertilization
16
Q
what characteristic allows ray finned fish to stop swimming and not sink
A
their swim bladder, helps with the buoyancy
17
Q
what are the characteristics of nematodes
A
bilateral symmetry, unsegmented, round worms that are visible, large numbers are parasitic
18
Q
what types of nematodes contribute to diseases
A
pinworms, hookworms, heartworms
19
Q
what does it mean to be a lobed fin fish
A
having paired fins that are rounded and fleshy
20
Q
what groups share lobed fin fish as a common ancestor
A
tetrapod’s
21
Q
what are the characteristics common among all reptilian lineages
A
all are vertebrates, lay eggs, have scaly skin, cannot control body temp
22
Q
what are the key characteristics of the class aves
A
nearly all can fly, feathers, feathers grow back, scales on feet and legs, evolved from saurischian dinos
23
Q
what characteristics allow birds to fly
A
feathers, air sacs makes bird breathing more efficient, reduction of organs, light weight bones, enlarged breastbone provides anchor for flight muscles
24
Q
what are the derived characteristics of mammals
A
mammary glands secrete milk, hair, specialized teeth, enlarged skull
25
what are amniotes
group of turtles, lizards, snakes, crocs, birds, derived trait of the amniotic egg
26
what is the evolutionary advantage of being a amniote
facilitated the movement of vertebrates from water to land
27
what are the key characteristics of amniotes
desiccation resistant skin: thicker, water resistant , contains keratin
thoracic breathing: allows greater volume of air
water conserving kidneys
28
what are the key characteristics of arthropods?
largest phylum of invertebrates, jointed appendages, exoskeleton is made out of chitin and protein, segmented
29
what are the different types of mating systems seen in the animal kingdom
polygyny (m), polyandry (f), and monogamy
30
what are the characteristics of species that have monogamous mating systems
territorial defense, highly coordinated behavior between 2 sexes, male parenting, low sexual dimorphism, distress upon separation
31
what factors effect the leading to different mating systems
resource availability
predation risk
differences in sexes sizes and features
32
why are females the most choosy
they are the limiting sex, invest more into offspring than males
33
why would it be advantageous for a male to be territorial
able to mate without interruption or raise offspring with little competition for food
34
what is reciprocal altruism
when apparent acts of altruism occur between non related individuals, ex: vampire bat throw up a meal for a unrelated individual
35
what conditions need to be in place for reciprocal altruism to occur
repeated interactions between individuals, benefits to the recipient needs to be greater than the costs of the donor, ability to recognize and punish cheaters
36
what is communication
transmission and reception of signals between animals which can alter the behavior or a individual
37
what are the different forms of communication used by animals
chemical, auditory, visual, tactile
38
what is chemical communication
pheromones carry information, picked up thru taste or smell ex: rabbit leaves a scent to communicate with others
39
what is auditory communication
the use of sound waves to communicate orders, ex: howling
40
what is visual communication
visual signals can help animals identify potential mates or rivals ex: chimpanzees raising their arm when theres a threat coming
41
what is tactile communication
communication via the sense of touch, ex: mother tigers lick and nuzzle their babies
42
how do altruistic behaviors between close relatives affect the individuals involved
increase the frequency of the altruistic genes in the next generation
43
what is classical conditioning
involuntary response becomes associated with stimulus that did not originally elicit the response ex: dog reacts to presence of food by salivating
44
what is operant conditioning
type of learning where the animals behavior is reinforced by a reward or punishment
45
who is W.D Hamilton and what did he say
British evolutionary biologist, in kin selection the individual that is preforming the altruistic act is really acting in thein own genes best interest
46
what is a sign stimulus
a signal from the environment
47
what is a fixed action pattern
behavior that once initiated, the behavior continues until completion ex: if goose finds a egg outside the next it will continue to roll it
48
what is cognitive learning
higher level learning that involved the ability to problem solve with conscious effort and though, its not only seen in humans
49
what is imprinting
form of simple behavior that occurs during a sensitive period of infants development, generally irreversible
50
what are the ultimate and proximate causes of behavior
proximate explains "how" of animal behavior and ultimate explains "why" of animal behavior
51
how is population defined
a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area
52
what is carrying capacity
limit of the environment to "carry" the population (k)
53
what happens to a population growth rate when the number in the population starts to or reaches carrying capacity
the population growth slows significantly
54
how do the terms r and K relate to the exponential and logistic growth curves
K is the carrying capacity and r is the growth rate
55
what is logistic growth
growth with constraints associated with the environment, carrying capacity
56
what is exponential growth
unrestrained population growth in relation to its size, larger the population the more it will grow, cannot be sustained forever
57
what is seasonal iteroparity
one offspring per season
58
what is continuous iteroparity
have offspring many times ex: humans
59
what is semelparity
when organisms have only one reproductive event in their lifetime
60
what are the three different methods used to determine the sizes of populations
observation, mark and recapture and sampling
61
what are density dependent population control factors
ecological factors that influence population growth based on the size and density of the population, associated with carrying capacity ex: disease, competition, predation
62
what are the different types of distribution patterns seen for population
clustered pattern, uniform pattern, random pattern
63
explain a clustered pattern
most common, when resources are more accessible, environmental conditions favor growth, associated with mating behavior
64
explain a uniform pattern
organisms evenly distributed, direct interactions with individuals, high competition, result from territory
65
explain a random pattern
unpredictable spacing, organisms are independent, resources are constant, no territory or associated mating behavior
66
what are survivorship curves
they show a proportion of individuals in a population that are alive at any particular point in their life, predict likelihood of being alive at certain age, revolves around reproduction output and amount of parental care
67
explain a type I survivorship curve
long lived species, large mammals, high parental care, as age more prone to sickness and predation, survivorship drops off at old age
68
explain a type II survivorship curve
death can occur at anytime due to predation, disease, accidents, generally have multiple offspring year after year, parental care, young tend to mature to sexual maturity in the first year of life
69
explain a type III survivorship curve
juveniles die very early or are eaten, no parental care, if offspring survive early pressure then the adult can survive a fairly long time, most marine invertebrates ex: fish, insects
70
what are K-selected species
fairly stable, traits have been selected for adaption, reproduce later in life, parental care, tend to be larger mammals
71
what are r-selected species
high population growth rate, have traits that have been selected to maximize reproductive success in low density environments, no carrying capacity, no parental care, insects
72
explain abiotic and biotic components of a ecosystem
biotic are living and abiotic are non living, things like parasites and biotic and temperature and moisture is abiotic
73
what is a ecosystem, what is it made out of
an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life
74
what is a fundamental niche
potential niche a species could occupy given the correct circumstances
75
what is a realized niche
actual niche a species occupies
76
what is mullerian mimicry
2 or more species, often foul tasting, mimic each others warning signals to their mutual benefit, one bad experience with one mimic the predator will avoid all similar colorations ex: viceroy and monarch butterflies
77
what is batesian mimicry
a nontoxic species resembles a toxic species ex: eastern coral snake and scarlet king snake
78
what is the competitive exclusion principle
two separate species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time, one will out complete the other and pressure the other species into extinction in the local area
79
how does the level of disturbance affect species diversity
any force that changes a community, high levels exclude slow growing species, low levels allow dominant species to exclude less completive species, intermediate provides the highest diversity
80
why is high biodiversity important
more primary production, more resources to provide, better equip to withstand and recover from environmental stressors, withstand more invasive species
81
what are the different types of competition
intraspecific, interspecific, exploitation, interference
82
what is intraspecific competition
competition between same species
83
what is interspecific competition
competition between individuals of different species
84
what is exploitation competition
competition that occurs when individuals indirectly compete with each other for a limited resource, try to get as much as possible
85
what is interference competition
direct physical competition between individuals, fighting each other
86
what is ammensalism
interaction where one species will be negatively affected and there is no effect on the other species ex: grazing cattle and insects
87
what is commensalism
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited ex: whales and barnacles
88
what is resource portioning
when there is a separation of niches by space or time that enables similar species to coexist in the same ecosystem
89
what is character displacement
different species in direct competition for resources withing an ecological niche, can develop morphological difference within the species
90
what is facultative mutualism
beneficial but not essential to survival ex: ants and aphids
91
what is obligatory mutualism
interaction is essential to the survival of the other, neither can live without the other
92
what is parasitism
species interaction, feeds on host but does not kill it outright
93
what is a food web
more accurate depiction of the trophic interactions that occur in an ecosystem, are branched food chains, where you see organisms occupying more than one trophic level
94
what are the different trophic levels
producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
95
what is the energy transfer between trophic levels
about 10 precent of the energy contained in an organism is transferred to the next trophic level
96
what are the different types of predator defenses
physical, behavioral, mechanical, chemical
97
what role do keystone species play in an ecosystem
exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches, not most abundant, if removed ecosystem will suffer, invasive species
98
what is biomagnification
overtime predators accumulate toxins from prey
99
what is bioaccumulation
accumulation of chemicals in a organism through exposure like soil, water, air
100
where is the most biodiversity found and why
closer to the equator, more solar energy
101
what are biodiversity hotspots
areas of the world that have a large amount of biodiversity and that biodiversity is under severe threat due to human activity, a lot contain endemic species
102
what are exotic/invasive species and why are they harmful
new species that take over the ecosystem, they have no predators, native species cannot defend themselves from them ex: fire ants, brown tree snake
103
what are the urban planning techniques
movement corridors, wildlife bridges and culverts and zoned/buffered areas
104
what is fragmentation
when parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller unconnected areas
105
what is the minimum viable population size
minimum size a population needs to be in order for that species to survive, need to know the effective population size first
106
what is the effective population size
number of individuals that contribute genes to the next generation, its the reproductive potential for a particular population
107
how does acid rain form
result from burning fossil fuels, gasses react with the water vapor in the air producing sulfuric and nitric acid, chemicals travel in water
108
where does acid rain have its biggest effect geographically
north eastern united states
109
what affects does acid rain have
kills organisms, change in chemistry of soil and water, damages buildings
110
what are the impacts of the reduction of the Ozone layer
ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is our shield against UVA and UVB radiation, it strengthens the suns intensity
111
what are flagship species
instantly recognizable species, they attract funding for conservation ex: pandas
112
what are umbrella species
a species that if protected results in many other species being also protected ex: grizzly bear
113
what are indicator species
a species that their status provides information on the health of an ecosystem ex: lichen
114
what are the leading causes of extinction
habitat destruction, direct exploitation/overharvesting, introduction to exotic species, climate change
115
what is the primary cause of extinction
habitat loss
116
what has caused the increase in the average global temperatures over the last 50 years
global warming and the greenhouse effect, CO2 increases the temperatures
117
what type of gases are involved in climate change and the greenhouse effect
CO2 and methane (over burning gases)
118
is the greenhouse effect a natural phenomenon
yes, it helps keep our planet warm, CO2 and methane help trap the reflected energy from the sun, keeping us from freezing, human activities have disrupted the natural order
119
what is eutrophication and what's the leading cause
process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of plant life, result in depletion of dissolved oxygen, natural process but human activities have exacerbated it, caused by runoff nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers
120
what are dead zones in the gulf of mexico and how are they created
areas of bodies of water where aquatic life cannot survive because of low levels of oxygen, heavy rains and melting snow washed a massive amount of nutrients into the water
121
what factors make species more vulnerable to extinction
small geographic range, small population, narrow habitat tolerance
122
