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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward and thumbs turned up and away from the body

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2
Q

Superior (Cranial)

A

Towards the head end of the upper end of the structure; above

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3
Q

Inferior (Caudal)

A

Away from the head end or the lower end of the structure; below

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4
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward/at the front of the body; in front of

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5
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward/at the back of the body; behind of

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward/at the midline of the body; inner side of

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7
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; outer side of

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8
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb

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10
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb

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11
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the skin

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12
Q

Deep

A

More internal of the body

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13
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Makes up the axis of the body; head, neck, trunk

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14
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of appendages

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15
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into right/left

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16
Q

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

A

Vertical plane that divides te body into anterior/posterior or front/back

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17
Q

Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior

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18
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Made up of Cranial and Vertebral cavities

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19
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Brain

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20
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Spinal cord

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Pleural cavities enclose lungs; pericardial cavity encloses the heart and other thoracic organs

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23
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Abdominal Cavity- stomach intestines, spleen, liver

Pelvic Cavity- urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient; move from high to low concentration

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25
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid layer from high to low

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26
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Carrier mediated; channel-mediated

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27
Q

Carrier-Mediated Diffusion

A

Substances bind to protein carriers and transport specific polar molecules that are too large for channels

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28
Q

Channel-Mediated Diffusion

A

Substances move through water-filled channels

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”

Membrane projections form and flow around solid particles being engulfed; forms vesicles called phagosomes

30
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”

Membrane enfolds, brining fluid and dissolved solutes into the cell

31
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Involves endocytosis and transcytosis of specific molecules

32
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process where materials are ejected from the cell

33
Q

3 Stages of Interphase:

A
  1. G1- vigorous growth and metabolism
  2. S- DNA replication
  3. G2- preparation for division
34
Q

Stages of mitosis:

A

I PMAT C

35
Q

Prophase

A

Early: chromatin condenses and each chromosome and its duplicate is bound by centromere

Late: Nuclear envelope breaks up and microtubules attach to the kinetochore and pull the chromosomes to the center of cells

36
Q

Metaphase

A

Two centromeres are at opposite poles; chromosomes cluster at midline

37
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split simultaneously and are pulled to their respective poles

38
Q

Telophase

A

Each set of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin and new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass

39
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

40
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce fibrous keratin that gives the skin protective properties

41
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spider-shaped; produce melanin

42
Q

Dendritic

A

Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis

43
Q

Tactile

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

44
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

First layer; most superficial

20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin

45
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Found in thick skin only

46
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

One to five layers of flattened cells; cytoplasm filled with lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules

47
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

48
Q

Stratum Basale

A

The deepest layer

One row of actively mitotic stem cells

49
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelia

A

Flattened laterally with sparse cytoplasm

Function where rapid diffusion is priority

EX: Kidneys, lungs

50
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

A

Single layer cells that are cube-like

Function in secretion and absorption

EX: kidneys, lungs, smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

51
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelia

A

Single layer of tall, closely packed cells

Function in absorption and secretion

EX: Digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes

52
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia

A

Cells vary in height and appear to be multilayered but is actually single layered simple

Function in secretion of mucus and movement of mucus

EX: Upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, tubules in testes

53
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

A

Located in areas of high wear and tear

54
Q

Transitional Epithelia

A

Forms lining of hollow urinary organs and allows for stretching and increased storage space

55
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Only in the walls of heart; involuntary

Contain striations but have one nucleus

56
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to and causes movement of bones; voluntary

Appear striated or banded and contain multiple nuclei

57
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Mainly found in walls of hollow organs; involuntary

No visible striations; spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus

58
Q

Loose Areolar CT

A

Directly beneath the epidermis of the skin

Supports and binds other tissues; universal packing material between other tissues

59
Q

Loose Adipose CT

A

Under the skin and around organs

Provides cushioning and insulation

60
Q

Loose Reticular CT

A

Kidney, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

61
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Can withstand high tension and stretching; form closely packed bundles

Tendons and ligaments

62
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Resists tension from many directions; forms sheets

Found in dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs

63
Q

Dense Elastic CT

A

Ligaments, some larger arteries

64
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most abundant in body

Tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, ribs

65
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but more elastic

Ears and epiglottis

66
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Properties between the previous two

Knees, intervertebral discs

67
Q

Bone

A

Supports and protects body structures, stores fat, and synthesizes blood cells in cavities

68
Q

Blood

A

Contain RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, etc.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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