Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward and thumbs turned up and away from the body
Superior (Cranial)
Towards the head end of the upper end of the structure; above
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head end or the lower end of the structure; below
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward/at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward/at the back of the body; behind of
Medial
Toward/at the midline of the body; inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment of a limb
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment of a limb
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the skin
Deep
More internal of the body
Axial Skeleton
Makes up the axis of the body; head, neck, trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of appendages
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into right/left
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)
Vertical plane that divides te body into anterior/posterior or front/back
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior
Dorsal Cavity
Made up of Cranial and Vertebral cavities
Cranial Cavity
Brain
Vertebral Cavity
Spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural cavities enclose lungs; pericardial cavity encloses the heart and other thoracic organs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity- stomach intestines, spleen, liver
Pelvic Cavity- urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum
Diffusion
Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient; move from high to low concentration
Simple Diffusion
Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid layer from high to low
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier mediated; channel-mediated
Carrier-Mediated Diffusion
Substances bind to protein carriers and transport specific polar molecules that are too large for channels
Channel-Mediated Diffusion
Substances move through water-filled channels
Phagocytosis
“Cell eating”
Membrane projections form and flow around solid particles being engulfed; forms vesicles called phagosomes
Pinocytosis
“Cell drinking”
Membrane enfolds, brining fluid and dissolved solutes into the cell
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Involves endocytosis and transcytosis of specific molecules
Exocytosis
Process where materials are ejected from the cell
3 Stages of Interphase:
- G1- vigorous growth and metabolism
- S- DNA replication
- G2- preparation for division
Stages of mitosis:
I PMAT C
Prophase
Early: chromatin condenses and each chromosome and its duplicate is bound by centromere
Late: Nuclear envelope breaks up and microtubules attach to the kinetochore and pull the chromosomes to the center of cells
Metaphase
Two centromeres are at opposite poles; chromosomes cluster at midline
Anaphase
Centromeres split simultaneously and are pulled to their respective poles
Telophase
Each set of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin and new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Keratinocytes
Produce fibrous keratin that gives the skin protective properties
Melanocytes
Spider-shaped; produce melanin
Dendritic
Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
Tactile
Sensory receptors that sense touch
Stratum Corneum
First layer; most superficial
20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
Stratum Lucidum
Found in thick skin only
Stratum Granulosum
One to five layers of flattened cells; cytoplasm filled with lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
Stratum Basale
The deepest layer
One row of actively mitotic stem cells
Simple Squamous Epithelia
Flattened laterally with sparse cytoplasm
Function where rapid diffusion is priority
EX: Kidneys, lungs
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
Single layer cells that are cube-like
Function in secretion and absorption
EX: kidneys, lungs, smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
Simple Columnar Epithelia
Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
Function in absorption and secretion
EX: Digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
Cells vary in height and appear to be multilayered but is actually single layered simple
Function in secretion of mucus and movement of mucus
EX: Upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, tubules in testes
Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Located in areas of high wear and tear
Transitional Epithelia
Forms lining of hollow urinary organs and allows for stretching and increased storage space
Cardiac Muscle
Only in the walls of heart; involuntary
Contain striations but have one nucleus
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to and causes movement of bones; voluntary
Appear striated or banded and contain multiple nuclei
Smooth Muscle
Mainly found in walls of hollow organs; involuntary
No visible striations; spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus
Loose Areolar CT
Directly beneath the epidermis of the skin
Supports and binds other tissues; universal packing material between other tissues
Loose Adipose CT
Under the skin and around organs
Provides cushioning and insulation
Loose Reticular CT
Kidney, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
Dense Regular CT
Can withstand high tension and stretching; form closely packed bundles
Tendons and ligaments
Dense Irregular CT
Resists tension from many directions; forms sheets
Found in dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs
Dense Elastic CT
Ligaments, some larger arteries
Hyaline Cartilage
Most abundant in body
Tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, ribs
Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline but more elastic
Ears and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Properties between the previous two
Knees, intervertebral discs
Bone
Supports and protects body structures, stores fat, and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
Blood
Contain RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, etc.
