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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Necessary life functions:

A
  1. Maintains boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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2
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that occur within the body’s cells

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5
Q

Excretion

A

Process of removing waste from the body

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

Occurs cellularly and organismally

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining internal conditions in response to external stimuli
blood sugar example

Involves receptor, control center, and effector

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8
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Output will shut off original stimulus or reduce the intensity

EX: blood sugar

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9
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Enhances the original stimulus so that the response it accelerated

EX: childbirth

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10
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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11
Q

Solids

A

Definite shape and volume

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12
Q

Liquids

A

Definite volume but shape takes form of container

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13
Q

Gas

A

Neither definite shape nor volume`

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14
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Results from movement of charged particles

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15
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Directly involved in moving matter

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16
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Travels in waves

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17
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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18
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion

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19
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

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20
Q

Elements that compose the majority of the body:

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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21
Q

What drives electrons in chemical reactions?

A

Octet Rule: atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shells

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22
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

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23
Q

Anion

A

Atom that gains an electron- negative charge

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24
Q

Cation

A

Atom that loses an electron- positive charge

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25
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Formed by the sharing of electrons

-polar: unequal
-nonpolar: equal

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26
Q

Electronegative

A

Greater electron-attracting capability

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27
Q

Electropositive

A

Less electron-attracting capability

28
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Attraction between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and the electronegative atom of another molecule

29
Q

Synthesis Reactions

A

Building things up or combining atoms/molecules

30
Q

Decompositon Reactions

A

Breaking down or reducing a larger molecule into simpler molecules

31
Q

Reduction-Oxidation Reaction

A

OIL RIG

EX: Cellular respiration

32
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter

33
Q

Inorganic

A

Chemicals in the body that don’t contain carbon

EX: water, salts, acids and bases

34
Q

Organic

A

Molecules unique to living systems that contain carbon

35
Q

Water properties:

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. High heat of vaporization
  3. Polar solvent properties
  4. Reactivity
  5. Cushioning
36
Q

Salts

A

Contain cations other than Hydrogen and anion other than Hydroxyl; when dissolved in water, they dissociate into their component ions

37
Q

Salts in body:

A

Calcium Phosphates are responsible for making bones and teeth hard.
Electrolytes of sodium/potassium are critical for nerve impulses and muscle contractions.

38
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

39
Q

Bases

A

Substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

40
Q

pH Scale

A

Neutral= 7
>7 basic
<7 acidic

41
Q

Buffers

A

Resist abrupt and large changes in pH

42
Q

Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate System

A

When pH rises and blood becomes basic, carbonic acid dissociates to release protons.
When pH drops and blood becomes more acidic, the bicarbonate binds to those protons.

43
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Provides ready, easy-to-use sources of fuel

44
Q

Starch

A

Storage carbs formed by plants

45
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage carbs formed in animal tissues

46
Q

Triglycerides

A

Provide the body’s most efficient and compact form of stored energy

47
Q

Phospholipids

A

Chief material in building cell membranes

48
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Structural proteins

49
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Functional proteins; unstable

50
Q

Protein Denaturing

A

Any shift from “normal” causes the proteins to be outside of their norm and can cause them to unfold and lose their shape, therefore their function

51
Q

Enzymes

A

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts; lower activation energy

52
Q

Three basic cell parts:

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

53
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Acts as a selectively permeable barrier

54
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid packed with organelles

55
Q

Nuclues

A

Controls cellular activities and provides blueprints for protein production

55
Q

Extracellular Materials:

A

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane:

A
  1. Mechanical barrier
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Electrochemical gradient
  4. Communication
  5. Cell signaling
55
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Firmly inserted into the membrane; function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors

55
Q

Desmosomes

A

Rivet-like junction formed when linker proteins of neighboring cells interlock like a zipper; allows give between cells

55
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Enables cell-to-cell recognition

55
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Loosely attached to integral proteins; function as enzymes, cell-to-cell connections, motor proteins

55
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Integral proteins of adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that prevents fluids and most molecules from moving in

55
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins form tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

56
Q

Chromatin

A

Arranged in fundamental units of nucleosomes; the unwrapped and uncondensed form of DNA

57
Q

Histones

A

A way for the nucleus to pack up the long DNA molecules into a compact and orderly way

Human Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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