Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards
Matter
Anything that occupies space; can be seen, smelled, felt
Solids
Definite shape and volume
Liquids
Definite volume, conform to the shape of the container
Gas
Neither definite shape or volume
Electrical Energy
Results from movement of charged particles
Mechanical Energy
Energy directly involved in moving matter
Radiant Energy
Travels in waves
Chemical Energy
Stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that decompose to more stable forms, releasing radiation as they do
Chemical Bonds
“energy relationships” between electrons of reacting atoms
Chemically Inert
Valence shell is filled, the atom is stable
Chemically Reactive
Valence shell is not filled, those atoms will seek out other atoms to achieve stability
Octet Rule
Atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shell- the driving force behind chemical reactions
Ionic Bonds
Formed between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
Electron Acceptor
Atom that gains an electron and becomes an anion (negative charge)
Electron Donor
Atom that loses an electron and becomes a cation (positive charge)
Covalent Bond
Formed by the sharing of valence shell electrons of two atoms
Nonpolar Covalent
Equal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent
Unequal sharing of electrons
Hydrogen Bond
Attraction between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and electronegative atom of another molecule
Chemical Reaction
Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranges, or broken
Synthesis
Sometimes we have to build things up or combine atoms/molecules
(anabolic process- to build up)
Decomposition
Sometimes bonds have to be broken to reduce a larger molecule into simpler molecules
(Catabolic process- to break down)
Exchange Reactions
Involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions
(AKA reduction-oxidation reactions)
