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BIOL 1191 > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites

A

recieve stimuli through ligand-gates or mechanically gated ion channels; in sensory neurons they produce generator or receptor potentials

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2
Q

Cell body

A

recieves stimuli and produces ESPs or ISPs through activation of ligand-gates ion channels

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3
Q

axon hillock

A

trigger zone in many neurons; controls initiation of electrical impulses based on input recieved and if input reaches threshold

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4
Q

axon collateral

A

propagates nerve impulses from initial segment (or from dendrites of sensory neurons) to axon terminals in self-regenerating manner, impulse amplitude does not change as it propagates along an axon.

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5
Q

axon terminal

A

inflow of Ca+ caused by depolarizing phase of nerve impulse, triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles

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6
Q

synaptic end bulb

A

enlarged endings of axon terminals; neurotransmitters are released from here via exocytosis

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS just like oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulate them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

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9
Q

Neurolemma

A

outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell. Found only in the PNS

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10
Q

Myelin sheath gaps/ nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that appear at intervals along the axon

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11
Q

Gray matter: anterior horn

A

contain somatic motor neuron nuclei which are clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Gray matter: posterior horn

A
  • contain axons of incoming sensory neurons as well as cell bodies and axons of interneurons.
  • functions to receive incoming sensory information
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13
Q

White matter

A

contains major sensory and motor tracts which function as the “highways” along which sensory input travels to the brain and motor output travels from the brain to the skeletal muscle or glands (effectors)

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14
Q

Spinal nerves

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

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15
Q

Central canal

A

at the center of the gray commisure; extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Anterior nerve root

A

the anterior root and rootlets contain axons of motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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17
Q

Posterior nerve root

A

posterior root and rootlets only contain sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors of the skin, mucles, and internal organs to the CNS

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18
Q

Ganglia

A

cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in ganglion
- plays essential role in connecting parts of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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19
Q

Anterior median fissure

A
  • Wide groove on the anterior side
  • The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord
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20
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A
  • A narrow furrow on the posterior side of the spinal cord
  • Not as prominent as anterior median fissure
  • divides the spinal cord into halves
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21
Q

Filum terminale

A

Arising from the conus medullaris is the filum terminale, an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly, fuses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater, and anchors the spinal cord the coccyx.

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22
Q

Reflex arc

A

the route and impulse takes to produce a reflex action

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23
Q

reflex action

A

the action the body takes when responding the stimulus to help the body maintain homeostasis

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24
Q

Receptor (in reflex)

A

Dendrites serve as sensory receptors. It responds to a specific stimulus. A change in the internal or external environment produces a graded potential. If the graded potential reaches threshold, it will trigger one or more nerve impulses in a sensory neuron.

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25
Q

Sensory neuron (in reflex)

A

the nerve impulses propagate from the sensory receptor along the axon of the sensory neuron to the axon terminals which are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord

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26
Q

Integrating center (in reflex)

A

consists of one or mote interneurons, which may relay impulses to other interneurons as well as to a motor neuron

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26
Q

Motor neuron (in reflex)

A

impulses triggered by the integrating center propagate out of the CNS along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond

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27
Q

Effector (in reflex)

A

The part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse, such as a muscle or gland. Its action is called a refelx

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28
Q

If the effector is skeletal muscle, then it is a [. ] reflex

A

somatic

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29
Q

if the effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or a gland, it is a [. ] reflex

A

autonomic or visceral

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30
Q

What are the 4 somatic reflexes

A
  • achilles
  • patellar
  • biceps
  • triceps
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31
Q

What is a superficial/cutaneous reflex

A

plantar felxion

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32
Q

What are the 3 autonomic/visceral reflexes

A
  • salivary
  • pupillary
  • diving
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33
Q

What are the 4 major sections in the adult brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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34
Q

The meninges of the brain

A
  • are continuous with the spinal cord
  • pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
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35
Q

What is different about the dura mater in the brain

A

it has two layers that are fused together, except for where they enclose the venous sinuses:
- periosteal layer
- meningeal layer

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36
Q

What are the 3 extensions of the dura mater

A
  • falx cerebri: separates the two hemispheres of the brain
  • falx cerebelli
  • tentorium cerebelli
37
Q

Arachnoid mater in the brain

A

an avascular membrane that is involved in cerebrospinal fluid metabolism via the subarachnoid space

38
Q

Pia mater in the brain

A

blood vessels that enter brain tissues pass along the surface of the brain, and as they penetrate inward they are sheathed by a loose fitting sleeve of pia mater

39
Q

Arachnoid granulations (villi)

A

csf is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid granulations, finger like extensions of the arachnoid mater that project into the dural venous sinuses

40
Q

Subarachnoid space in the brain

A

csf continually circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space.

41
Q

venous sinus

A

the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins to return blood from the head to the heart

42
Q

what is the cerebrum divided by

A

falx cerebri and the longitudinal fissure

43
Q

where are the lateral ventricles enclosed

A

cerebrum

44
Q

a prominent sulcus is called the…

A

central cerebral sulcus; which forms a landmark in the brain that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

45
Q

Frontal lobe description and function

A

important for voluntary movement, expressive language, and higher level executive functions such as creativity, reasoning and abstract thinking

46
Q

Parietal lobe description and function

A

primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain

47
Q

Temporal lobe description and function

A
  • sound and audio perception
  • receives impulses for smell
  • visual association
48
Q

Occipital lobe description and function

A

receives visual information including color, form and motion

49
Q

Lateral cerebral sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lob.
- insula lies deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus

50
Q

Insula

A

responsible for gustatory ad sensorimotor processing, risk-reward behaviour, autonomics, pain pathways and auditory and vestibular functions

51
Q

it is because of the insula we are able to…

A

perceive pain and awareness about the body and self

52
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

consists primarily of myelinated axons in 3 types of tracts:
- association tracts
- commisural tracts
- projection tracts

53
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

specific types of sensory, motor and integrative signals are processed in certain regions of the cerebral cortex:
- primary sensory areas receives sensory information that has been relayed from peripheral sensory receptors through lower regions of the brain

54
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain

A

cerebellum

55
Q

What part of the brain contains nearly half of the neurons found in the brain

A

cerebellum

56
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A
  • plays a role in movement regulation and balance control
  • coordinates gait, and maintains posture, controls muscle tone and voluntary muscle activity but is unable to initiate muscle contraction
57
Q

the brainstem consists of…

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

58
Q

What does the brainstem do

A

transmit sensory and motor input from the spinal cord to the cerebral hemispheres to be processed

59
Q

What is immediately superior to the spinal cord

A

the medulla oblongata

60
Q

Most of the large motor tracts descending from the cerebrum cross over at the …

A

medulla so that skeletal muscle fibers on the right side of the body are controlled by the left side of the brain

61
Q

Arbor vitae (cerebellum)

A
  • deep to the gray matter are tracts if white matter called arbor vitae that resemble branches of a tree
  • it brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum
62
Q

Pituitary gland

A

monitors and regulates bodily functions through the hormones it produces and releases

63
Q

Infundibular stalk of pituitary gland

A

connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

64
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A
  • extends from the pons to the diencephalon
  • the aqueduct of midbrain passes through connecting the third ventricle
  • like the medulla and pons, it contains both nuclei and tracts
65
Q

Pons

A
  • acts as a bridge connecting parts of the brain with others
  • these connections are provided by bundles of axons; some axons of the pons connect to the right and left sides of the cerebellum
66
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

its white matter contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brainstem

67
Q

The diencephalon is the central region of the brain that can only be seen

A

in saggital section as they are enclosed by the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

68
Q

The thalamus forms

A

lateral walls of the diencephalon and encloses the third ventricle

69
Q

centrally located in the thalamus is the

A

interthalamic adhesion

70
Q

the hypothalamus is the floor of the diencephalon and gives rise to

A

the infundibular stalk, a ventral down growth of tissue that attaches to the pituitary gland

71
Q

The epithalamus is

A

the roof of the diencephalon, the tissue superior to the third ventricle

72
Q

within the epithalamus is the

A

pineal gland, a small posterior projection of endocrine tissue

73
Q

the pineal gland secretes…

A

melatonin

74
Q

The cerebral hemispheres connected internally by a broad band of white matter containing axons is ….

A

Corpus callosum

75
Q

The thalamus is mostly composed of

A

gray matter

76
Q

Function of thalamus

A
  • it is composed mostly of different nuclei that each serve a unique role ranging from relaying sensory and motor signals as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness
77
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A
  • controls many of the bodies activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis
  • sensory impulses related to both somatic and visceral senses arrive at hypothalamus
  • other receptors within the hypothalamus itself continually monitor osmotic pressure, blood glucose levels, certain hormone concentrations and the temperature of blood
78
Q

The ventricles of the brain

A

cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

The 2 lateral ventricles that are enclosed in the cerebral hemispheres are separated by thin membranes called

A

the septum pellucidum

80
Q

Where is the third ventricle found

A

in the thalamus

81
Q

where is the fourth ventricle found

A

between the cerebellum and brainstem

82
Q

Within each of the ventricles are networks of capillaries called

A

choroid plexuses that are lined by ependymal cells

83
Q

What is the marking that allows csf to flow from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

A

interventricular foramina

84
Q

where does csf flow after the third ventricle

A

into the aqueduct of the midbrain and into the fourth ventricle

85
Q

from the fourth ventricle the csf goes to

A

the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

86
Q

What are 3 functions of the spinal cord

A
  • protect the brain and spinal cord from trauma by absorbing shock
  • supplies nutrients to the nervous system tissue
  • removes waste products via cerebral metabolism
87
Q

Oxygen and glucose are brought into the brain via

A

interna carotid arteries

88
Q

Why are the choroid plexuses important in the nervous system

A

form and circulate csf
- serves as a barrier in the brain separating the blood from csf, known as blood-csf barrier

89
Q

What are two main functions of the cerebral arterial circle

A
  • provides adequate blood supply to the brain; if one vessel gets blocked, blood has another way of reaching the brain
  • multiple blood vessels helps to equalize the blood pressure in the brain
90
Q

How does the cerebella function test demonstrate functions of the cerebellum

A

it tests gait and balance, and pronator drift; coordination, balance, smootheness of movement

91
Q

optic chiasm

A

where the optic nerve decussates allowing the same visual field in both eyes

BIOL 1191 (10 decks)

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