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BIOL 1191 > Chapter: 13 Spinal cord and spinal nerves > Flashcards

Chapter: 13 Spinal cord and spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 main functions of the spinal cord

A
  1. processes reflexes
  2. Integrates EPSPs and IPSPs
  3. Conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors
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2
Q

Reflex: in the spinal cord (what happens)

A

sensory input goes to the spinal cord and motor output comes right back out without having to go to the brain

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3
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A
  • bone (vertebrae)
  • connective tissue (meninges)
  • fluid ( cerebrospinal fluid)
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4
Q

Which vertebra can you feel when you bend your neck down, the most prominent one

A

C7

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5
Q

What are the 3 meninges

A
  • dura mater (outer/tough)
  • arachnoid mater (middle/webby)
  • pia mater (inner/soft)
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6
Q

Subdural hematoma would be where…

A

bleeding under the dura

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end

A

begins at extension of medulla oblongata and terminates at level of L2

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8
Q

Spinal cord and Brain: gray+white matter

A

Spinal cord: gray matter on inside, white on outside

Brain: gray matter on outside and white on inside

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9
Q

What is the central canal in the spinal cord for

A

goes up to the brain to provide nutrients and csf

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10
Q

Characteristics of the spinal cord

A
  • spinal ganglion: in the back
  • posterior gray horn
  • lateral gray horn
  • anterior gray horn
  • anterior root of spinal nerve: in front
  • central canal
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11
Q

What is a lumbar puncture

A

a local anesthesia given, and a long hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space to withdraw csf for diagnostic purposes, or to introduce abx, contrast media etc

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12
Q

Spinal nerves

A

spinal nerves connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

How many PAIRS of spinal nerves are there

A

31:
8
12
5
5
1

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13
Q

How do spinal nerves attach

A

anterior and posterior roots attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Epineurium

A

around the entire nerve

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14
Q

endoneurium

A

outside individual cell

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15
Q

perineurium

A

around each nerve fascicle

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16
Q

What happens to a nerve once it passes through its intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerve divides into several branches known as rami
- present on anterior and posterior portion

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17
Q

What happens when the articular disc wears down in the vertebra

A

the intervertebral foramen shortens and starts to pinch a nerve

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18
Q

What are dermatomes

A

certain segments of the skin that are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain

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19
Q

Phrenic nerve origin and function

A

origin is from C3, C4, C5 specifically C3.
- arises from cervical plexus
- supply motor fibers to the diaphram to allow for breathing

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20
Q

what does damage to a spinal cord above C3 level result in

A

respiratory arrest, inability to breathe

21
Q

Where does the cervical plexus supply to

A

skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of the shoulders, chest and diaphram

22
Q

Where does brachial plexus supply to

A

the shoulders and upper limps

23
Q

What does lesion of the median nerve lead to

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

24
Q

Where does the median nerve originate from and its distribution

A
  • C5 -T1
  • flexors of forearm, muscles of middle finger
25
Q

Where does the radial nerve originate from and its distribution

A
  • C5 - T1
  • triceps brachii, extensor muscles of forearm, thumb and index
26
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve originate and its distribution

A
  • C8-T1
  • pinky, skin on medial side of hand
27
Q

Where does the femoral nerve originate and its distribution

A
  • L2-L4
  • largest nerve arising from lumbar plexus, distributed to flexor muscles of hip joint and extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial side of leg and foot
28
Q

Where does the obturator nerve originate and its distribution

A
  • L2-L4
  • Adductor muscles of hip joint, skin over medial aspect of thigh
29
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate and its distribution

A
  • L4-S3
  • Actually two nerves- tibial and common fibular (bound together by common sheath of connective tissue); splits into its 2 divisions, usually at the knee.
30
Q

As the sciatic nerve extends it branches to…

A

hamstring muscles and adductor magnus

31
Q

Role of white and gray matter in the spinal cord

A
  • white matter tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain
  • gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes
32
Q

decussate

A

cross over

33
Q

sensory tracts vs motor tracts in the spinal cord

A

sensory: starts w spin
motor: ends with spin

34
Q

What is a reflex

A

a fast involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus

35
Q

What do reflexes help with

A

help to maintain homeostasis

36
Q

Where are reflexes conducted

A

gray matter in the spinal cord

37
Q

step by step: reflex

A
  1. sensory receptor: responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential
  2. sensory neuron: axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
  3. integrating center: one or more regions within CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons
  4. motor neuron: axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
  5. effector: muscle or gland that responds to motor impulses
38
Q

reciprocal innervation

A

neural circuit simultaneously contracts one muscle and relaxes its antagonists

39
Q

Stretch reflex

A

causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched

40
Q

Tendon reflex

A

causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon

41
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex

A

causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury: moving foot away from lego piece

42
Q

Crossed-extensor reflex

A

maintains balance during a withdrawal reflex

43
Q

What do reflexes help to rule out

A

hematoma, or brain swelling

44
Q

Shingles

A

an acute infection of the PNS caused by herpes zoster virus (also causes chickenpox)
- causes pain, discoloration of the skin and line of skin blisters

45
Q

Shingles blisters do not cross

A

the midline

46
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

a progressive nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing loss of muscle control

47
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

demyelination of oligodendroglia

48
Q

Spinal cord compression

A

the spinal cord may be compressed by bone, blood (hematomas), pus (abscesses), tumors (cancerous or not), or a ruptured or herniated disc

49
Q

What does herniated disc do

A

it pinches the spinal nerve by shifting and growing closer to the nerve

50
Q

Poliomyelitis (polio)

A
  • caused by the poliovirus
  • the virus spreads from person to person and can infect a persons spinal cord, causing paralysis
51
Q
A

BIOL 1191 (10 decks)

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