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Animal Nutrition > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Feed as it is fed to the animal; dry matter + water; nutrient concentration is lower; varies among animals

A

As fed basis

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2
Q

Feed not including water; all nutrients; nutrient concentration is higher since water isn’t diluting; comparison of foodstuffs should be done on this basis

A

Dry matter basis

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3
Q

Converting nutrient concentration from As fed to DM basis

A

I prefer to use proportions. On left side, put ratio of AF to 100lbs (if %) and on the right have a ratio of the unknown (DM) to the total amount of feed. Cross multiply and solve for the unknown

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4
Q

Measure of N content of a feed ingredient multiplied by a factor of 6.25; approximates amount of protein in a sample

A

Crude protein

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5
Q

Measure of components in a sample that can be extracted with an organic solvent

A

Crude fat

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6
Q

Estimate of the fiber content. Includes only some components of fiber

A

Crude fiber

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7
Q

Material remaining when a feed sample is completely oxidized in a muffle furnace. Contains mineral component of sample

A

Crude ash

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8
Q

Portion of fiber insoluble in neutral detergent; 3 major components are cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose

A

Neutral detergent fiber

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9
Q

Portion of fiber insoluble in acid detergent. Only has cellulose and lignin

A

Acid detergent fiber

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10
Q

Total potential energy in a feed ingredient. Doesn’t tell much about how much energy will actually be available for the animal to use

A

Gross energy

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11
Q

Energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces is subtracted from the gross energy. Gives idea of how much energy the animal absorbs from the feed

A

Digestible energy

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12
Q

Energy remaining after the energy excreted in feces and urine and energy lost in gas is subtracted from the gross energy.

A

Metabolizable energy

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13
Q

Metabolizable energy minus the heat increment and heat of fermentation

A

Net energy

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14
Q

Vegetative material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state; includes the whole plant (leaves, stems and stalks)

A

Forage

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15
Q

Bulky feed ingredient with a low weight per unit volume; high in fiber; broader term than forage

A

Roughage

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16
Q

Forage; warm season grass; hay/pasture; bermuda “triangle”

A

Bermuda grass

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17
Q

Forage; warm season perrenial grass; hay, pasture, silage, haylage/baleage; fed often to horses

A

Coastal grass

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18
Q

Forage; cool season grass; pasture, hay, silage; seed head is concentrated at the top

A

Orchard grass

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19
Q

Forage; cool season perrenial grass; pasture, hay; like orchard grass but not concentrated in one spot

A

Fescue

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20
Q

Forage; cool season grass; pasture, hay; thick collar with smaller seed head

A

Oat Grass

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21
Q

Forage; legume; sometimes have purple flowers; hay, silage, pasture, etc., shorter than orchard grass; high in protein, Ca, Mg, and N content

A

Alfalfa

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22
Q

How to take a hay sample

A

Using a probe and drill, insert the probe attached to a power drill into the wrapped side of a round barrel of hay and into the mid-section of the end of a square hay barrel; repeat this process for 10- 20 different hay barrels to get a representative sample.

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23
Q

Items of interest in forage analysis

A

DM content, energy, crude protein, fiber, non-fiber carbohydrate (water soluble carbohydrates, sugars and starch), nitrate concentration in hay, and mineral content

24
Q

Differences between ADF and NDF

A

ADF measures the amount of fiber not soluble in acid detergent and includes only cellulose and lignin whereas NDF measures fiber not soluble in neutral detergents and consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

25
Q

Examples of energy feeds

A

cereal grains (ground corn, sourhgum, wheat); beet and citrus pulps; molasses; fats and oils; dehydrated meal pellets

26
Q

Examples of protein supplements

A

Soybean meal; blood meal; fish meal; poultry meal; alfalfa and other legumes; urea (NPN)

27
Q

What are two mineral supplements that contain Ca

A

Calcium phosphate and Limestone (looks rocky)

28
Q

What are nutrient requirements

A

Nutrients required based on the species and their use of production (ex. egg production, milk production, meat, reproduction)

29
Q

Where can you find nutrient requirements for certain animals?

A

National Research Council (NRC) published nutrient requirement articles for each species

30
Q

What 3 items do you need to know to formulate feed?

A
  1. target weight and age of species and their nutrient requirements. 2. what type of feedstuffs are available. 3.nutrient composition in those feedstuffs
31
Q

Examples of energy feeds fed to swine

A

yellow dent corn; whey powder

32
Q

Examples of protein supplements given to swine

A

fish meal; soybean meal; blood meal

33
Q

Why do we need chemical analysis?

A

It provides information on the nutrient composition of a feed and can give information on potentially toxic substances within feed (ex. nitrate as it turns to nitrite in the GI and is potentially toxic to grazing animals)

34
Q

What are items of interest in the chemical analysis of forages?

A

DM content; energy concentration; crude protein; NDF; ADF; non-fiber carbohydrates; mineral content

35
Q

What are items. of interest in the chemical analysis of concentrate feeds?

A

DM content; energy concentration, crude protein, essential fatty acids, ether extract, crude fiber, NSP and mineral content

36
Q

What does proximate analysis include? (5 items)

A

DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, crude fiber

37
Q

This analysis describes the fibrous components of the plant more completely than crude fiber; 2nd most common analysis after proximate analysis

A

Detergent fiber analysis

38
Q

Which instrument is used to determine the energy content of a sample?

A

bomb calorimeter

39
Q

How do you determine the ash/mineral content of a sample?

A

Using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer to measure minerals of interest in the ash. Completely oxidize a feed sample in a muffle furnace to determine ash content specifically.

40
Q

How are filter bags used to analyze samples?

A

Samples are placed into the (pre-weighed) filter bags as they’re being weighed. Filter bags also eliminate transfer error and minimal moisture is gained, so they allow for more precise results

41
Q

What are the 7 required items on feed labels?

A

Net weight of the feed, Brand name and product name, Guaranteed analysis (CP, CF, and crude fat), List of ingredients, Directions for use, Name and mailing address of manufacturer, and warnings

42
Q

How does guaranteed analysis differ among species

A

The guaranteed analysis of all species includes crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat, but maximum moisture content must also be included in the guaranteed analysis for dogs and cats

43
Q

List the parts of the chicken’s GI tract

A

mouth, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine, large intestine (two pair ceca)

44
Q

Parts of a pigs GI tract

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach (monogastric), small intestine, large intestine

45
Q

Parts of a rumen (4)

A

rumen (large fermentation chamber), reticulum, abomasum, omasum

46
Q

Function of the mouth (same for all species)

A

Acquisition of feed; saliva within mouth contains digestive enzymes like salivary amylase or lipase that break down feed while chewing; function= same across all species however, chickens don’t have teeth so they have a gizzard/ventriculus where a physical action breaks down food as opposed to the chicken chewing the food

47
Q

Function of esophagus (same for all species)

A

A long tube where food moves down from the mouth to the stomach due to muscular contractions called peristalsis; only difference is in chickens that are the only species discussed that has a crop attached to the esophagus where food can be stored and moistened.

48
Q

Function of stomach (similar for all species, but the structure has major differences among species)

A

provides storage of feed ingested and aids in digestion through usage of HCl and pepsinogen (secreted from fundic glands); Pigs= simple-stomached; chickens= 2-compartment; sheep= 4-compartment

49
Q

Function of small intestine (same for all species; differences lie in structure)

A

Major site of nutrient absorption; consists of duodenum, jejunum and ileum; all species have villi in the SI for nutrient absorption. In chickens, duodenum is loop-shaped with the pancreas in the middle and Meckel’s diverticulum is attached to the middle of the SI (connects embryos to yolk sac; provides nutrients)

50
Q

Function of large intestine (mostly the same for all species with some differences)

A

Receives feed residue, digestive secretions and epithelial cells from SI which can be fermented (level of fermentation differs among species); consists of cecum, colon and rectum;

  • Pig’s colon= sacculated to slow digesta for microbial fermentation
  • chicken and sheep’s colons are not sacculated, though sheep have higher levels of post-gastric fermentation than chickens.
  • chickens have 2 ceca, not one cecum like in pigs and sheep; they also have a cloaca not a rectum
51
Q

How many pounds are in 1 kg

A

2.2

52
Q

How many grams are in a kg

A

1000g

53
Q

How many pounds in a ton

A

2,000

54
Q

How many kg in 1 pound

A

0.454kg

55
Q

How many g in 1 pound

A

454g

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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