Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Cellular respiration is a _________ reaction in which glucose is converted to carbon dioxide and water with some of the energy captured as ATP
Catabolic
The majority of lipids in the body of mammals exist in this form
Triglycerides
The First Law of Thermodynamics (AKA Law of Conservation of Mass) as it relates to digestive processes, states that
- Total energy remains constant , but changes form as it moves down the digestive tract
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Indispensable nutrient
Must be included in the diet; cannot be synthesized by the animal; is essential
Organelles present only in plant cells
chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuole
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C
calorie
Energy expended in a fasting animal:
- is represented by heat production
- is measured in a respiration chamber
- reflects use of nutrients from breakdown of body tissues
Maintenance energy is the amount of energy that is
needed for vital body functions at rest
is the basal metabolic rate higher for a mouse or an elephant? why?
mouse; because the mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio per g of tissue, they lose more heat too.
glucose is an example of a _____ and fructose is an example of a _______
aldose; ketose
lactose, sucrose and maltose are all
disaccharides
A non-structural carbohydrate with linear alpha 1,4 linkages
amylose
A structural carbohydrate with linear beta 1,4 linkages
cellulose
The initial step in the process of cellular respiration in animals is
glycolysis
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is
oxygen
Main sequence of events during glycolysis
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> TCA cycle
The supply of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
gluconeogenesis
In anaerobic fermentation
- O is limited or absent
- the final electron acceptors are reduced end products
- amount of ATP produced is less compared with aerobic respiration
The primary source of energy for ruminants is
short chain fatty acids
Ruminants get the majority of their metabolizable protein from
microbes
during the digestion of food, what process results in release of energy and heat (is exergonic)
catabolism
What is the source of 6 carbon sugars
the assimilation of water and CO2 in plants
Esterification of fatty acids is possible because of the presence of
the carboxyl group
This person is known for establishing the chemical basis of nutrition in a respiration experiment
Antoine Lavoisier
Nutrient commonly found in the smallest amount in diets; an inorganic nutrient
minerals
The main form of storage carbohydrate in plants is
starch
The amount of energy expressed in calories that an animal needs to keep the body functioning at rest
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
When comparing/contrasting feed ingredients it is recommended to do it on a ____basis.
Dry matter
A feed has a crude protein content of 4% on an as fed basis. If the dry matter content of
that feed is 20% what is the crude protein content on a dry matter basis?
20% (divide AF by DM content, so 4/20= 0.2 x 100%= 20%)
During absorptive period, glucose would be actively absorbed into blood from the
gut
During post-absorptive period, glucose enters blood from
- glycogen breakdown in the liver
- glycerol from adipose tissue
- gluconeogenesis using amino acids
Problems with excess nutrients
excess waste products impact the environment feed cost (70% of animal production costs)
Interconversion of nutrients to supply energy
metabolism
assimilation of new chemicals for structure and function; uses energy; endergonic reaction
anabolism
What factors might affect nutrient use by animals
intake, gut environment, digestion and absorption
Glycolysis has two stages, an energy requiring stage and an energy releasing stage. During the energy requiring stage, glucose is converted to this important 3 carbon compound:
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
The two main hormones regulating blood glucose homeostasis are:
Insulin and Glucagon
An enlarged liver due to hyperglycemia is called:
hepatomegaly
Under normal conditions insulin facilitates glucose uptake in this tissue:
liver, muscle and heart
During the energy releasing phase of glycolysis, besides ATP and pyruvate, what other compounds are formed that eventually are also a source of energy?
hydrogen or reducing equivalents
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together via a glycosidic bond by this reaction:
dehydration
During the post-absorptive state:
catabolic conversion of glycogen and triglyceride is the major source of energy
During intestinal digestion this reaction results in the splitting of a disaccharide:
hydrolysis
This protein molecule facilitates insulin to transport glucose inside cells:
Glut 4
An abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease is referred to as:
polydipsia
These metabolites are present in blood at various levels and serve as alternative energy source when glucose is in low supply
ketone bodies
These molecules undergo beta oxidation and enter TCA cycle or they can be converted to ketone bodies:
fatty acids
An animal weighs 102 kg and requires 2000 kcal per day. What are the kcal requirements for this animal on a metabolic BW (BW^0.75) basis ?
62.3 kcal/kg BW^0.75
The TCA cylce generates some ATP and additional reducing equivalents. Which pathway in the mitochondria utilizes all of the reducing equivalents to generate more ATP?
electron transport chain
Hyperglycemia is a complication that can result in:
anorexia, hepatomegaly, polyuria, ketonuria
The final 3-carbon compound formed in the cytosol during the energy releasing phase of glycolysis is:
pyruvate
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called:
glycogenolysis or glucogenesis
This sugar is found in large amounts in the semen of males and fetal fluids of ungulates (cattle, sheep, and pigs):
fructose
This hormone moves glucose into cells thereby lowering concentration of glucose in blood:
insulin
The absorptive state is characterized by:
hyperglycemia and lipemia
storage of excess glucose as glycogen and triglycerides
