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Animal Nutrition > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration is a _________ reaction in which glucose is converted to carbon dioxide and water with some of the energy captured as ATP

A

Catabolic

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2
Q

The majority of lipids in the body of mammals exist in this form

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics (AKA Law of Conservation of Mass) as it relates to digestive processes, states that

A
  • Total energy remains constant , but changes form as it moves down the digestive tract
  • Energy is neither created nor destroyed
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4
Q

Indispensable nutrient

A

Must be included in the diet; cannot be synthesized by the animal; is essential

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5
Q

Organelles present only in plant cells

A

chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuole

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6
Q

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

A

calorie

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7
Q

Energy expended in a fasting animal:

A
  • is represented by heat production
  • is measured in a respiration chamber
  • reflects use of nutrients from breakdown of body tissues
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8
Q

Maintenance energy is the amount of energy that is

A

needed for vital body functions at rest

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9
Q

is the basal metabolic rate higher for a mouse or an elephant? why?

A

mouse; because the mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio per g of tissue, they lose more heat too.

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10
Q

glucose is an example of a _____ and fructose is an example of a _______

A

aldose; ketose

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11
Q

lactose, sucrose and maltose are all

A

disaccharides

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12
Q

A non-structural carbohydrate with linear alpha 1,4 linkages

A

amylose

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13
Q

A structural carbohydrate with linear beta 1,4 linkages

A

cellulose

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14
Q

The initial step in the process of cellular respiration in animals is

A

glycolysis

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15
Q

In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is

A

oxygen

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16
Q

Main sequence of events during glycolysis

A

Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> TCA cycle

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17
Q

The supply of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

A

gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

In anaerobic fermentation

A
  • O is limited or absent
  • the final electron acceptors are reduced end products
  • amount of ATP produced is less compared with aerobic respiration
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19
Q

The primary source of energy for ruminants is

A

short chain fatty acids

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20
Q

Ruminants get the majority of their metabolizable protein from

A

microbes

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21
Q

during the digestion of food, what process results in release of energy and heat (is exergonic)

A

catabolism

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22
Q

What is the source of 6 carbon sugars

A

the assimilation of water and CO2 in plants

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23
Q

Esterification of fatty acids is possible because of the presence of

A

the carboxyl group

24
Q

This person is known for establishing the chemical basis of nutrition in a respiration experiment

A

Antoine Lavoisier

25
Q

Nutrient commonly found in the smallest amount in diets; an inorganic nutrient

A

minerals

26
Q

The main form of storage carbohydrate in plants is

A

starch

27
Q

The amount of energy expressed in calories that an animal needs to keep the body functioning at rest

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

28
Q

When comparing/contrasting feed ingredients it is recommended to do it on a ____basis.

A

Dry matter

29
Q

A feed has a crude protein content of 4% on an as fed basis. If the dry matter content of
that feed is 20% what is the crude protein content on a dry matter basis?

A

20% (divide AF by DM content, so 4/20= 0.2 x 100%= 20%)

30
Q

During absorptive period, glucose would be actively absorbed into blood from the

A

gut

31
Q

During post-absorptive period, glucose enters blood from

A
  • glycogen breakdown in the liver
  • glycerol from adipose tissue
  • gluconeogenesis using amino acids
32
Q

Problems with excess nutrients

A 
excess waste products impact the environment
feed cost (70% of animal production costs)
33
Q

Interconversion of nutrients to supply energy

A

metabolism

34
Q

assimilation of new chemicals for structure and function; uses energy; endergonic reaction

A

anabolism

35
Q

What factors might affect nutrient use by animals

A

intake, gut environment, digestion and absorption

36
Q

Glycolysis has two stages, an energy requiring stage and an energy releasing stage. During the energy requiring stage, glucose is converted to this important 3 carbon compound:

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

37
Q

The two main hormones regulating blood glucose homeostasis are:

A

Insulin and Glucagon

38
Q

An enlarged liver due to hyperglycemia is called:

A

hepatomegaly

39
Q

Under normal conditions insulin facilitates glucose uptake in this tissue:

A

liver, muscle and heart

40
Q

During the energy releasing phase of glycolysis, besides ATP and pyruvate, what other compounds are formed that eventually are also a source of energy?

A

hydrogen or reducing equivalents

41
Q

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together via a glycosidic bond by this reaction:

A

dehydration

42
Q

During the post-absorptive state:

A

catabolic conversion of glycogen and triglyceride is the major source of energy

43
Q

During intestinal digestion this reaction results in the splitting of a disaccharide:

A

hydrolysis

44
Q

This protein molecule facilitates insulin to transport glucose inside cells:

A

Glut 4

45
Q

An abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease is referred to as:

A

polydipsia

46
Q

These metabolites are present in blood at various levels and serve as alternative energy source when glucose is in low supply

A

ketone bodies

47
Q

These molecules undergo beta oxidation and enter TCA cycle or they can be converted to ketone bodies:

A

fatty acids

48
Q

An animal weighs 102 kg and requires 2000 kcal per day. What are the kcal requirements for this animal on a metabolic BW (BW^0.75) basis ?

A

62.3 kcal/kg BW^0.75

49
Q

The TCA cylce generates some ATP and additional reducing equivalents. Which pathway in the mitochondria utilizes all of the reducing equivalents to generate more ATP?

A

electron transport chain

50
Q

Hyperglycemia is a complication that can result in:

A

anorexia, hepatomegaly, polyuria, ketonuria

51
Q

The final 3-carbon compound formed in the cytosol during the energy releasing phase of glycolysis is:

A

pyruvate

52
Q

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called:

A

glycogenolysis or glucogenesis

53
Q

This sugar is found in large amounts in the semen of males and fetal fluids of ungulates (cattle, sheep, and pigs):

A

fructose

54
Q

This hormone moves glucose into cells thereby lowering concentration of glucose in blood:

A

insulin

55
Q

The absorptive state is characterized by:

A

hyperglycemia and lipemia

storage of excess glucose as glycogen and triglycerides

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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