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Animal Nutrition > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Process of glucose metabolism in ruminants

A

feed nutrients are converted into short-chained fatty acids through microbial fermentation, then the SCFA in the rumen are absorbed into blood circulation

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2
Q

Process of glucose metabolism in non-ruminants

A

feed nutrients are converted into glucose through digestive enzymes; the glucose in the small intestines absorbs into blood circulation

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3
Q

An important buffer

A

saliva (breaks down food and controls pH)

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4
Q

Why do the microbes in ruminants need an anaerobic environment?

A

Too much oxygen kills microbes

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5
Q

How is the symbiotic relationship between ruminants and their microbes mutualism?

A

Ruminants provide housing and feed (cellulose) while the microbes provide SCFA and protein (through being digested)

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6
Q

Major source of metabolizable energy

A

SCFA

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7
Q

Major source of metabolizable protein

A

microbes

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8
Q

important SCFA

A

acetic acid (2C); propionic acid (3C); butyric acid (4C); when H on COOH is gone they become: acetate, propionate and butyrate

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9
Q

When pH is low there is primarily _______ and the absorption rate is much higher.

A

acetic acid (has OH group)

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10
Q

When pH is high there is primarily _______ and the absorption rate is much lower

A

acetate (has O-)

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11
Q

Two primary lipogenic fatty acids

A

acetate and butyrate

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12
Q

What is propionate?

A

gluconeogenic

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13
Q

Is increased propionate a good thing or a bad thing? why?

A

Good thing; propionate is a major glucose source

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14
Q

What is the relationship between the amount of grain in a diet and pH?

A

Increased grain decreases pH due to the increased amount of fermentation (grain contains fermentable starch)

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15
Q

Milk fat and acetyl coA come from

A

acetate

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16
Q

Propionate goes to

A

the liver and then converts to glucose

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17
Q

Beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA- a ketone body) comes from

A

butyrate

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18
Q

Why are high starch/high grain diets susceptible to rumen acidosis

A

rapid fermentation leads to decreased pH in rumen. After a pH of 6 or lower, lactic acid production occurs then leading to disruption in rumen function

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19
Q

Causes most damage economically to the animal industry; pH is about 5.5; decreased intake, gain, and feed efficiency; difficult to observe

A

Subclinical rumen acidosis

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20
Q

pH is less than 5; increased lactic acid, damage to papillae; microbial death and release of endotoxins; observable

A

Clinical rumen acidosis

21
Q

Glycolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and lipoproteins are all

A

compound lipids

22
Q

Dietary component with the slowest rate of digestion in the rumen

A

cellulose

23
Q

Dietary lipids exist primarily in this form

A

Triacylglyerides

24
Q

Triglycerides are made from these two molecules

A

fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

Which of the following lipids were discovered in brain extracts and named after the mythological sphinx:

A

sphingolipids

26
Q

Fatty acids are highly reduced, which means they have a high concentration of:

A

Hydrogens

27
Q

Make up the largest fraction (98%) of lipids in animal feeds

A

simple lipids (fats and oils)

28
Q

esters of glycerol with a CHO; serve as markers for cell recognition and as an energy source

A

glycolipids

29
Q

linked with proteins; synthesized in small intestine and liver; HDL (good) and LDL

A

lipoproteins

30
Q

Have higher melting points; pack tightly; have no double bonds

A

saturated fats

31
Q

Bend and pack in a less ordered way with greater potential for motion; have one or more double bonds

A

unsaturated fats

32
Q

2 indispensable essential fatty acids. 18:2 and 18:3

A

Linoleic (18:2; omega 6) and alpha-Lionolenic(18:3; omega 3)

33
Q

Name 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

34
Q

Ketone bodies can be used as a source of energy during excess beta oxidation of fatty acids T/F

A

True

35
Q

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids results in the generation of acetyl CoA. What is the fate of the acetyl CoA molecule?

A

It can enter the TCA cycle and it can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver

36
Q

_____ are responsible for delivering cholesterol to the cells whereas _____ carry cholesterol away from cells and return it to the liver

A

LDL; HDL

37
Q

These lipids are critical for transporting hydrophobic molecules in the body

A

Lipoproteins

38
Q

The process by which chylomicrons are transported into the lymphatic system

A

Exocytosis

39
Q

Dietary linoleic acid is converted by rumen microbes into intermediary FA isomers that are collectively called

A

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

40
Q

Omega 3 fatty acid

A

Linolenic

41
Q

In ruminants, unsaturated fatty acids are predominantly

A

Biohydrogenated

42
Q

Protein quality refers to

A

amino acid composition and digestibility

43
Q

A common intermediary formed dring the breakdown of protein and is toxic to animals

A

Ammonia

44
Q

A good source of dietary non-protein nitrogen is

A

urea

45
Q

Arginine and taurine are required by

A

cats

46
Q

These lipids are present in high concentrations in forages

A

Galactolipids and Glycolipids

47
Q

In aqueous solutions, amino acids exist as dipolar ions also known as

A

zwitter ions

48
Q

an essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration
in relation to the body’s needs

A

limiting amino acid

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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