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Animal Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Property of water that makes it possible for transporting nutrients

A

Water being an excellent solvent

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2
Q

Property of water that helps regulate temperature in the environments(*heat=end product of cell metabolism)

A

Water having a high heat capacity

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3
Q

Property of water that animals use to cool off; sweat absorbs excess body heat which is released in the atmosphere in evaporative cooling

A

Water’s high heat of vaporization

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4
Q

Responsible for surface tension

A

Cohesive water property

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5
Q

Allows water to stick to substances other than itself

A

Adhesive property of water

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6
Q

H20 content in a fat-free body

A

72-75%

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7
Q

Pore-mediated flow, rapid, temperature insensitive

A

Water flowing between aquaporins/ through aquaporin channels

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8
Q

Liquid diffusion, slow, temperature sensitive

A

Water moving through lipid bilayer

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9
Q

What % of milk is water?

A

80%

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10
Q

Which requires more daily water intake, a lactating animal or a maintenance animal?

A

Lactating. Milk production results in more water loss

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11
Q

3 sources of water for animals

A

Drinking water, feed water, metabolic water

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12
Q

Forage with the highest water content

A

Pasture

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13
Q

Greatest amount of H2O release during metabolism

A

Fat

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14
Q

Animal that stays hydrated by its skin, which pulls water away from moist grains against gravity to its mouth

A

Thorny Devil (lizard)

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15
Q

Most water loss is from (why?)

A

Urine (75-85% total loss) in order to reduce/remove ammonia waste product from metabolism that’s toxic to the animal

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16
Q

Loss of water through skin and lungs

A

Sweating and respiration; insensible perspiration

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17
Q

Is undigestable feed higher in ruminants or monogastrics?

A

Ruminants; because they consume forages with higher cell wall content

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18
Q

How long is water turnover in ruminants? Non ruminants ?

A

In ruminants: 7 days (more capacity)

Non-ruminants have more rapid turnover since they have less water in the GIT

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19
Q

Can go 6-7 months without water; tolerate 30% of body water loss; has elliptical blood cells; low urine output; low fecal water content; temp range 93 to 105 F; consume 30 gallons of water in 13 minutes

A

Camels

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20
Q

Constant body temp except periods when temp can vary (hibernation, torpor)

A

Heterothermy (ex. Camels)

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21
Q

What % of water is intracellular inside the body?

A

50%

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22
Q

What % of water is extracellular in the body?

A

20%

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23
Q

What % of water is interstitial (extracellular, around the cell)

A

15%

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24
Q

What % of water is in plasma (extracellular, intravascular)

A

5%

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25
Q

Where is water absorption mainly occuring?

A

Small intestine and large intestine

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26
Q

Feces accounts for what % of water loss?

A

55-65% (not as high as urination)

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27
Q

Increased levels of what will result in greater water loss? (3 things)

A
  1. An increase in glucose, ketones, and urea (increased loss via urination)
  2. Higher ambient temperatures
  3. Fecal loss increases with undigested feed (undigested feeds require more h2o)
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28
Q

How does protein affect water loss

A

Excess protein results in excess ammonia and therefore more urination (more water to dilute urea)

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29
Q

How is water loss related to body size?

A

Positively (large animals have more water loss than smaller animals)

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30
Q

What is a metabolic source of water in camels?

A

Brown fat located in the hump(s)

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31
Q

pH is a log function of the hydrogen ion concentration. This means that:

A

pH and hydrogen ion concentration have a non-linear relationship

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32
Q

pH that works best for cells and enzymes

A

7.4

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33
Q

stops pH from rising or falling too quickly

A

buffer

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34
Q

constantly produced by cells during normal metabolism

A

CO2 and H+

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35
Q

Excess CO2 (what’s done with it?)

A

is blown off by lungs

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36
Q

Excess HCO3 (bicarbonate- a common buffer)

A

is excreted by the kidneys

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37
Q

Function as an acid or base

A

amphoteric

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38
Q

A high free hydrogen ion concentration is beneficial for:

A

initiating protein digestion in the stomach

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39
Q

How do microbes remove H+ ions?

A

By making methane which keeps pH from dropping too low

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40
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin results in polioencephalomalacia in ruminants:

A

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

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41
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin results in scurvy/sailor’s disease

A

absorbic acid (Vitamin C)

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42
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin results in rickets

A

Vitamin D

43
Q

The active form of vitamin D is:

A

1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol

44
Q

The most abundant bufferring system in animals is:

A

H2CO3 + HCO3

45
Q

This unit expresses vitamin requirement as related to the biological activity of the parent compound:

A

IU

46
Q

decreases with a decrease in environmental temperature
increases with an increase in the undigestible fraction in the diet
decreases with a decrease in concentration of ketones, glucose and urea

A

Water loss in animals (all true; water loss does not decrease with a decrease in animal body weight)

47
Q

best describes the physiological pH:

A

pH = -log10 (40 x 10-9) = 7.4

48
Q

Vitamins that can be synthesized by animals (2)

A

niacin and Vitamin D

49
Q

Are vitamins dispensable or indispensable in ruminants? non-ruminants?

A

dispensable in ruminants (microbes produce vitamins) and indispensable in non-ruminants

50
Q

Concentrated feeds mostly have what vitamins?

A

B vitamins

51
Q

Forage with the most vitamin content

A

fresh grass

52
Q

Require a chemical change to function as vitamins

A

provitamins (ex. carotenes and vit A)

53
Q

2 ketogenic amino acids

A

Lysine and Leucine

54
Q

What thermodynamics principle links energy to mass?

A

Theory of relativity

55
Q

The inefficiency of energy use by animal cells is attributed primarily to:

A

production of heat during digestion and metabolism

56
Q

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate the concentration of this mineral:

A

Calcium

57
Q

Subtracting fecal energy content from feed energy provides an estimate of:

A

digestible energy (DE)

58
Q

Which of the following animal will have a larger HI (Heat Increment)? rat, cat, cow, dog or pig?

A

cow (largest animal and a pre and post-gastric fermenter)

59
Q

Which vitamin is also a hormone and required for absorption of Ca from the gut?

A

Vitamin D (produced in kidneys)

60
Q

Dietary amino acids undergo several metabolic reactions that include:

A

transamination, gluconeogenesis, and urea synthesis

61
Q

What is the significance of protein turnover?

A

It is a major determinant of BW gain in animals
It is required for production of rapidly growing cells
It plays an important role in adaptation to fasting and infections

62
Q

What is/are the source(s) of heat increment?

A

nutrient digestion and fermentation in the gut, waste product formation, and nutrient metabolism in cells and tissues of the body

63
Q

Indirect calorimetry:

A

measures heat production as a function of O2 and CO2 (accounts for respiration unlike direct calorimetry)

64
Q

Direct calorimetry:

A

estimates total heat directly produced from an animal housed inside a calorimeter and can measure the amount of heat that’s transferred to water

65
Q

Where do cats get their vitamin A from?

A

from their meat they consume (indispensable vitamin); they also do not make vit D so that’s included in diet, but they can form cholesterol from consumed vit D

66
Q

Mineral needed in small amounts and spread evenly to avoid toxicity

A

Selenium

67
Q

99% stored in bones, 2:1 ratio with P, controls nerve and muscle excitability, aids in blood coagulation

A

Calcium

68
Q

Hypocalcemia is

A

milk fever; nutritional disorder due to low calcium levels; can be fatal

69
Q

Protect cells from damage from oxidation and examples of these

A

Antioxidants; vit E, vit C, Beta-Carotene, vit A, Selenium

70
Q

What is gross energy measured in?

A

bomb calorimeters

71
Q

Subtracting urine energy and gaseous energy from GE

A

Metabolizable energy

72
Q

Accounting for heat increment loss from GE

A

Net energy

73
Q

An animal that’s pregnant likely has (relating to N intake)

A

Positive N balance state ( N intake is greater than excretion of N)

74
Q

An animal that’s stressed out or sick likely has (relating to N intake)

A

Negative N balance state (N intake is less than excretion)

75
Q

When N intake is about the same as excretion, there is a

A

Zero N balance State

76
Q

AA production accounts for how much energy production (in %)

A

10-15% (this is why you don’t increase protein to meet energy requirements)

77
Q

What happens to excess protein content?

A

it goes towards the energy cycle

78
Q

How do you calculate biological value (BV)?

A

[Nitrogen intake(NI)-(Fecal N(FN)-Metabolic Fecal N(MFN) ) - (Urinary N(UN) - Endogenous UN)] divided by [NI - (FN-MFN)] X 100

79
Q

How do you calculate Net Protein Value (NPV)?

A

[NI - (FN - MFN) - (UN - EUN)] divided by NI X 100 (same as equation for BV except divisor is NI instead of NI - (FN-MFN)

80
Q

Least refractory material

A

animal feed

81
Q

high refractory material

A

herbage (has high cell wall content)

82
Q

Animals that consume low cell wall diets are likely to have

A

small stomachs

83
Q

Animals that contain high cell wall content are likely to have

A

larger stomachs

84
Q

Example of an animal that’s a foregut fermenter (aside from cattle and other ruminants)

A

Colobus monkey

85
Q

Bird with fermentation in the gut similar to a cow

A

Hoatzin

86
Q

Gastric capacity is greatest in

A

pre-gastric fermenters

87
Q

Enzyme present in the saliva of omnivores and carnivores

A

amylase

88
Q

Enzyme present in the saliva of a nursing animal

A

lipase

89
Q

Allows food to enter the stomach; humans lack a true one

A

sphincter

90
Q

3 secretory cell types

A

mucus-secreting, Parietal cells(secrete HCl and intrinsic factor), Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)

91
Q

Necessary for B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

92
Q

An easy estimate of protein quality and measured by recording body weight gain and dividing by the amount of protein consumed

A

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

93
Q

T/F all animals have some degree of microbial fermentation in their GI tracts

A

True

94
Q

Measure of efficiency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein. Fraction of absorbed N in body for maintenance and growth. One measure of protein quality and is calculated as % of N absorbed

A

Biological value

95
Q

Expressed as a fraction of total N retained in the body

A

Net protein Utilization/Value

96
Q

An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g, respectively. How much N was absorbed?

A

20.5

You get N absorbed by subtracting fecal N from total N (22-1.5= 20.5); urinary N is negligible here

97
Q

An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g respectively. How much N was retained?

A

18.5

N retained is found by subtract urinary and fecal N from total N (22-1.5-2=18.5)

98
Q

How can some animals with hindsight fermentation benefit from microbial fermentation products?

A

Coprophagy

99
Q

In horses, this band of tissue separated the nom-glandular from the glandular region in the stomach

A

Margo plicatus

100
Q

To measure N balance in animals one must determine (4 things)

A

Total urinary N
Total fecal N
Endogenous urinary N
Metabolic N

101
Q

What factors are important to determine protein quality of a feed

A

Amino acid composition, digestibility, and bioavailability

102
Q

Which region of the gastrointestinal tract shows the least amount of variation across animal species

A

Small intestine

103
Q

Amylase is absent in (animal group)

A

Carnivores (etc. Dogs and cats)

104
Q

Salivary enzyme present in nursing animals

A

Lipase

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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