Exam 3 Flashcards
Property of water that makes it possible for transporting nutrients
Water being an excellent solvent
Property of water that helps regulate temperature in the environments(*heat=end product of cell metabolism)
Water having a high heat capacity
Property of water that animals use to cool off; sweat absorbs excess body heat which is released in the atmosphere in evaporative cooling
Water’s high heat of vaporization
Responsible for surface tension
Cohesive water property
Allows water to stick to substances other than itself
Adhesive property of water
H20 content in a fat-free body
72-75%
Pore-mediated flow, rapid, temperature insensitive
Water flowing between aquaporins/ through aquaporin channels
Liquid diffusion, slow, temperature sensitive
Water moving through lipid bilayer
What % of milk is water?
80%
Which requires more daily water intake, a lactating animal or a maintenance animal?
Lactating. Milk production results in more water loss
3 sources of water for animals
Drinking water, feed water, metabolic water
Forage with the highest water content
Pasture
Greatest amount of H2O release during metabolism
Fat
Animal that stays hydrated by its skin, which pulls water away from moist grains against gravity to its mouth
Thorny Devil (lizard)
Most water loss is from (why?)
Urine (75-85% total loss) in order to reduce/remove ammonia waste product from metabolism that’s toxic to the animal
Loss of water through skin and lungs
Sweating and respiration; insensible perspiration
Is undigestable feed higher in ruminants or monogastrics?
Ruminants; because they consume forages with higher cell wall content
How long is water turnover in ruminants? Non ruminants ?
In ruminants: 7 days (more capacity)
Non-ruminants have more rapid turnover since they have less water in the GIT
Can go 6-7 months without water; tolerate 30% of body water loss; has elliptical blood cells; low urine output; low fecal water content; temp range 93 to 105 F; consume 30 gallons of water in 13 minutes
Camels
Constant body temp except periods when temp can vary (hibernation, torpor)
Heterothermy (ex. Camels)
What % of water is intracellular inside the body?
50%
What % of water is extracellular in the body?
20%
What % of water is interstitial (extracellular, around the cell)
15%
What % of water is in plasma (extracellular, intravascular)
5%
Where is water absorption mainly occuring?
Small intestine and large intestine
Feces accounts for what % of water loss?
55-65% (not as high as urination)
Increased levels of what will result in greater water loss? (3 things)
- An increase in glucose, ketones, and urea (increased loss via urination)
- Higher ambient temperatures
- Fecal loss increases with undigested feed (undigested feeds require more h2o)
How does protein affect water loss
Excess protein results in excess ammonia and therefore more urination (more water to dilute urea)
How is water loss related to body size?
Positively (large animals have more water loss than smaller animals)
What is a metabolic source of water in camels?
Brown fat located in the hump(s)
pH is a log function of the hydrogen ion concentration. This means that:
pH and hydrogen ion concentration have a non-linear relationship
pH that works best for cells and enzymes
7.4
stops pH from rising or falling too quickly
buffer
constantly produced by cells during normal metabolism
CO2 and H+
Excess CO2 (what’s done with it?)
is blown off by lungs
Excess HCO3 (bicarbonate- a common buffer)
is excreted by the kidneys
Function as an acid or base
amphoteric
A high free hydrogen ion concentration is beneficial for:
initiating protein digestion in the stomach
How do microbes remove H+ ions?
By making methane which keeps pH from dropping too low
A deficiency of this vitamin results in polioencephalomalacia in ruminants:
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
A deficiency of this vitamin results in scurvy/sailor’s disease
absorbic acid (Vitamin C)
A deficiency of this vitamin results in rickets
Vitamin D
The active form of vitamin D is:
1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol
The most abundant bufferring system in animals is:
H2CO3 + HCO3
This unit expresses vitamin requirement as related to the biological activity of the parent compound:
IU
decreases with a decrease in environmental temperature
increases with an increase in the undigestible fraction in the diet
decreases with a decrease in concentration of ketones, glucose and urea
Water loss in animals (all true; water loss does not decrease with a decrease in animal body weight)
best describes the physiological pH:
pH = -log10 (40 x 10-9) = 7.4
Vitamins that can be synthesized by animals (2)
niacin and Vitamin D
Are vitamins dispensable or indispensable in ruminants? non-ruminants?
dispensable in ruminants (microbes produce vitamins) and indispensable in non-ruminants
Concentrated feeds mostly have what vitamins?
B vitamins
Forage with the most vitamin content
fresh grass
Require a chemical change to function as vitamins
provitamins (ex. carotenes and vit A)
2 ketogenic amino acids
Lysine and Leucine
What thermodynamics principle links energy to mass?
Theory of relativity
The inefficiency of energy use by animal cells is attributed primarily to:
production of heat during digestion and metabolism
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate the concentration of this mineral:
Calcium
Subtracting fecal energy content from feed energy provides an estimate of:
digestible energy (DE)
Which of the following animal will have a larger HI (Heat Increment)? rat, cat, cow, dog or pig?
cow (largest animal and a pre and post-gastric fermenter)
Which vitamin is also a hormone and required for absorption of Ca from the gut?
Vitamin D (produced in kidneys)
Dietary amino acids undergo several metabolic reactions that include:
transamination, gluconeogenesis, and urea synthesis
What is the significance of protein turnover?
It is a major determinant of BW gain in animals
It is required for production of rapidly growing cells
It plays an important role in adaptation to fasting and infections
What is/are the source(s) of heat increment?
nutrient digestion and fermentation in the gut, waste product formation, and nutrient metabolism in cells and tissues of the body
Indirect calorimetry:
measures heat production as a function of O2 and CO2 (accounts for respiration unlike direct calorimetry)
Direct calorimetry:
estimates total heat directly produced from an animal housed inside a calorimeter and can measure the amount of heat that’s transferred to water
Where do cats get their vitamin A from?
from their meat they consume (indispensable vitamin); they also do not make vit D so that’s included in diet, but they can form cholesterol from consumed vit D
Mineral needed in small amounts and spread evenly to avoid toxicity
Selenium
99% stored in bones, 2:1 ratio with P, controls nerve and muscle excitability, aids in blood coagulation
Calcium
Hypocalcemia is
milk fever; nutritional disorder due to low calcium levels; can be fatal
Protect cells from damage from oxidation and examples of these
Antioxidants; vit E, vit C, Beta-Carotene, vit A, Selenium
What is gross energy measured in?
bomb calorimeters
Subtracting urine energy and gaseous energy from GE
Metabolizable energy
Accounting for heat increment loss from GE
Net energy
An animal that’s pregnant likely has (relating to N intake)
Positive N balance state ( N intake is greater than excretion of N)
An animal that’s stressed out or sick likely has (relating to N intake)
Negative N balance state (N intake is less than excretion)
When N intake is about the same as excretion, there is a
Zero N balance State
AA production accounts for how much energy production (in %)
10-15% (this is why you don’t increase protein to meet energy requirements)
What happens to excess protein content?
it goes towards the energy cycle
How do you calculate biological value (BV)?
[Nitrogen intake(NI)-(Fecal N(FN)-Metabolic Fecal N(MFN) ) - (Urinary N(UN) - Endogenous UN)] divided by [NI - (FN-MFN)] X 100
How do you calculate Net Protein Value (NPV)?
[NI - (FN - MFN) - (UN - EUN)] divided by NI X 100 (same as equation for BV except divisor is NI instead of NI - (FN-MFN)
Least refractory material
animal feed
high refractory material
herbage (has high cell wall content)
Animals that consume low cell wall diets are likely to have
small stomachs
Animals that contain high cell wall content are likely to have
larger stomachs
Example of an animal that’s a foregut fermenter (aside from cattle and other ruminants)
Colobus monkey
Bird with fermentation in the gut similar to a cow
Hoatzin
Gastric capacity is greatest in
pre-gastric fermenters
Enzyme present in the saliva of omnivores and carnivores
amylase
Enzyme present in the saliva of a nursing animal
lipase
Allows food to enter the stomach; humans lack a true one
sphincter
3 secretory cell types
mucus-secreting, Parietal cells(secrete HCl and intrinsic factor), Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
Necessary for B12 absorption
Intrinsic Factor (IF)
An easy estimate of protein quality and measured by recording body weight gain and dividing by the amount of protein consumed
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
T/F all animals have some degree of microbial fermentation in their GI tracts
True
Measure of efficiency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein. Fraction of absorbed N in body for maintenance and growth. One measure of protein quality and is calculated as % of N absorbed
Biological value
Expressed as a fraction of total N retained in the body
Net protein Utilization/Value
An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g, respectively. How much N was absorbed?
20.5
You get N absorbed by subtracting fecal N from total N (22-1.5= 20.5); urinary N is negligible here
An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g respectively. How much N was retained?
18.5
N retained is found by subtract urinary and fecal N from total N (22-1.5-2=18.5)
How can some animals with hindsight fermentation benefit from microbial fermentation products?
Coprophagy
In horses, this band of tissue separated the nom-glandular from the glandular region in the stomach
Margo plicatus
To measure N balance in animals one must determine (4 things)
Total urinary N
Total fecal N
Endogenous urinary N
Metabolic N
What factors are important to determine protein quality of a feed
Amino acid composition, digestibility, and bioavailability
Which region of the gastrointestinal tract shows the least amount of variation across animal species
Small intestine
Amylase is absent in (animal group)
Carnivores (etc. Dogs and cats)
Salivary enzyme present in nursing animals
Lipase
