[LAB] Glossary of Terms Flashcards
from lab manual :D
type of air composed of approximately 78% nitrogen, 2% oxygen, and 1% other substances such as carbon, helium, and other gases
ambient air
a substance naturally produced by a microorganism that is able to kill or inhibit other microbes
antibiotic
a filter paper disk impregnated with an antibiotic solution and allowed to dry
antibiotic disk
a laboratory procedure performed by medical technologists to identify which antimicrobials are specifically effective for treating infections
antimicrobial susceptibility test
a chemical substance able to destroy or inhibit pathogens that can be safely applied on skin and mucous membranes
antiseptic
procedures performed to prevent contamination of cultures, culture media, and other sterile materials used in the laboratory
aseptic technique
ATCC is also known as?
American Type Culture Collection
nonprofit organization based in the United States that collects, stores, and
distributes reference microorganisms and other related materials for
research and development.
ATCC or American Type Culture Collection
an effective method of sterilizing the apparatus and materials such
as culture media used in the laboratory. It uses steam and pressure
to destroy microorganisms including spores.
autoclaving
in bacteriology, autoclaving is set at ______ degrees Celsius at _____ psi for ___-____ minutes?
121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes.
autoclaving uses _____ and ____ to destroy microorganisms including spores.
steam and pressure
an agent or substance capable of effectively killing bacteria
bactericidal
an agent or substance capable of suppressing the growth of bacteria
bacteriostatic
a culture medium containing the basic nutrients for growth of bacteria
basal medium
give 2 examples for basal medium.
nutrient agar
trypticase soy agar
a culture medium used to demonstrate biochemical reactions such as
sugar fermentation of bacteria. Common biochemical media include
triple sugar iron agar and lysine iron agar.
biochemical medium
give 2 common biochemical medium
triple sugar iron (TSI)
lysine iron agar (LIA)
a structured group of microorganisms adhering to environmental
surfaces and encased within a extracellular polysaccharide matrix
biofilm
also known as biological hazard, this is any biological substance that
pose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms.
biohazard
is a designated ventilated laboratory workspace that allows laboratory workers to safely handle infectious material or materials contaminated with pathogens. The biological safety cabinet also minimizes contamination of specimens
biological safety cabinet
an optical microscope composed of multiple lenses that uses visible
light to produce a dark image against a bright background
bright field light microscope
a culture medium that contains no solidifying agent and exists in a
form of a liquid
broth
also known as deep, is a type of tubed culture medium used to allow growth of anaerobic bacteria. It is inoculated by stabbing the medium using a needle.
butt
butt is also known as _____ ?
deep
a tubed medium similar to a slant but has a deep zone
butt slant
This medium allows the bacteria to grow in an aerobic environment on the slant surface and in an anaerobic environment
on the butt.
butt slant
It is used to provide a capnophilic environment for certain fastidious
organisms such as Neisseria and Streptococcus
candle jar
an apparatus composed of a glass jar with lid and a white candle.
candle jar
bacteria that require increased amounts of CO, (5-10%) for growth
capnophilic
It is anti-phagocytic and considered a virulence factor for certain types of bacteria.
capsule
a highly organized structure usually composed of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell wall of certain bacteria such as Klebsiella and pneumococci.
capsule
a protective layer composed of disaccharides and peptides surrounding the cell membrane of most bacteria
cell wall
CLSI stands for???
Clinical Laboratory Science Institute
T/F: CLSI is a governmental organization based in the US
F.
non governmental org based in the US
what is the the visible result in a positive slide coagulase test?
clumping
it is also known as clot; the visible result in a positive tube coagulase test
coagulum
it is a non-governmental organization based in the United States that promotes
the development and use of laboratory standards and guidelines used in healthcare.
CLSI
a culture technique Involving incubation at 4°C to allow growth of organism such as Yersenia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes from fecal samples
cold enrichment
are gram-negative bacilli that are present in the digestive tracts of animals and humans. The presence of these bacteria may suggest fecal contamination of water and food
coliform
In cold enrichment culture technique, what organism/s do we allow to grow?
Yersenia enterocolitica
Listeria monocytogenes
In cold enrichment culture technique, what is the incubation temperature?
4°C
a visible crop of growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium
colony
what unit do we use in reporting the colony count?
CFU/mL
a measurement of the growth of bacteria in clinical specimens such as urine that has been cultured for 24-48 hours.
colony count
pertains to a type of growth on the agar surface wherein it is continuous, unifrom, and the colonies are not discerete or separated; there should be no individual colonies growing on the surface
confluent
microbes that are foreign and have infiltrated pure cultures
contaminant
What organism is the common contaminant in laboratory cultures?
Bacillus subtilis
a type of culture wherein bacteria from a foreign /outside source have infiltrated the growth medium
contaminated culture
also known as a secondary stain; it is used for contrast in staining procedures such as Gram Stain and Acid Fast Stain
counterstain
microbes growing in a medium
culture
any medium that provides the necessary requirements for the growth of the microorganism
culture medium
also known as differentiation; process of removal of excess primary
stain in differential staining techniques such as Gram stain
decolorization
the process of removing accumulated contaminants on inanimate
objects and on personnel
decontamination
a type of culture medium that allows groups of microorganisms to be visually distinguished by the appearance of the colony or the surrounding media, usually based on biochemical reactions such as fermentation of sugars
differential medium
smears prepared from clinical specimens to assess the predominant bacteria and other important cells and structures
direct smear
any chemical substances or compounds employed to destroy or inactivate microorganisms on inanimate objects
disinfectant
the process of destruction of microorganisms except for spores and
prions
disinfection
process of pouring molten or liquid culture media into glassware such as Petri dishes or test tubes
dispensing
a basal medium added with supplements such as blood or serum
enriched medium
culture medium employed to enhance the growth of pathogens, such as
Shigella, Salmonella, and Vibrio
enrichment broth
bacteria that are able to survive in the presence and absence of oxygen
facultative anaerobe
bacteria that are difficult to cultivate in the laboratory due to their complex nutritional and/or environmental requirements
fastidious
a bacterial species capable of breaking/metabolizing sugars in the absence of oxygen
fermenter
process of aseptically picking an isolated colony, using a sterile loop or needle from a plated medium
fishing-out
the process of preserving the morphology of bacterial cells by means of heat or alcohols such as methanol
fixation
long, filamentous proteinaceous structures used by bacteria for
locomotion
flagella
a process wherein there is a use of an open flame to sterilize inoculating loops and needles
flame sterilization
refers to a step in staining wherein a prepared smear is covered entirely with a staining solution for a set amount of time
flooding
an inanimate/nonliving object capable of allowing a microbe to survive. Examples include tables, pens, and test tubes.
fomite
a sterilization process wherein materials are repeatedly exposed to moist heat (steam) at intervals.
fractional sterilization
properties/characteristics that pertain to the DNA and RNA makeup of an organism
genotypic characteristics
HEPA stands for?
High Efficiency Particulate Air
it is a type of air filter that can theoretically remove at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, molds, bacteria, and airborne particles
HEPA
size of HEPA Filter?
a. 0.1 um
b. 0.2 um
c. 0.3 um
d. 0.4 um
c. 0.3 um
a clear oil that has specific optical and viscosity characteristics necessary for use in microscopy. It increases the resolving power of the microscope.
immersion oil
What is the common immersion oil used in the laboratory?
cedarwood oil
IMViC stands for?
Indole
Methyl red
Voges-Proskauer
Citrate Utilization
a set of biochemical tests performed to readily identify certain gram negative enteric bacteria.
IMViC
the process of providing all the necessary requirements for the growth of bacterial cultures
incubation
a bacterial smear prepared from isolated colonies growing in culture media.
indirect smear
the process of introducing the microorganism (inoculum) onto the culture medium
inoculation
any microorganism, such as bacteria, to be introduced into a growith medium
inoculum
a sterilization process for high-protein media such as Lowenstein-Jensen and Loeffler’s serum slant
inspissation
the process of separating a single species of bacteria from a mixed culture or a clinical specimen
isolation
also known as four-quadrant streak method. It is a streaking method performed to obtain isolated, discrete colonies from mixed cultures.
isolation streak method
value of McFarland Standard ?
0.5
a commercially available or laboratory prepared solution used to standardize the approximate amount of bacteria or fungi in a liquid suspension.
McFarland Standard
T/F: Standardization of McFarland Standard is done by either visual or spectrophotometric comparison of the turbidity
T.
T/F: The turbidity of McFarland Standard is approximately 1.4 x 10^8 CFU/mL
F.
1.5 x 10^8 CFU/mL
bacteria that prefers growing at temperatures ranging from 20-40 or
20-45 degrees Celsius
mesophilic
bacteria that require reduced amounts of oxygen for growth.
microaerophilic
Microaerophilic bacteria require __-__% oxygen.
5-10%
give 2 organisms that require a microaerophilic condition?
C. jejuni
H. pylori
organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye
microbe
lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that produces 99.9%
killing or a reduction of 99.9% of the visible colony-forming units.
minimum bactericidal concentration
lowest amount of antimicrobial that can inhibit the visible growth of microorganism after an 18-24 hour incubation.
minimum inhibitory concentration
MIC or minimum inhibitory concentration is usually expressed as ______ ?
ug/mL
a type of culture containing more than one species of microorganism
mixed culture
bacterial CHARACTERISTIC of an organism in a culture medium that is detectable using a light microscope or with the use of a semisolid medium
motility
a method for estimating the number of
bacteria in a food or water sample. A statistical method used to identify coliform contamination of water samples.
MPN or Most Probable Number
an organism requiring approximately 15-21% oxygen for growth in a culture medium
obligate aerobe
bacteria that are able to metabolize/breakdown sugars in the
presence of oxygen
oxidizer
a method of classifying microorganism based on cell structure, cellular metabolism, and differences in cellular components
phenotypic characteristics
obligate aerobe organism require approximately __-__% of oxygen
15-21%
covering the opening of a test tube or Erlenmeyer flask by means of
a cotton plug or gauze plug in preparation for autoclaving
plugging
the first stain laid over a smear in a differential staining procedure
primary stain
a type of culture where only one species of organism is present
pure culture
the ability of a microorganism to remain unaffected by an antimicrobial agent such that the organism is not inhibited by the
agent
resistant
is a type of culture medium that supports the growth of one group of organisms, but inhibits other groups of organisms. Inhibitors such as antimicrobials, dyes, or alcohol are added to achieve this.
selective medium
the form of an agar medium contained in a test tube that is allowed
to solidify at an acute angle. It is inoculated by streaking the surface
of the slant using a loop or needle.
slant
2 organisms that contain spores
Bacillus and Clostridium
It is used as an indicator for the effectiveness
of sterilizing equipment.
spore strip
a specialized tape that contains bacterial spores of B_______ s________
and G________ s________ that is adhered on materials or media for sterilization.
spore tape
Bacillus subtilis
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
oval or spherical bodies within the protoplasm of some bacteria
particularly Bacillus and Clostridium
spore
the process of introducing the microorganism into the center of a
tube medium by means of an inoculating needle
stabbing
a process of adding one or more dyes over a bacterial smear to
provide a visible contrast of the bacterial cells and the background
staining
pertains to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, a process of optimizing bacterial growth conditions so that inhibition of growth can be attributed to the antimicrobial agent against which the organism is being tested
standardization
a method of destroying microorganisms, including spores, in or on an object through heat, steam, chemicals, gas, or radiation
sterilization
the process of introducing the microorganism on the surface of a
solid medium by means of an inoculating loop or inoculating needle
streaking
(naulit?!?!?! basta nasa lab manual to)
a clinical isolate is regarded as susceptible if it is inhibited by
antimicrobial concentrations equal to or less than that required to
inhibit the control organism
susceptible
the process of marking one tube with a premeasured liquid and
using the same mark as a guide in delivering the liquid culture
medium into several test tubes
taring
TNTC stands for?
Too numerous to count
a term used in quantitative cultures
wherein there is an excessively large amount of colonies growing on
a solid medium.
TNTC or too numerous to count
a plastic laminated card with alternate thick black and white lines placed against a bacterial suspension to compare its turbidity with McFarland solution
Wickerham card
a clear zone surrounding an antibiotic disc in a confluent lawn of bacterial growth
zone of inhibition
