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A&P 1 > Lab Final PPT. Quizzes > Flashcards

Lab Final PPT. Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is highly branched, possess intercalated discs and is comprised of cells having a single nucleus?

A

smooth

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2
Q

Which cellular component/feature do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle share?

A

large number of mitochondria

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3
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of multinucleated, striated cells that are under voluntary control?

A

skeletal

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4
Q

Why do skeletal muscle cells contain high numbers of mitochondria?

A

to supply the ATP needed for skeletal muscle function

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5
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of cells that lack striations?

A

smooth

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6
Q

What transport process is used when acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft?

A

exocytosis

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7
Q

Acetylcholine is a(n) __________, which is a type of chemical released by neurons that changes the plasma membrane permeability or other properties of another cell.

A

neurotransmitter

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8
Q

What are two ways that ACh is removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

diffusion and break down by acetylcholinesterase

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9
Q

During contraction, the entire skeletal muscle shortens and produces a pull on the tendons on either end of the muscle. This is called

A

tension

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10
Q

When an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, it triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). What part of the SR releases calcium?

A

terminal cisternae

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11
Q

Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ________.

A

muscle contraction

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12
Q

_______ covers the active sites of actin prior to calcium binding to troponin.

A

tropomyosin

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13
Q

“Cocking” the myosin head requires energy. What molecule acts as an ATPase to break down ATP for the energy needed to cock the myosin head?

A

myosin

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14
Q

An action potential in the axon terminal of a motor neuron opens what type of ion channels?

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

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15
Q

Binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors on the motor end plate opens what type of ion channels?

A

chemically-gated channels

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16
Q

Once an action potential is propagated down the t-tubules, the terminal cisternae release ___________.

A

calcium ions

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17
Q

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule has a binding site for calcium ions?

A

troponin

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18
Q

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule covers the actin binding site?

A

tropomyosin

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19
Q

During events in the cross bridge cycle, which molecule has a binding site for myosin heads?

A

actin

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20
Q

What molecule must bind to the myosin head in order for it to disconnect with actin?

A

ATP

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21
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP returns the myosin molecule to the _________________________ conformation

A

high energy

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22
Q

Latin words have been used to assign descriptive names to skeletal muscles. When naming muscles, magnus means __________.

A

large

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23
Q

Latin words have been used to assign descriptive names to skeletal muscles. When naming muscles, brevis means __________.

A

short

24
Q

Using your knowledge of scientific root words, joint movements, and how muscles are named, what is the description and function of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

A

short muscle that extends the big toe

25
Q

Which of the following muscles is a circular muscle?

A

orbicularis oculi

26
Q

Which of the following muscles is a convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major

27
Q

Using your knowledge of the root word “soma”, which of the following descriptions would best define a “somatic cell”?

A

body cell

28
Q

Neurons have a structure called an axolemma. Using your knowledge of neural tissue and medical root words, prefixes, and suffixes, define axolemma

A

axons outer layer

29
Q

What neuron structure functions to propagate electrical signals (action potentials) to a target?

A

axon

30
Q

Dense areas of RER and ribosomes located in the neuron’s cell body are called __________.

A

nissl bodies

31
Q

What neuron structure receives information from other neurons?

A

dendrties

32
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neuroglial cells called _________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath, while Central Nervous System (CNS) neuroglial cells called __________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath.

A

Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes

33
Q

What CNS neuroglial cell type maintains the blood-brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

34
Q

Which CNS neuroglial cells remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis?

A

microglia

35
Q

Which type of neuroglial type would increase in number in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection?

A

microglia

36
Q

Ion channels that open or close when the membrane potential changes are called

A

Voltage gated Ion channels

37
Q

The major positive ion found in extracellular fluids; important for H2O balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction is called

A

sodium ion

38
Q

The major positive ion inside cells; important for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction is called

A

Potassium ion

39
Q

Primary active transporter that simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep gradient and pumps K+ back in is called

A

Sodium/Potassium pump

40
Q

The voltage that exists across a cell’s plasma membrane when the cell is at rest is called

A

Resting membrane potential

41
Q

A local change in membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus, and declines with distance is called

A

Graded Potential

42
Q

Feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change is called

A

Positive Feedback

43
Q

Loss of a state of polarity; a shift in the membrane potential to a less negative value is called

A

Depolarization

44
Q

Change in the membrane potential back to the initial resting (polarized) state is called

A

Repolarization

45
Q

At threshold, voltage-gated ion channels will open. This starts a positive feedback loop that results in

A

depolarization

46
Q

Identify the state of the described voltage-gated Na+ channel. The inactivation gate is open, but the activation gate is closed; no sodium ions can pass through. It is what we observe at the resting membrane potential.

A

closed

47
Q

Identify the state of the described voltage-gated Na+ channel. With sufficient depolarization, the activation gate opens, permitting sodium ions to pass through the channel.

A

open

48
Q

Identify the state of the described voltage-gated Na+ channel. This is observed during repolarization. The activation gate remains open, but the inactivation gate closes; this blocks sodium ion diffusion

A

inactivated

49
Q

During the resting state, the voltage-gated Na+ are ________ and K+ channels are ________.

A

closed:closed

50
Q

During depolarization, the voltage-gated Na+ channels are ______ and the voltage-gated K+ channels are _______.

A

open; closed

51
Q

During repolarization, the voltage-gated Na+ channels continue to _______ and the voltage-gated K+ channels are _______.

A

Inactivate; open

52
Q

During hyperpolarization, the Na+ channels __________ or close and the K+ channels remain ________.

A

inactivate; open

53
Q

During an action potential, when does membrane permeability to sodium increase most rapidly?

A

during the steepest portion of the depolarization phase

54
Q

During an action potential, when is membrane permeability to potassium the greatest?

A

during the steepest portion of the repolarization phase

55
Q

When the membrane potential of the initial segment reaches threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ moves __________ the cell causing __________.

A

into; depolarization

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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