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A&P 1 > A&P CH16 > Flashcards

A&P CH16 Flashcards

1
Q

Are signals from the visceral motor neurons in ANS involved in conscious or subconscious control of
visceral functions?

A

subconscious

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2
Q

List four visceral effectors

A

smooth muscle
glands
cardiac muscle
adipocytes

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3
Q

Where in the brain are the integrative centers for autonomic activity located?

A

the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are preganglionic neurons? Why are they called preganglionic?

A

visceral motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the axons of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons referred to as?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

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6
Q

What are postganglionic neurons? What is their destination (ie: where do they finally synapse)?

A

visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia - innervate visceral effectors - begin at the autonomic ganglia and synapse at peripheral target organs

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7
Q

In general, under what conditions does the sympathetic division of the ANS predominate? Under what
conditions does the parasympathetic division of the ANS predominate?

A

sympathetic division - prepares the body to deal with emergencies

parasympathetic - stimulates visceral activity

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8
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS? Why is it called this?

A

thoracolumbar division
its preganglionic neurons are located between segments T1-L2 of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Which division of the ANS is characterized by short preganglionic fiber, long postganglionic fibers, and
ganglia that are near the spinal cord?

A

sympathetic division

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10
Q

What three locations can sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse

A

synapse with postganglionic fibers at the sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia, synapse with the adrenal medulla

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11
Q

What structures are targeted when preganglionic fibers carrying motor commands synapse in
sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

effectors in the body wall, thoracic cavity, head, neck and limbs

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12
Q

When discussing the sympathetic division of the ANS, what is contained in the white rami
communicantes? What is contained in the grey rami communicantes?

A

white rami -myelinated preganglionic fibers

gray rami - unmyelinated postganglionic fibers

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13
Q

What structures are targeted when preganglionic fibers carrying visceral motor commands synapse in
collateral ganglia?

A

abdominopelvic tissues and viscera

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14
Q

List the three collateral ganglia. What parts of the body are innervated by the postganglionic fibers
from each collateral ganglion?

A

celiac ganglion - innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen

superior mesenteric ganglion - innervate the small intestine and the proximal 2/3 of the large intestine

inferior mesenteric ganglion - innervate kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal segments of the large intestine and sex organs

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released by secretory cells of the adrenal medulla when they synapse with
preganglionic fibers?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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16
Q

What is sympathetic activation?

A

when the entire sympathetic division responds during a crisis - controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Use image 2 in the Study Guide to answer the following questions:
A) What neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release, whether they synapse within
ganglia or synapse with the adrenal medulla?
B) What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?

A

A) E and NE
B) ACh

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18
Q

Which synapses use acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

cholinergic

19
Q

At cholinergic synapses, what is the effect on postganglionic (ganglionic) neurons?

A

excitatory

20
Q

What are varicosities? What do they contain?

A

a swollen segment at the end of the axonal telodendria branching network - packed with neurotransmitters

21
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ______________.

A

norepinephrine (NE)

22
Q

What are neurons called when they release norepinephrine?

A

adrenergic

23
Q

What enzyme breaks down norepinephrine?

A

inside varicosities - monoamine oxidase (MAO)
out of the area - catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

24
Q

Name two types of adrenergic membrane receptors

A

alpha and beta receptors

25
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at nitroxidergic synapses?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

26
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______________ division because its
preganglionic neurons are located only in the brainstem and spinal segments S2-S4

A

craniosacral

27
Q

Which division of the ANS is characterized by long preganglionic fiber, short postganglionic fibers, and
is involved in conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate?

A

parasympathetic

28
Q

Parasympathetic fibers innervate which three main regions of the body?

A

the cranial, trunk and pelvic regions

29
Q

Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75% of all parasympathetic outflow?

A

vagus

30
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons?

A

ACh

31
Q

Name two types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

32
Q

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors were named by the toxins that bind to them. What is the name of
the toxin that binds to each and what are the sources of the toxins?

A

nicotinic - nicotine : tobacco leaves

muscarinic - muscarine : poisonous mushrooms

33
Q

What is an autonomic plexus?

A

nerve networks in the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities formed by
mingled sympathetic postganglionic fibers and
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

34
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

resting level of activity of
autonomic motor neurons have

35
Q

What is the main difference between a long and short visceral reflex?

A

long reflexes - coordinate the activities of an entire organ; deliver info to CNS

short reflexes - bypass the CNS and control the activity in one part of the organ

36
Q

Which part of the brain stem contains centers and nuclei involved with salivation, swallowing,
digestive secretions, peristalsis, and urinary function?

A

processing centers in the medulla oblongata

37
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

converting a short-term
memory into along-term memory

38
Q

What two parts of the limbic system are essential for memory consolidation?

A

the amygdaloid (amygdala) and the hippocampus

39
Q

Which level of sleep occurs when you actively dream?

A

rapid eye movement (REM)

40
Q

Which part of the brain is stimulated to wake you from sleep and become alert and attentive?

A

the reticular formation and RAS

41
Q

Drugs such a Prozac and Celexa slow the removal (re-uptake) of which neurotransmitter from synapses
to help alleviate anxiety and depression. (Note: This is why these types of drugs are called SRIs-
serotonin re-uptake inhibitors)

A

serotonin

42
Q

What illness may be associated with excessive production of dopamine?

A

schizophrenia

43
Q

What disease is caused by inadequate amounts of dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

What is the most debilitating form of senile dementia called?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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