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A&P 1 > A&P CH15 > Flashcards

A&P CH15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

specialized cells or cell processes that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment

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2
Q

Where is somatic sensory information distributed to the brain? Where is visceral sensory information
distributed to the brain?

A

Somatic sensory info- distributed to sensory processing centers in the brain
Visceral sensory info- distributed primarily to reflex centers in the brainstem and diencephalon

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3
Q

Voluntary or involuntary somatic motor commands control which peripheral effector?

A

skeletal muscles

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4
Q

What is sensation and perception?

A

sensation- arriving information
perception- the conscious awareness of a sensation

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5
Q

What is the process of transduction?

A

the conversion of an arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor

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6
Q

What is receptor specificity?

A

a characteristic sensitivity of each receptor

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7
Q

Which type of receptor has the least receptor specificity?

A

free nerve endings (branching tips of dendrites)

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8
Q

Define receptive field.

A

the area monitored by a single receptor cell

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9
Q

What is the relationship between receptor field size and the ability to localize a stimulus?

A

the larger the receptive field - the poorer the ability to localize a stimulus

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10
Q

What is a labeled line?

A

the link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron

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11
Q

What are tonic receptors? What are phasic receptors?

A

tonic receptors- always active
phasic receptors- normally inactive and get activated by a stimulus: provide info about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus

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12
Q

Define adaptation.

A

a reduction of receptor sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

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13
Q

Are tonic receptors fast adapting or slow adapting? Are phasic receptors fast adapting or slow
adapting? Note: the way I remember this is that phasic is fast.

A

tonic receptors: slow-adapting receptors, show little peripheral adaptation
phasic receptors: fast-adapting receptors, peripheral adaptation responds strongly at first but activity gradually decreases

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14
Q

Which of the following situations describe a phasic receptor? Which of the following situations
describe a tonic receptor?
A) jumping into a pool and feeling cold, but then quickly “getting used to” the temperature
B) burning your finger and feeling pain for the entire day

A

A- phasic receptor
B- tonic receptor

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15
Q

General sense receptors are divided into three types called exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and
interoceptors. What do each monitor?

A

exteroceptors- provide info about the external environment
proprioceptors- report the position and movements of skeletal muscles and joints
interoceptors- monitor visceral organs and functions

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16
Q

What general stimulus do nociceptors detect? What does the size of their receptive field indicate?

A

pain receptors. free nerve endings with large receptive fields: difficult to determine the exact source of a painful sensation

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17
Q

Two types of axons, Type A and Type C fibers, carry painful sensations. What is the structural
difference between Type A and Type C fibers? Which one carries fast pain (prickling pain) sensations?
Which one carries slow pain (burning or aching pain) sensations?

A

Type A axons - myelinated fibers that carry fast or prickling pain
Type C axons - unmyelinated fibers that carry slow or burning and aching pain

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18
Q

Sensory neurons that bring pain sensations into the CNS release which two neurotransmitters?

A

glutamate and/or substance P

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19
Q

What is phantom limb syndrome?

A

when pain is still felt in an amputated limb

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20
Q

What is the structure of thermoreceptors? Are they tonic or phasic?

A

free nerve endings in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver and hypothalamus: phasic receptors

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21
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

A

sensitive to physical stimuli that distort their plasma membrane

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22
Q

What are the three classes of mechanoreceptors and what stimuli do each detect?

A

Tactile receptors- sensations of touch, pressure and vibration

Baroreceptors- detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts

Proprioceptors- monitor the position of joints and skeletal muscles

23
Q

Which tactile receptor is the only sensory receptor on the cornea of the eye?

A

free nerve endings

24
Q

Which tactile receptors are most abundant in the eyelids, lips, fingers, nipples, and external genitalia?

A

Tactile corpuscles

25
Q

What kind of receptors monitor blood pressure in the carotid and aortic sinuses?

A

baroreceptors- monitor pressure changes in an organ

26
Q

What kind of receptors are involved in defecation and urination reflexes?

A

baroreceptors of colon

27
Q

What are the three major groups of proprioceptors?

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
receptors in joint capsules

28
Q

What are chemoreceptors and what do they detect?

A

specialized nerve cells that detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds

29
Q

Which type of receptor monitors pH, and carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in arterial blood?

A

chemoreceptors

30
Q

A sensory neuron that delivers sensory information directly to the CNS is called a __________ neuron.
In the CNS, the axon of a first-order sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron called a
_____________ neuron. For us to become aware of the sensation, the second-order neuron must pass the
signal to a _________ neuron in the thalamus.

A

first order neuron
second order neuron
third order neuron

31
Q

What is the process called when a second-order neuron crosses over to the opposite side of the CNS?

A

decussation

32
Q

Due to the decussation of second-order neurons, the right side of the thalamus receives sensory
information from the ______________ of the body.

A

left side

33
Q

What sensations are carried by the spinothalamic pathway?

A

carries sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

34
Q

Which sensory pathway is associated with phantom limb pain?

A

the spinothalamic pathway

35
Q

What is referred pain? Which sensory pathway is associated with? What is a familiar example of this
that the book states?

A

when a person feels pain in an uninjured part of the body when the pain actually originates at another location - the spinothalamic pathway - pain of a heart attack frequently felt in the left arm

36
Q

Use the information in Spotlight Figure 15-8 Somatic Sensory Pathways to answer the following:
A) Which tracts in the spinothalamic pathway carry sensations of crude touch and pressure sensations?
B) Which tracts in the spinothalamic pathway carry pain and temperature sensations?

A

A) the anterior spinothalamic tracts

B) the lateral spinothalamic tracts

37
Q

What sensations are carried by the posterior column pathway?

A

carries sensations of highly localized (fine) touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception

38
Q

Which two spinal tracts are part of the posterior column pathway?

A

the left and right gracile fasciculus and the left and right cuneate fasciculus

39
Q

What is a sensory homunculus?

A

a functional map of the primary somatosensory cortex

40
Q

What information is conveyed by the spinocerebellar pathway?

A

conveys information about muscle, tendon and joint positions from the spine to the cerebellum

41
Q

Use the information in Spotlight Figure 15-8 Somatic Sensory Pathways to answer the following:
A) Which tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway contain axons that do not cross over to the opposite side
of the spinal cord?
B) Which tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway are dominated by axons that have crossed over to the
opposite side of the spinal cord.

A

A) the posterior spinocerebellar tracts

B) anterior spinocerebellar tarcts

42
Q

Where is visceral sensory information primarily collected from? (ie: which body cavities)

A

collected by interoceptors within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

43
Q

Which nuclei function as major processing and sorting centers for visceral sensory information?

A

solitary nucelus

44
Q

Somatic motor pathways always involve at least two motor neurons. What are they called?

A

an upper motor neuron (body lies in a CNS processing center) and a lower motor neuron (body lies in a nucleus of the brainstem or spinal cord)

45
Q

Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over three
integrated motor pathways. Name the motor pathways

A

the corticospinal pathway
the medial pathway
the lateral pathway

46
Q

Which motor pathway carries motor command that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles?

A

the corticospinal pathway (pyramidal system)

47
Q

Name the three pairs of descending tracts of the corticospinal pathway.

A

the corticobulbar tracts
the lateral corticospinal tracts
the anterior corticospinal tracts

48
Q

What is a motor homunculus? What do larger areas of the homunculus represent?

A

functional map of the primary motor cortex - size of the area corresponds to the degree of fine motor control available (large area- hands, face and tongue)

49
Q

Which motor pathway is associated with the control of muscle tone and gross movements of the neck,
trunk, and proximal limb muscles?

A

the medial pathway

50
Q

Use the information in Figure 15–10 Descending (Motor) Tracts in the Spinal Cord to answer the
following: Name four tracts that are part of the medial motor pathway

A

medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts
tectospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract

51
Q

Which motor pathway is associated with the control of muscle tone and more precise movements of the
distal parts of the limbs?

A

the lateral pathway

52
Q

The rubrospinal tract is part of which motor pathway?

A

the lateral pathway

53
Q

What part of the brain contains the basal nuclei? What information do the basal nuclei provide?

A

the cerebrum
provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities

54
Q

Use the information in the Chapter 15 Study Outline #21 under the heading: 15-5 The somatic
nervous system is an efferent division made up of somatic motor pathways that control skeletal
muscles, to answer the following: What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

the cerebellum monitors proprioceptive sensations, visual info, and vestibular (balance) sensations

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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