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A&P 1 > A&P CH14 > Flashcards

A&P CH14 Flashcards

1
Q

Starting at the brain, name the cranial meninges from deep to superficial

A

Pia. arachnoid, dura

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2
Q

What is the function of Dural folds?

A

provide additional stabilization and support the brain

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3
Q

Where would you find the subdural space? The subarachnoid space?

A

subdural- between the dura and arachnoid
subarachnoid- between the arachnoid and pia

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4
Q

List three important functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

A
  1. supports the brain
  2. cushions delicate neural structures
  3. transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste
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5
Q

Where would you find the choroid plexus? What neuroglial cells are in the choroid plexus? What fluid
is produced in the choroid plexus?

A

-located in the roof of the third and fourth ventricles of the brain
-ependymal cells
-CSF

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6
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

“water on the brain” caused by a problem with the resorption of CSF in infancy- normal circulation or resorption of CSF is interrupted

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7
Q

What two arteries supply the brain with blood? What is the major vein that carries venous blood away
from the brain?

A
  • internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
    -internal jugular veins
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8
Q

What is the medical term for a stroke?

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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9
Q

What is the importance of the blood brain barrier?

A

isolates nervous tissue in the CNS from the general circulation

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10
Q

What would happen if astrocytes were damaged or stopped functioning?

A

if astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating the endothelial cells, the BBB disappears
astrocytes release chemicals that lead to the formation of strong tight junctions and control the permeability of the endothelium to various substances

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11
Q

What neuroglial cell produces a blood CSF barrier?

A

specialized ependymal cells

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12
Q

What is the decussation of pyramids?

A

the site at which tracts leaving gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus cross to the opposite side of the brain before reaching their destination

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13
Q

The medulla oblongata contains two major groups of reflex centers. Name both groups and state their
functions. Use the functions stated in Figure 14-6 The Medulla Oblongata.

A
  1. Cardiovascular centers: regulate heart rate and force contraction
  2. Respiratory rhythmicity centers: set the basic pace of respiratory movements
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14
Q

The medulla oblongata contains the cuneate and gracile nuclei that function as relay stations. What is
their function? Use the functions stated in Figure 14-6 The Medulla Oblongata

A

The gracile and cuneate nuclei in the medulla oblongata relay somatic info. to the thalamus

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15
Q

What brain structures do the pons link?

A

the cerebellum with the midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord

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16
Q

The pons contains two (pontine) centers. Name them and state their collective function. Use the
functions stated in Figure 14-7 The Pons

A

Apneustic and pnuemotaxic centers; adjust activities of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata

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17
Q

What is the function of the transverse pontine fibers? Use the functions stated in Figure 14-7 The
Pons.
Note: You must know that the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers, and the transverse pontine fibers are
parts of the pons. Hint: Transverse pontine fibers and pons.
Note: in Figure 14-7 The Pons, you will notice that there is white matter called ascending and
descending tracts. Ascending tracts carry sensory information upward from the pons to more superior
parts of the brain (in this case, the sensory information is sent to the thalamus which is part of the
diencephalon). Descending tracts carry motor signals down to more inferior parts of the brain, then to the
spinal cord, then to the peripheral nervous system, and ends at its effector.

A

interconnect cerebellar hemispheres

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18
Q

What structures comprise the corpora quadrigemina?

A

the superior and inferior colliculi (sensory nuclei) of the mesencephalic tectum (roof) in the brain

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19
Q

Neurons in the substantia nigra release which neurotransmitter? What disease is caused by loss of
activity of neurons in the substantia nigra?

A

-dopamine
-parkinsons disease

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20
Q

Where is the headquarters of the reticular formation?

A

the midbrain

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21
Q

What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS)? What happens if there is damage to the
RAS?

A

a specialized component of the reticular formation- stimulation of RAS makes a person more alert and attentive
-damage to the RAS produces unconsciousness

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22
Q

Use the table in Figure 14-8 The Midbrain to list the region/nuclei of white and gray matter and state
their function(s)

A
  1. Gray matter
    Tectum (roof)- superior and inferior colliculi; the superior colliculi integrates visual info. with other sensory input, initiates reflex response to visual stimuli & the inferior colliculi relays auditory info to medial geniculate nuclei, initiates reflex responses to auditory stimuli
    Walls and Floor-
    Substantia nigra; regulates activity in the basal nuclei
    Red nucleus; subconscious control of upper limb position and background muscle tone
    Reticular formation; automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands, can initiate involuntary motor responses to stimuli, helps maintain consciousness
  2. White matter
    Cerebral peduncles; connects primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and spinal cord, carry ascending sensory info to thalamus
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23
Q

What is the Purkinje cell layer composed of?

A

a layer of large highly branches neuron cell bodies in the cerebellar cortex

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24
Q

In what part of the brain would you find a structure called arbor vitae? What does it look like?

A

the central, branching mass of white matter inside the cerebellum- resembles a tree

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25
Q

What are the two main functions of the cerebellum?

A

1.adjusting the postural muscles of the body
2. programming and fine tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious level

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26
Q

What is the result of a permanently damaged cerebellum caused by trauma or stroke? What is ataxia?

A

ataxia, a disturbance in muscular coordination
severe ataxia- the individual cannot move or stand

27
Q

Use the table in Figure 14-9 The Cerebellum to list the region/nuclei of gray and white matter and
state their function(s)

A
  1. Gray matter
    cerebellar cortex: involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements
    cerebellar nuclei: involuntary coordination of ongoing body movements
  2. White matter
    arbor vitae: connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles
    Cerebellar peduncles
    superior-links cerebellum with midbrain, diencephalon and cerebrum
    middle- carries communication between the cerebellum and pons
    inferior- links the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord
    transverse pontine fibers: interconnect pontine nuclei with the opposite cerebellar hemisphere
28
Q

What three regions comprise the diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

29
Q

What endocrine gland is part of the epithalamus? What hormone does it secrete

A

pineal gland- secretes melatonin

30
Q

What region of the diencephalon is the final relay point for sensory information ascending to the
cerebral cortex?

A

the thalamus

31
Q

What region of the diencephalon acts as a filter to allow only a small portion of sensory stimuli to
proceed to the cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

32
Q

Use Table 14-2 The Thalamus to list the nuclei/body and state their function(s).

A

Anterior- limbic system
medial- integrates sensory info for projection to the frontal lobes
ventral- projects sensory info to the primary sensory cortex: relay info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor area of cerebral cortex
Dorsal nuclei-
- lateral dorsal: projects info to parietal, occipitoparietal and temporal cortex, may play a role in memory
-pulvinar: integrate sensory info for projection to association area of cerebral cortex
- lateral geniculate body: projects visual info to the visual cortex, integrates sensory info and influences emotional states
-medial geniculate body: projects auditory info to the auditory cortex, integrates sensory info and influences emotional state

33
Q

What endocrine gland is connected to the hypothalamus? What is the stalk-like connection called that
joins the gland to the hypothalamus?

A

pituitary gland- connected via infundibulum

34
Q

What two hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

the supra-optic nucleus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and the paraventricular nucleus produces oxytocin

35
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation

A

pre-optic area

36
Q

Use the table in Figure 14-11 The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section to list the region/nuclei and state
their function(s).

A

paraventricular nucleus- secrete oxytocin, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in mammary lands and uterus
pre-optic area- thermoregulation by control of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata
autonomic center- sympathetic & parasympathetic, control heart rate and BP by regulation of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata
lateral tuberal nuclei- produce inhibitory and releasing hormones that control endocrine cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
mammillary bodies- regulate daily circadian rhythms
supra-optic nucleus- secretes antidiuretic hormone. restricts water loss by the kidneys

37
Q

Which system is called the motivational system, since it makes you want to perform complex tasks

A

limbic system

38
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus

A

a nucleus inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle- important for learning especially in the storage and retrieval of new long term memories

39
Q

Which part of the limbic system controls the “fight or flight response” of the sympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system?

A

amygdaloid body

40
Q

Which part of the limbic system links emotions with specific memories?

A

amygdaloid body

41
Q

What is the function of gyri?

A

increase the surface area of the cerebral hemispheres and thus the number of cortical neurons they contain

42
Q

What structure almost completely separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

a deep longitudinal cerebral fissure

43
Q

On each cerebral hemisphere, what structure divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

44
Q

State three types of fibers in cerebral white matter and state what brain regions they connect

A
  1. association fibers- cerebral cortex within a single hemisphere
  2. commissural- fibers interconnect and permit communication between hemispheres
  3. projection fibers- link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord
45
Q

What are basal nuclei and where are they found?

A

masses of gray matter that lie within each hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle- embedded in white matter of the cerebrum

46
Q

Use the table in Figure 14-15 The Basal Nuclei to state the function of the caudate and lentiform
nucleus

A

caudate- subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
lentiform- putamen & globus pallidus: subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands

47
Q

Name the three main functional areas of the cerebral cortex? What type of information do they
process?

A

motor (motor commands), sensory (sensory info) and association (coordinate incoming and outgoing data from the sensory and motor areas)

48
Q

Use Table 14-3 The Cerebral Cortex to list the Lobe/Area and state their function(s

A

Frontal lobe- primary motor cortex: voluntary control of skeletal muscles
parietal lobe- primary somatosensory cortex: conscious perception of otuch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temp.
occipital lobe- visual cortex: conscious perception of visual stimuli
temporal lobe- auditory cortex and olfactory cortex: conscious perception of hearing and smell stimuli

49
Q

What is Wernicke’s area? Broca’s area?

A

wernicks area- language comprehension
brocas area- motor speech

50
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

a printed recording of the electrical activity of the brain

51
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasm

A

crossing point of optic nerves

52
Q

What is the primary function of the oculomotor nerves?
What is the primary function of the trochlear nerves?

A

motor eye movement
-extrensic and levator palpebrae superioris
-superior oblique

53
Q

What is the primary function of the abducens nerves?

A

motor eye movement- lateral rectus (side to side)

54
Q

Which three cranial nerves primarily function in eye movement

A

trochlear, oculomotor and optic

55
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with a painful condition called trigeminal neuralgia, also known as
tic douloureux

A

trigeminal

56
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with Bell’s palsy

A

facial nerves

57
Q

Which cranial nerves primarily function in hearing, balance, and equilibrium

A

vestibulocochlear

58
Q

What part of the body is being referred to when the root word “glossus” is used

A

tongue

59
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed nerves that are widely distributed in the thorax and abdomen

A

vagus

60
Q

Which cranial nerves provide motor signals to the muscles of the neck and upper back

A

accessory

61
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with tongue movement

A

hypoglossal

62
Q

Define a cranial reflex

A

automatic responses to stimuli that involve the sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves

63
Q
A

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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