Lab final Flashcards
When would you expect to see a smudge cell?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
when would see Auer rods?
Blasts (if there is one it can not be a lymphoblast)
what is associated with meta or myelocyetes
chronic leukemia
when do you see toxic granulation?
bacterial infections
when would you see Dohle bodies?
bacterial infections, pregnancy, leukomoid
when would you see promyelocytes?
chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
when do you see Eosinophils?
Hodgkins Lymphoma
alleriges
what are clumpy neutrophils also know as?
Pelger-Huet (dumbell shaped)
what dieses is associated with a typical lymhs?
IM
what are pappenheimer bodies made of?
iron
what disease would u see hypersegmentation?
pernicious anemia
which anemia is not an iron deficiency?
aplastic anemia
normal value for Hgb?
13-17
normal value for Hct?
30-50
normal value for MCHC?
32-36
normal value for MCH?
27-32
normal value for MCV?
80-90
normal count for EOS?
150-300
normal count for platelets?
150,000-400,000
normal count for retics?
0.5-2%
normal count for RBC
millions
normal count for WBC
5,000-10,000
what diluents was used for the manual EOS count?
philoxine
what diluent was used for the manual count of retics?
new methyl blue
what diluent was used for the manual count of platelets?
ammonium oxalate
what diluent was used for the manual count of RBCs?
saline/NaCl
what diluent was used for the manual count of WBCs?
acetic acid
what is the dilution of EOS count
1:32
what is the dilution of platelet count
1:100
what is the diution for retic counts?
1;2
what is the dilution for RBC counts?
1:200
what is the dilution for WBC counts?
1:20
principle of sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures the suspension stability of the red cells
what are 2 methods for measuring ESR?
westergren and wintrobe
what is the normal ESR value for men?
0-15 mm/hr
what is the normal ESR value for women?
0-20 mm/hr
red cells are exposed to decreasing concentration of saline to observe the point of complete hemolysis
osmotic fragiity
when would you see a decreased osmotic fragility?
sickle cell
thalassemia
liver disease
when would you see an increased osmotic fragility?
hereditary sperocytosis
expose the red cells to a reducing agent and hemoglobin S is in soluable positive test cloudy/turbid. Negative test with no Hemoglobin S is clear.
tube solubility method for SCA
measures effective erythropoiesis. Used to evaluate/diagnose anemia.
retic count
state 2 reasons for performing a retic count?
count and classify 100 WBCs
observe RBC morphology
how do you calculate a total cell count?
cells counted x recipricol of dilution x 1/vol counted
volme of a 1 small square?
0.004 mm^3
volume of a large square?
0.1 mm^3
how could you vary the counting procedure if you had to count (manually) an extermely high WBC count?
use a red cell pipette to make a 1:100 or 1:200 dilution
name the most commonly used anticoagulant for blood specimens to be used for coagulation testing and be able to tell how it works
sodium citrate binds calcium
why do you need to perform coagulation testing within two hours after specimen collection?
loss of laibile factors
reagents used for PT and PTT
PT thromboplastin/CaCl mix
PTT platelet-substitute and CaCl
normal range for PT and PTT
PT 10-14 secs
PTT less than 35 secs
system of coag for PT and PTT
PT extrinsic system
PTT intrinsic method
clinical of PT and PTT
PT monitor cumadin (warfin) therapy
PTT Heparin therapy
principle of fibrometer
when clot forms it completes circut and turns off timer
principle of CoaDATA 2000
change in optical density detects the clot
name 2 functions of the automatic pipette
despenses reagents and turns on timer
name 2 functions of the probe arm of the fibrometer
holds the electrodes
mixes the reagents and senses the clot
what is the site of venipuncture for the Duke method?
ears 1-3 mins
what is the site of the ivy method?
forearm 1-7 mins
Why would you use the PT and PTT tests?
PT check for intrinsic factor
PTT check for extrinsic factor
they both meausure bleeding time which measures platelet function
what is the only factor that will give an increased TT?
fiibrinogen (fator 1)
if normal plasma fails to correct an abnormal PT and PTT what is the best explanation for the results?
circulating anticoagulant/antibody to a clotting factor
what meausres platelet function?
bleeding time
what meaures stage 1 of coag?
PTT
what meausres stage 2 of coag
PT
what measures fibrinolysis?
FDP
D-dimer
what are the factors of absorbed plasma?
I, V, VIII, XI, XII
lacks vitamin K
what are the factors of aged serum?
II, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
contains vitamin K
what are the factors of labile?
V, VIII
what are vitamin K dependent factors?
II, VII, IX, X
what is the use of the PT and PTT substitution tests?
to narrow down possible coag factors that are deficient
why would you not perform a series of specific factor assays?
expensive and time consuming
what are some possible sources of error in coag testing?
improper ratio of anticoagulant to blood
room temp too long
expired reagents
hemolyzed specimen
why should a dr order presugical coag screening tests?
if patient has low-normal range
bleeding out could occur. Could decrease to a critically low level.
normal range 50-150%
decreased range 30-40%
why is it important for a hospital to establish iits own normal range for the PT and PTT and how would a dr utilize this information?
each hospital uses different reagents, instruments and has different patient population.
Doctors want patients to be 1.5-2.5 times the normal range
if a patient has an increased PTT and an increased BT what is the diagnosis and how could you prove it?
Factor VII Von Wildenbrands disease
prove with factor VII assay or substitution test
what is the antidote for coumadin? for heprin?
vitamin K
Protamine sulfate
what is the INR and how is it used in the lab?
international normalized ratio
regulates/compares PTs sone in different labs
what tests did we do in lab that are used primarily in the diagnosis of fibrinolysis?
FDP
D-Dimer
