Exam 3 Flashcards
how is the promyelocyte differentiated from the myeloblast?
promyelocyte has azurophilic (primary) granules
at what stage does differentiation of the granules of the cells of the myelocytic series take place?
myelocyte
how is the metamyelocyte differentiated from the myelocyte?
shape of the nucleus:
meta—> kidney bean shaped
myelo—> round
how is the band differentiated from the metamyelocyte?
shape of the nucleus:
band–>horse shoe shaped (uniform thickness)
meta—> kidney bean shaped
what cells contain granules that retain the acid portion of Wrights’s stain?
eosinophil
substance produced by granules of the eosinophil?
anti-histamine (basophils produce histamine)
what cells contains granules that are not uniform in shape, stain with the basic portion of Wrights’s stain and which may cover the nucleus?
basophils
what are mast cells?
tissue basophils
where do B cells originate?
bone marrow
where do T cells orginate?
thymus
how can you distinguish between T cells and B cells?
surface markers
during blastic transformation, B cells become what?
plasma cells
what cell has an eccentric nucleus with clumpled chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, and a clear perinuclear halo (hof)?
plasma cell
where are plasma cells normally found?
bone marrow
what cellular organelle is associated with the hof?
golgi apparatus
monocytes circulate in the peripheral blood but are known as_____or ______ in the tissues
marcrophages or histocytes
where do monos originate?
bone marrow
monocyte appearance of chromatin, shape of nucleus, color of cytoplasm, prescence of pseudopodia or vacuoles
folded, irregular, lobulate nucleus, slate gray cytoplasm, vacuoles
what is the function of the monocyte
phagocytosis
characteristics that can be observed in neutrophils during inflammation, infection, or other toxic states and describe their apperance
Dohle bodies: RNA
toxic granules: blue/black granules in cytoplasm
toxic vacuoles: holes in cytoplasm
what are russell bodies?
aggregates of immunoglobulin that stain red
Alder-Reilly
abnormal azurophilic granulation
May-Hegglin
weird platelets, dohle like inclusions blue staining
Pelger-Huet
dumbbell shaped hyposegmentation of neutrophils
what is the normal WBC count?
5-10 thousand
if blood is drawn to the 0.5 mark and diluent to the 11 in a white blood pipette, what is the resuting dilution?
standard WBC count; 1:20 dilution
given the number of cells counted on both sides of the hemocytometer, how could you determine the WBC count on the performance of a standard WBC count?
average of both counts X 50
what effect does hemolysis have on a WBC count?
none
several sources of error in the performance of manual WBC count
too much blood/diluent overfill/underfill hemocytometer cracks edema dirty hemocytometer
how does the normal WBC count vary during the day?
WBCs hang on wall at night and come off during movement during the day (margination)
what is the normal eosinophil count?
77-440
what can cause an increased or decreased eosinophil count?
increased: hypoadrenalism, allergies, parasitic infections, skin disorders, blood diseases
decreased: anemia, hyperadrenalism, IM, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia
to compensate for the normally low number of eosinophils, what adjustments in the procedure is made when doing a manual eos count?
increase the volume counted
entire hemocytometer
name two other hemocytometers that can be used for eosinophil and basophil counts
speirs/Levy
Fuchs-rosenthal
several factors that can results in an excessively pink Wrights stained smear
too acidic-overwashed or under staining
factors that can result in an excessively blue smear
too alkaline-underwashed or overstained
3 things are always performed when doing a differential count?
RBC morphology
count and classify 100 cells
platelet count estimation
what is the most common type of WBC in a normal smear?
segmented neutrophils
the least common WBC?
basophils
the most common WBC in a child?
lymphocytes
What is a “shift to the left” and in what conditions is it likely to occur?
increase in young cells (increase in bands) occurs in CML (infection) leukemia bacterial infections inflammation pregnancy
what is the largest WBC in a normal peripheral blood smear?
monocyte
which cells are classified as NRBCs on a PBS?
blast cells, prorubricytes, rubricytes, metarubricytes
if large numbers or NRBCs are observed on a PBS, what effect will this have on the WBC count?
they are counted as WBCs this will increase the WBC count (may falsely increase the WBC count)
how can you correct a WBC count?
(WBCx100)/(100+NRBCs)
where are platelets produced?
bone marrow
what is the largest blood cells normally produced by the body?
megakaryocyte
what is the endomitotic division?
nucleus divides, cytoplasm just enlarges, multinucleated cell
what is the normal platelet count?
150000-400000/mm3
what method employs the phase contrast microscope in couting platelets?
Brecker Cronkite
how is a manual platelet count calculated using the Unopette method?
entire square=0.1^3 1:100 dilution 0.1/100=1000 #cells x 1000
what criteria is used to estimate platelets in a PBS?
100x oil objective in area where RBCs barely touch. 7-22 platelets per OIF considered normal platelet count.
reddish purple in blast inclusion
Auer rod
pale blue remenants of RNA
Dohle bodies
decreased segmentation of neutrophils
Pelger-Huet
Azurophilic granulation of all white cells
Alder-Reilly
dark blueish black cytoplasm granules
toxic granulation
what do you used a differential for
to monitor therapy
picture of overall health
diagonosis of disease
