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Hematolgy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what controls the entrance and exit of substances into and out of the blood cell?

A

cell memebrane

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2
Q

what is the main site of hematopoiesis in the fetus?

A

liver

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3
Q

what is the main site of hematopoiesis in the adult?

A

bone marrow (medullary)

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4
Q

what is the major site of h extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

spleen

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5
Q

what three major criteria are used to identify blood cells?

A

size, shape of nucleus and cytoplasm color

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6
Q

how is bone marrow cellularity determined?

A

number of nucleated cells is compared to the total number of cells and fat present

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7
Q

what is the normal M:E ratio?

A

3:1

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8
Q

how does a doctor use a bone marrow exam?

A

diagnosis, management of treatment and assess iron storage

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9
Q

what is the dual origin of white blood cell

A

dualistic theory

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10
Q

what is the youngest RBC?

A

rubrablast

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11
Q

what stage is the change in the RBC?

A

rubricyte

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12
Q

stage of developement when RBC loses nucleus

A

metarubricyte

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13
Q

what is the average life of an RBC?

A

100-120 days

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14
Q

mucoprotein formed by the kidneys that is capable of maintaining a normal RBC mass by stimulation of the bone marrow in repsonse to tissue hypoxia

A

erythroprotein

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15
Q

iron attached to protein for absorption

A

apoferritin

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16
Q

submicroscopic iron

A

ferritin

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17
Q

ferritin that can be seen with a microscope

A

hemosiderin

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18
Q

iron oxidized the the Fe state and transported

A

transferrin

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19
Q

nucleus and cytoplasn not maturing at the same time

A

asynchrony

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20
Q

a nectrotic stage whith fragmentation of the nucleus where by chromatin is distributed irregularly trhough out the cytoplasm

A

karyorrhexis

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of a good RBC diluent?

A

isotonic

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22
Q

how do you calculate a RBC coun when it is performed on a hemocytometer?

A

average the 2 counts and muliply by 10,000

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23
Q

what pathway provides most of the energy for a mature RBC?

A

Emden-meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway or glycolosis

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24
Q

What pathway functions to protect hemoglobin from oxidation?

A

hexose monophospahte shunt (HMP shunt)

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25
Q

what is the structure of normal hemoglobin A?

A

2 alpha 2 beta chains

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26
Q

in order to function as an oxygen carrier the iron in hemoglobin must be what oxidation state?

A

2+

27
Q

What molecule is hemoglobin converted to in the Sahli method?

A

acid hematin

28
Q

what is the most commonly used method for hemoglobin deternimation in the modern hematology lab?

A

cyanmethemoglobin

29
Q

what hemoglobin pigment can NOT be converted to oxyhemoglobin?

A

sulfhemoglobin

30
Q

which manual hematology procedure is the most reliable and reporducible?

A

hematocrit

31
Q

what test measures the percentage of the RBC volume of whole blood and how is performed?

A

Hematocrit.

You fill hematocrit tubes 1/2-2/3 full centriguge for optimum time. Omit buffy coat

32
Q

Two methods of hematocrit?

A

wintrobe and micromethod

33
Q

is the wintrobe or micromethod preferred?

A

micro method preferred due to being simple and reproducible. Small amount of blood required and no equipment required.

34
Q

what test measures the suspension stability of RBC’s?

A

sed rate ESR

35
Q

two methods of ESR?

A

wintrobe and westergrin

36
Q

which ESR method(wintrobe or westergrin) uses saline dilution and why is it used?

A

westergrin because it off sets effective anemia

37
Q

what factors can cause an increased ESR?

A

bacterial infection and polycythemia

38
Q

what factors can cause a decreased ESR?

A

sickle cell and spherocytes

39
Q

calculate MCV if given RBC, Hgb, Hct

A

Hct/RBC X 10

40
Q

calculate MCH if given RBC, Hgb, Hct

A

Hgb/RBC X 10

41
Q

calulate MCHC if given RBC, Hgb, Hct

A

Hgb/Hct X 100

42
Q

3x RBC= Hgb and approximately 3x Hgb = Hct is called what?

A

the rule of 3

43
Q

what test is the most reliable assesment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow?

A

retic count

44
Q

what is the normal reticulocyte count?

A

about 1% 0.5-2% in adults

45
Q

what stain is used for retic count?

A

new methyl blue and cresyl blue

46
Q

how are retics observed on a Wrights stain smear?

A

polychromasia

47
Q

What reagent is used for the sickle cell solubility test?

A

sodium dithionite

48
Q

what reagent is used for the sickle cell slide test?

A

sodium metabisulfate

49
Q

how is the sickle cell solubiltiy test read?

A

if you can read the black lines through the tube the test is a negative result

50
Q

how is the sickle cell slide read?

A

microscope

51
Q

what is the reagent used in the osmotic fragility test?

A

0.85% NaCl

52
Q

how is the osmotic fragility test read?

A

read color of supernantant on a spectrometer

53
Q

What conditions cause an increased osmotic fragility?

A

hemolitic anemia, hereditary sphyrocytosis

54
Q

what conditions cause a decreased osmotic fragility?

A

sickle cell, thalassemia, Hgb C disease

55
Q

Abnormal RBC variation in color

A

hypochoromia, polychromasia

56
Q

Abnormal RBC variation in shape

A

sickle cell, shistocytes, shperocytes

57
Q

Abnormal RBC variation in size

A

macrocytes, microcytes, misocytes

58
Q

Abnormal RBC variation in structure

A

howell jolly bodies, pappenheimer, cabot rings

59
Q

chemical composition of basophilic stippling

A

RNA

60
Q

chemical composition of Heinz bodies

A

denatrued hemoglobin

61
Q

chemical composition of Howell-jolly bodies

A

DNA

62
Q

chemical composition of Pappernheimer bodies

A

Iron

63
Q

Which RBC should be counted as a reticulum in a reticulocyte count?

A

basophilic stippling

Hematolgy (7 decks)

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