Exam 1 Flashcards
what controls the entrance and exit of substances into and out of the blood cell?
cell memebrane
what is the main site of hematopoiesis in the fetus?
liver
what is the main site of hematopoiesis in the adult?
bone marrow (medullary)
what is the major site of h extramedullary hematopoiesis?
spleen
what three major criteria are used to identify blood cells?
size, shape of nucleus and cytoplasm color
how is bone marrow cellularity determined?
number of nucleated cells is compared to the total number of cells and fat present
what is the normal M:E ratio?
3:1
how does a doctor use a bone marrow exam?
diagnosis, management of treatment and assess iron storage
what is the dual origin of white blood cell
dualistic theory
what is the youngest RBC?
rubrablast
what stage is the change in the RBC?
rubricyte
stage of developement when RBC loses nucleus
metarubricyte
what is the average life of an RBC?
100-120 days
mucoprotein formed by the kidneys that is capable of maintaining a normal RBC mass by stimulation of the bone marrow in repsonse to tissue hypoxia
erythroprotein
iron attached to protein for absorption
apoferritin
submicroscopic iron
ferritin
ferritin that can be seen with a microscope
hemosiderin
iron oxidized the the Fe state and transported
transferrin
nucleus and cytoplasn not maturing at the same time
asynchrony
a nectrotic stage whith fragmentation of the nucleus where by chromatin is distributed irregularly trhough out the cytoplasm
karyorrhexis
what are the characteristics of a good RBC diluent?
isotonic
how do you calculate a RBC coun when it is performed on a hemocytometer?
average the 2 counts and muliply by 10,000
what pathway provides most of the energy for a mature RBC?
Emden-meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway or glycolosis
What pathway functions to protect hemoglobin from oxidation?
hexose monophospahte shunt (HMP shunt)
what is the structure of normal hemoglobin A?
2 alpha 2 beta chains
in order to function as an oxygen carrier the iron in hemoglobin must be what oxidation state?
2+
What molecule is hemoglobin converted to in the Sahli method?
acid hematin
what is the most commonly used method for hemoglobin deternimation in the modern hematology lab?
cyanmethemoglobin
what hemoglobin pigment can NOT be converted to oxyhemoglobin?
sulfhemoglobin
which manual hematology procedure is the most reliable and reporducible?
hematocrit
what test measures the percentage of the RBC volume of whole blood and how is performed?
Hematocrit.
You fill hematocrit tubes 1/2-2/3 full centriguge for optimum time. Omit buffy coat
Two methods of hematocrit?
wintrobe and micromethod
is the wintrobe or micromethod preferred?
micro method preferred due to being simple and reproducible. Small amount of blood required and no equipment required.
what test measures the suspension stability of RBC’s?
sed rate ESR
two methods of ESR?
wintrobe and westergrin
which ESR method(wintrobe or westergrin) uses saline dilution and why is it used?
westergrin because it off sets effective anemia
what factors can cause an increased ESR?
bacterial infection and polycythemia
what factors can cause a decreased ESR?
sickle cell and spherocytes
calculate MCV if given RBC, Hgb, Hct
Hct/RBC X 10
calculate MCH if given RBC, Hgb, Hct
Hgb/RBC X 10
calulate MCHC if given RBC, Hgb, Hct
Hgb/Hct X 100
3x RBC= Hgb and approximately 3x Hgb = Hct is called what?
the rule of 3
what test is the most reliable assesment of the effective erythroid activity of the bone marrow?
retic count
what is the normal reticulocyte count?
about 1% 0.5-2% in adults
what stain is used for retic count?
new methyl blue and cresyl blue
how are retics observed on a Wrights stain smear?
polychromasia
What reagent is used for the sickle cell solubility test?
sodium dithionite
what reagent is used for the sickle cell slide test?
sodium metabisulfate
how is the sickle cell solubiltiy test read?
if you can read the black lines through the tube the test is a negative result
how is the sickle cell slide read?
microscope
what is the reagent used in the osmotic fragility test?
0.85% NaCl
how is the osmotic fragility test read?
read color of supernantant on a spectrometer
What conditions cause an increased osmotic fragility?
hemolitic anemia, hereditary sphyrocytosis
what conditions cause a decreased osmotic fragility?
sickle cell, thalassemia, Hgb C disease
Abnormal RBC variation in color
hypochoromia, polychromasia
Abnormal RBC variation in shape
sickle cell, shistocytes, shperocytes
Abnormal RBC variation in size
macrocytes, microcytes, misocytes
Abnormal RBC variation in structure
howell jolly bodies, pappenheimer, cabot rings
chemical composition of basophilic stippling
RNA
chemical composition of Heinz bodies
denatrued hemoglobin
chemical composition of Howell-jolly bodies
DNA
chemical composition of Pappernheimer bodies
Iron
Which RBC should be counted as a reticulum in a reticulocyte count?
basophilic stippling
