Lab Final

Question 1

Normal fasting plasma glucose level

Answer 1

60-110 mg\dl

Question 2

Causes of hyperglycemia

Answer 2

Diabetes mellitus

• Gestational diabetes
• Disease of the pancreas e.g. acute or chronic pancreatitis
• Diseases of the endocrine system e.g. hyperthyroidism and hyperpituitarism.
• Drugs such as steroids, oral contraceptives, and thiazide diuretics that block insulin release.
• Insulin resistance: due to the formation of antibody against insulin receptor thus preventing insulin from binding to receptor and performing its action.

Question 3

Causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 3

Can be drug induced e.g. sulfonylurea, insulin overdoses

• Can be caused by excessive secretion of insulin by β cell tumor; a condition known as insulinoma.
• Hepatic carcinoma, adrenocortical tumors can also lead to hypoglycemia.
• Hypothyroidism and hypopituitrism.

Question 4

the normal concentration of cholesterol in healthy people is?

Answer 4

150-200 mg\dl

Question 5

Cholesterol level increases in:

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis -Coronary heart disease -Nephritic syndrome -Diabetes -Hypothyroidism
-Liver disease

Question 6

Cholesterol level decreases in:

Answer 6

Hyperthyroidism -Anemia

-High doses of statins -Genetic disorders

Question 7

Protein normal levels

Answer 7

6.6- 8.3 g/dL

Question 8

High protein levels may be caused by:

Answer 8

Dehydration due to haemoconcentration.

• Multiple myeloma
• Chronic infections
• Autoimmune disease

Question 9

Low protein levels may be caused by

Answer 9

Heavy losses of proteins in urine as in nephritic syndrome.

• Protein under nutrition.
• Intestinal mal absorption
• Increased breakdown of proteins in hyperthyroidism and untreated diabetes mellitus
• A decrease may occur in shocks, burns and injuries

Question 10

Albumin normal levels

Answer 10

3.5-5.0g/dL

Question 11

High albumin levels may be caused by

Answer 11

Dehydration due to haemoconcentration.

• Multiple myeloma
• Chronic infections
• Autoimmune disease

Question 12

Low albumin levels may be caused by

Answer 12

Heavy losses of proteins in urine as in nephritic syndrome.

• Increased breakdown of proteins in hyperthyroidism and untreated diabetes mellutis
• A decrease may occur in shocks, burns and injuries.
• Decreased synthesis of albumin may be genetic (as in anaalbuminemia) or acquired (as in inflammatory conditions).

Question 13

Urea normal levels

Answer 13

15-45mg/dl

Question 14

Causes of Hyperuremia

Answer 14

Increased ingestion of protein

• Increased catabolism of protein
• Pre renal cause: decreased renal blood flow or perfusion (Heart failure)
• Renal cause: acute or chronic renal failure
• Post renal cause: urinary tract obstruction.

Question 15

Causes of Hypouremia

Answer 15

Poor nutrition

• High fluid intake
• Excessive administration of intravenous fluids
• Androgens and growth hormone

Question 16

Normal Uric acid levels for females

Answer 16

2.5 – 6.8 mg/dl

Question 17

Normal Uric acid levels for males

Answer 17

3.6 – 7.7 mg/dl

Question 18

Hyperuricemia is caused by

Answer 18

Renal disease or renal failure due to decreased clearance.

• Drug interference in renal excretion e.g. diuretics, salicylate.
• Intake of purine rich food e.g. meat.
• Increased production and catabolism of nucleoproteins during leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
• Chemotherapy and ionizing radiation therapy.
• Ethanol ingestion
• Exercise

Question 19

Hypouricemia causes

Answer 19

• Renal tubular reabsorption defects; either congenital e.g. Wilson’s disease and Fanconi’s syndrome or acquired particularly through toxic damage.
• Severe liver disease
• PRPP (5-phospho-α-D-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate) synthetase deficiency

Question 20

Gout is characterized by

Answer 20

Hyperuricemia

• Precipitation of monosodium urate throughout the body especially in joints.
• Recurrent clinical attacks of arthritis.
• Nephropathy due to deposition of urate crystals on kidney.