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biochem > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an oxidizing agent?

A

a substance that tends to bring about oxidation by being reduced and gaining electrons

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2
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

a substance that tends to bring about reduction by being oxidized and losing electrons

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3
Q

The production of NADH and FADH2 involves what type of reactions?

A

oxidation-reduction

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4
Q

How many ATP will be produced by 1 glucose molecule?

A

38 ATP

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5
Q

Number of acetyl CoA formed from one molecule of glucose is?

A

2

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6
Q

Define Thermodynamics

A

Thermodynamics is a branch of Physics that deals with energy changes.

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7
Q

Define Bioenergetics

A

The study of the changes in energy during metabolic reactions.

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8
Q

_________ is part of thermodynamics.

A

bioenergetics

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9
Q

State the laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. Energy may change form, or transported from one place to another but it cannot be destroyed or created.
  2. Any spontaneous chemical or physical change is always accompanied by increase in the disorder of the universe.
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10
Q

In the process of transforming energy, how must living organisms affect the universe?

A

living organisms must increase the entropy of the universe

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11
Q

In order to maintain organization within themselves, living systems must be able to?

A
  1. extract useable energy from the surrounding

2. release useless energy (heat) back to the surrounding

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12
Q

What is Gibbs free energy?

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

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13
Q

What is free-energy change (ΔG)?

A

a measure of the chemical energy available from a reaction

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14
Q

What is the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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15
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) predicts whether a reaction is favorable?

A

ΔG

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16
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) approaches zero as reaction proceeds to equilibrium?

A

ΔG

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17
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) is the energy available to do work?

A

ΔG

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18
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) is heat released or absorbed during a reaction?

A

ΔH

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19
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) does not predict whether a reaction is favorable?

A

ΔH and TΔS

20
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) is change in entropy (a measure of randomness)?

A

ΔS

21
Q

Which part of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) is change in enthalpy?

A

ΔH

22
Q

What does enthalpy represent?

A

Represents the heat content of the reacting systems

23
Q

If heat is released during a reaction, i.e. ΔH is _______, then this is an _________ reaction.

A

negative; exothermic

24
Q

If heat is absorbed during a reaction, i.e. ΔH is _______, then this is an _________ reaction.

A

positive; endothermic

25
Q

What is entropy?

A

it is a quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in the system

26
Q

If entropy decreases in an organism, it [decreases/increases] in the universe.

A

increases

27
Q

In an [endergonic/exergonic] reaction, ΔG has a negative value.

A

exergonic

28
Q

In an [endergonic/exergonic] reaction, ΔG has a positive value.

A

endergonic

29
Q

An [endergonic/exergonic] reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

A

exergonic

30
Q

An [endergonic/exergonic] reaction is spontaneous.

A

exergonic

31
Q

An [endergonic/exergonic] reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

A

endergonic

32
Q

An [endergonic/exergonic] reaction is nonspontaneous.

A

endergonic

33
Q

What is free energy?

A

Free energy is a measure of a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

34
Q

During a spontaneous change, free energy [decreases/increases] and the stability of a system [decreases/increases].

A

decreases; increases

35
Q

______ is a state of maximum stability.

A

equilibrium

36
Q

A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward?

A

equilibrium

37
Q

Define equilibrium

A

the state in which the chemical activities or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time

38
Q

What results when the forward chemical process proceeds at the same rate as their reverse reaction?

A

equilibrium

39
Q

What is the formula of ΔG0?

A

∆G⁰ = - RT ln Keq

40
Q

[ΔG/ΔG0] is the actual free energy change

A

ΔG

41
Q

[ΔG/ΔG0] is the standard Free Energy change of a reaction

A

ΔG0

42
Q

Describe this: ΔG < 0

A

spontaneous reaction

43
Q

Describe this: ΔG > 0

A

needs energy

44
Q

Describe this: ΔG = 0

A

equilibrium

45
Q

What is the gas constant (R)?

A

Gas constant = 8.315

46
Q

1 calorie is equal to how many joules?

A

4.184 J

biochem (8 decks)

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