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Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques > LAB Exercise 1c Neoplasia > Flashcards

LAB Exercise 1c Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia means

A

“new growth”

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2
Q

Cells that proliferate throughout life

A

labile cells

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3
Q

Cells that have limited proliferation.

A

stable cells

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4
Q

Cells that do not replicate

A

permanent cells

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5
Q

Cells that lose control of regulating cell growth which form an abnormal mass of tissue.

A

neoplastic cells

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6
Q

A mass of tissue formed as a result of abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous and purposeless proliferation of cells even after cessation of stimulus for growth which caused it.

A

neoplasia

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7
Q

slow-growing and localized neoplasms that don’t cause much difficulty to the host

A

benign

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8
Q

Neoplasms that proliferate rapidly, spread throughout the body and may eventually cause death of the host.

A

malignant

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9
Q

The term Hippocrates coined for cancer of the breast

A

karkinos

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10
Q

The process of maturation of constituent cells into a form adapted to a specific function.

A

differentiation

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11
Q

A fully mature cell of any particular cell line is termed:

A

highly differentiated

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12
Q

The primitive precursor of mature cells

A

stem cells

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13
Q

While mature cells are said to be highly differentiated, stem cells are

A

undifferentiated

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14
Q

Two basic components of any benign or malignang tumors.

A
  1. parenchyma

2. supportive stroma

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15
Q

The component of the tumor which proliferates and detemines the nature and evolution of the tumor.

A

Parenchyma

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16
Q

The components of the tumor which is composed of fibrous connective tissues and blood vessels providing the framework on which the parenchymal tumor cells grow.

A

supportive stroma

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17
Q

Components of supportive strom

A

fibrous connective tissue

blood vessels

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18
Q

The tumors derive their nomenclature on the basis of

A

parenchymal component

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19
Q

The suffix used to denote benign tumors

A

-oma

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20
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelial origin

A

carcinoma

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21
Q

malignant mesenchymal tumors

A

sarcomas (sarco means flesh)

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22
Q

Rate of growth of benign tumors

A

slow

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23
Q

Rate of growth of malignant tumors

A

rapid

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24
Q

Why do cancer cells proliferate rapidly?

A

They disobey the growth controlling signals in the body.

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25
Q

When cancer cells escape death signals, they achieve:

A

immortality

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26
Q

Why do cancers grow excessively?

A

Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death

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27
Q

What is the concequence of a cancer cell’s loss of differentiation?

A

they perform little to no function

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28
Q

Genetic instability of cancer cells lead to:

A

newer mutations

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29
Q

Refers to cancer cells’ bility to overrun their neighboring tissue

A

local invasion

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30
Q

Ability of cancer cells to travel from the site of origin to other sites in the body where they colonize

A

metastasis

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31
Q

Shape of benign tumors

A

generally spherical or ovoid

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32
Q

other gross characteristics of benign tumors

A
  1. encapsulated or well-circumscribed
  2. freely movable
  3. firm
  4. uniform
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33
Q

secondary changes that can affect the gross characteristics of benign tumors

A

hemorrhage

infarction

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34
Q

Malignnt tumors can produce systemic features like:

A

weight loss
anorexia
anemia

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35
Q

Shape of malignant tumors

A

irregular, poorly circumscribed and extends to adjacent tissues

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36
Q

secondary changes that are seen more often in malignant tumors

A

hemorrhage
infarction
ulceration

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37
Q

consistency of sarcomas

A

flesh like

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38
Q

consistency of carcinomas

A

firm

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39
Q

Microscopic pattern which consists of acini, sheets, columns, or cords arranged in solid or papillary pattern

A

epithelial tumors

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40
Q

Microscopic pattern of tumor arranged as interlacing bundles, fascicles, or whorls lying separate from each other usually by intercellular matrix substance

A

mesenchyml tumors

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41
Q

Microscopic pattern that often have none or little stromal support

A

Hematopoietic tumors

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42
Q

Examples of Hematopoietic tumors

A

leukemias

lymphomas

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43
Q

microscopic ppearance where tumor reduplicate the normal structure of origin more closely so that there is little difficulty in identifying and classifying such tumors

A

benign tumors and low grade malignant tumors

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44
Q

This is defined as the extent of morphological and functional resemblance of parenchymal tumor cells to corresponding normal cells.

A

differentiation

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45
Q

When the deviation of neoplastic cell in structure and function is minimal compared to the normal

A

well differentiated

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46
Q

Poor structural and functional resemblance to corresponding normal cell.

A

poorly differentiated/ undifferentiated

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47
Q

It is the lack of differentiation and is a characteristic feature of most malignant tumors.

A

Anaplasia

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48
Q

10 noticeable morphological and functional alterations in the neoplastic/anaplastic cells

A
  1. loss of polarity
  2. pleomorphism
  3. nucleus to cell ration
  4. anisnucleosis
  5. Hyperchromatism
  6. Nucleolar changes
  7. Mitotic figurs
  8. Tumor giant cells
  9. Functional Cytoplasmic changes
  10. Chromosmal abnormalities
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49
Q

Nuclei tend to lie away from the basement membrane instead of being oriented along it.

A

Loss of polarity

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50
Q

term for jormal morphology of epithelial cells where the nuclei are oriented along the basement membrane

A

basal polarity

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51
Q

Basal polarity is a property that is based on cell edhesion molecules, specifically:

A

selectins

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52
Q

This means variation in size and shape of tumor cells and is correlated with the degree of anaplasia.

A

pleomorphism

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53
Q

Cell alteration where the nuclei are enlarged.

A

N:C ratio

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54
Q

Normal N:C ratio

A

1:5

55
Q

neoplastic N:C ratio

A

1:1

56
Q

Variation in size and shape of nuclei

A

anisonucleosis

57
Q

Alteratiom wherein the nuclear chromatin of malignant cell is increased and coarsely clumped due to the increase in the amount of nucleoprotein resulting in dark-staining nuclei.

A

hyperchromatism

58
Q

Alteration in which the nucleolus becomes prominent due to increased nucleoprotein synthesis

A

Nucleolar changes

59
Q

Nucleolar changes are demonstrated as _______ by ________

A

Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR), silver staining called AgNOR material

60
Q

Tumors showing large numbers of mitoses

A

mitotic figures

61
Q

Mitotic figures appear as either:

A

normal or abnormal mitotic figures

62
Q

Mitotic figures seen as a dark band of dividing chromatin at two poles of the nuclear spindle.

A

normal mitotic figures

63
Q

Normal mitotic figures are seen in some non-neoplastic proliferating cells like:

A

bone marrow
intestinal epithelium
hepatocytes

64
Q

Normal mitotic figures are seen in some non-neoplastic proliferating cells like:

A

bone marrow
intestinal epithelium
hepatocytes

65
Q

Appear in malignant tumors as tricolor, quadripolar and multipolar spindles in malignant tumor cells

A

abnormal/ atypical mitotic figures

66
Q

Another important feature of anaplasia in malignant tumors where multinucleate tumor giant cells or giant cells containing a single large and bizarre nucleus can be seen

A

Tumor giant cell

67
Q

Benign tumors and better differentiated malignant tumors continue to function well qualitatively, but have ______ abnormality in the product

A

quantitative (large or small amount)

68
Q

The products in anapestic tumors are usually _______

A

decreased

69
Q

Alteration wherein there is abnormal genetic composition including deviations in both morphology and the number of chromosomes.

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

70
Q

Most malignant tumors have increased number of chromosomes, seen morphologically by the increase in the size of the nuclei.

A

DNA aneuploidy

71
Q

Aside from fibrous connective tissues and blood vessels, the stroma may also contain:

A

nerves

metaplaatic bone or cartilage

72
Q

The supportive stroma never has this

A

lymphatics

73
Q

Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones to provide nourishment to growing tumor.

A

Tumor angiogenesis

74
Q

Morphologic feature of tumor angiogenesis

A

microvasculature density

75
Q

If the tumor is soft and fleshy, this means that the collagenous tissue is :

A

scanty

76
Q

Examples of tumors with scanty collagenous tissue

A

sarcoma

lymphoma

77
Q

If the tumor is hard and gritty, it means that the collagenous tissue is :

A

excessive

78
Q

If the tumor is hard and gritty, it means that the collagenous tissue is :

A

excessive

79
Q

Example of hard and gritth tumor

A

infiltratjng duct carcinoma of breast

80
Q

The growth of fibrous tissue in the stroma is stimulated by:

A

Basic Fibroblast growth factor

bFGF

81
Q

Carcinoma wheee the epithelial tumor is composed entirely of parenchymal cells

A

medullary carcinom

82
Q

When there is excessive connective tissue stroma in the epithelial tumor and the tumor is hard or scirrhous.

A

desmoplasia

83
Q

Result of ulceration in and around the tumor when there is a secondary infection

A

prominent inflammatory reaction

84
Q

In the absence of ulceration, some tumors still show chronic inflammatory reaction as a cell mediated response to destroy the tumor, mainly of:

A

lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
Granulomatous reaction (in some instances)

85
Q

In the absence of ulceration, some tumors still show chronic inflammatory reaction as a cell mediated response to destroy the tumor, mainly of:

A

lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
Granulomatous reaction (in some instances)

86
Q

Also known as direct spread of tumor

A

local invasion

87
Q

direct spread of benign tumors

A

It form encapsulated or circumscribed masses that expand and push aside the surrounding normal tissues without actually invading, infiltrating or metastasizing.

88
Q

Besides metastasis, malignant tumors are distinguished from benign tumors by:

A

invasion, infiltration, and destruction of surrounding tissues

89
Q

Tumors invade via the route of _________

A

least resistance

90
Q

Cancers can extend through

A

tissue spaces

91
Q

Cancers can permeate

A

lymphatics, blood vessels, and perineural spaces

92
Q

Cancers can penetrate

A

bone growing though nutrient foramina

93
Q

Tumors invade ___________________ more than __________________

A

thin walled capillaries and veins

thick walled arteries

94
Q

Three tissues that are sufficiently resistant to invasion against tumors

A

dense compact collagen
elastic tissue
cartilage

95
Q

This is defined as distant spread of tumor but invasion in such a way that discontinuous secondary tumor mass/masses are formed at the site of lodgment.

A

metastasis

96
Q

two most important features of distinguishing malignant from benign tumors

A

Metastasis and invasiveness

97
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of fibroblast

A

Fibroma

98
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of fibroblast

A

fibrosarcoma

99
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor from fat cell

A

lipoma

100
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of fat cell

A

liposarcoma

101
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of blood vessels

A

hemangioma

102
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of blood vessels

A

angiosarcoma

103
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of smooth muscle cell

A

leiomyoma

104
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of smooth muscle cell

A

Leiomyosarcoma

105
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor from striated muscle cells

A

rhabdomyoma

106
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor from striated muscle cells

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

107
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of cartilage

A

chondroma

108
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of cartilage

A

chondrosarcoma

109
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of osteoma

A

bone cell

110
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of bone cell

A

osteosarcoma

111
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of squamous epithelium

A

Epithelium papilloma

112
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

113
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of transitional epithelium

A

transitional cell papilloma

114
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of transitional epithelium

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

115
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of Glandular or ductal epithelium

A

adenoma

116
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of glandular/ductal epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

117
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of neuroendocrine cells

A

carcinoid

118
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells

A

oat cell carcinoma

119
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign liver cancer

A

liver ceell adenoma

120
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant liver cancer

A

liver cell carcinoma

121
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign kidney tumor

A

renal cell adenoma

122
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant liver cancer

A

renal cell carcinoma

123
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor from white blood stem cells

A

leukemia

124
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor from lymphoid cells

A

lymphoma

125
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of plasma cell

A

multiple myeloma

126
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor from neuroblasts

A

ganglioneuroma

127
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of neuroblasts

A

neuroblastoma

128
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of glial cells

A

glioma

129
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of meningeal cells

A

meningioma

130
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor of schwann cells

A

schwannoma

131
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of schwann cells

A

malignant schwannoma

132
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

benign tumor from embryonic cells

A

teratoma

133
Q

Histologic classification of tumors

malignant tumor of embryonic cells

A

embryonal carcinoma
teratocarcinoma
seminom
dysgerminoma

Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques (6 decks)

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