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Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques > Histo Lec Module 2 Unit 5 > Flashcards

Histo Lec Module 2 Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

process where alcohol or dehydrating agent is removed and replaced by a substance that will dissolve the wax

A

clearing or dealcoholization

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2
Q

process where alcohol or dehydrating agent is removed and replaced by a substance that will dissolve the wax

A

clearing or dealcoholization

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3
Q

clearing agent imparts optical property due to its

A

high refractive index

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4
Q

volume of clearing agent

A

40 times the tissue volume

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5
Q

clearing time for a small biopsy

A

1 hr

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6
Q

clearing time for larger tissues

A

3 changes with 60 minutes each

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7
Q

end point of clearing

A

transparent tissue

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8
Q

prolonged exposure to clearing ageng makes tissue

A

brittle, more difficult to cut

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9
Q

wax that is more readily replaced by paraffin has ___ boiling point

A

lower

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10
Q

clearing agent that causes tissue shrinkage and hardening but is affordable and acts rapidly

A

xylene

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11
Q

better at preserving tissue structure and does not garden tissue, but is slower acting and can cause tissue shrinkage

A

toluene

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12
Q

xylene can clear within

A

15 -30 mins

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13
Q

acts rapidly, does not harden or shrink tissue but is carcinogenic and highly flammable

A

benzene

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14
Q

used for tough tissues like skin, fibroid and decalcified tissues because they can process thick tissues and large spcimens. it is however slower and not transparent

A

chloroform

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15
Q

used for processing CNS tissues and cytological studies of smooth muscle and skin because it causes mininal shrinkage, can be used at indefinite time without causing damage. it does not produce uniform quality however, and is hard to eliminate from tissues

A

cedarwood oil

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16
Q

not recommended for routin clearing but used for embryos, insects and delicate specimens. it can clear 70% alcohok without shrinkage and hardening

A

aniline oil

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17
Q

most used xylene replacement

A

lemonene

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18
Q

used for celloidin sections, and has slow, gentle, and non hardening action

A

terpenes

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19
Q

has lowest hazard rating among all clearing agents and can be used in place of xylene. but it can breakdown compounds if not pure or stable

A

orange-oil based

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20
Q

toxic clearing agent that is now restricted by the governement

A

chlorinated hydrocarbon

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21
Q

it is efficient, nonhazardous, less expensive, causes less shrinkage, does not lose quality or detail, but solidifies at lower temperature

A

coconut oil

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22
Q

it produces good tissue, is nontoxic, non flammable, biodegradable, economic, easy to handle and readily available

A

bleached palm oil

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23
Q

causes minimum shrinkage but it dissolves celloidin, produces brittle tissue which tend to be adulterated

A

clove oil

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24
Q

similar to chloroform, dangerous to inhale on prolonged exposure but cheapaer

A

carbon tetrachloride

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25
Q

superior to ordinary clearing agents because it perofroms 2 processes at a time which shortens total processing time, and is non toxic

A

tetrahydrofuran

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26
Q

used when time is important because tossues may be embedded 4 hours after fixation due to its miscibility in both water and paraffin. it causes greater shrinkage hiwever and have toxic fumes

A

dioxane

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27
Q

process by which clearing agent is removed and replaced by a medium that completely fills tissue cavities and give firm consistency to tissues

A

infiltration or impregnation

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28
Q

clearing agent that takes longer time to infiltrate

A

cedarwood oil

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29
Q

accelerates the infiltration process

A

vacuum

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30
Q

simplest, most common embedding medium

A

paraffin wax

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31
Q

most common melting point of paraffin wax for histological use

A

56 - 58 degrees Celsius

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32
Q

recommended use of paraffin wax

A

2 celsius above melting point

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33
Q

pressure applied within a vacuum embedding iven

A

760 mmHg

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34
Q

vacuum embedding redices embedding time by

A

25-75%

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35
Q

mixture of highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymers

A

paraplast

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36
Q

melting point of paraplast

A

56-57 C

37
Q

permits large dense tissue blocks such as bines and brain to be cut easily

A

paraplast

38
Q

less brittle and less compressible paraffin substitute

A

embeddol

39
Q

lower melting point but harder than paraffin

A

ester wax

40
Q

melting point of ester wax

A

46-48 degrees

41
Q

soluble in 95% alcohol meaning that it can be used without clearing

A

ester wax

42
Q

most used water soluble wax

A

carbowax

43
Q

suitable for enxyme histochemical studies

A

carbowax

44
Q

proprietart blends of plastic plymer paraffin waxes

A

dimethyl sulphoxide

45
Q

scavenges residual transition solvent and alters tissue permeability by substituting or removing bound water

A

dimethyl sulphoxide

46
Q

suitable for specimens with large hollow cavities, hard dense tissues, laegre tissues and soft tissues with mixed consistency

A

celloidin

47
Q

celloidin is supplied as

A

thin (2%)
medium (4%)
thick (8%)
solutions dissolved in equal parts ether and alcohol

48
Q

three types of celloidin infiltration

A

wet mount, dry mount, low viscosity nitrocellulose

49
Q

difference between wet and dry mount celloidin

A

wet - 70% alcohol for bines teeth and large brain sections

dry- Gilsons mixture of chloroform and cedarwood oil for whole eyes

50
Q

some advantages of cellodin impregnation

A

rubbery consistency, does not require heat, less shrinkage and distortion

51
Q

some disadvantages of celloidin

A

slow infilitration
difficult to cut thin sections
cannot make serial sections
difficult to get photomicrographs

52
Q

rarely infiltration medium used except when dehydration is avoided

A

gelatin

53
Q

used for frozen sections

A

gelatin

54
Q

thickness of tissues in gelatin infiltration

A

2-3 mm

55
Q

prevents growth of mold in gelatin

A

1% phenol

56
Q

other terms for embedding

A

casting blocking

57
Q

impregnated tissue is positioned in a nold that is allowed to solidify

A

embedding

58
Q

if the embedding medium is too soft

A

torn or shredded sections

59
Q

embedding medium too hard

A

brittle tissues that will shatter

60
Q

arrangement of tissue in a precise position during embedding, microtomy, and before staining

A

orientation

61
Q

4 types of mold

A

Leukharts embedding mold
Compound embedding unit
Plastic embedding ring
disposable embedding molds

62
Q

two L shaped strios of heavy brass or metal

A

Leukharts embedding mold

63
Q

can be adjusted to the size of the specimen

A

leukhart

64
Q

series of interlocking plates resting on flat metal base

A

compound embedding unit

65
Q

special stainless steel base mold and fitted with block holder

A

plastic embedding rings and base mold

66
Q

equipped with warm plate, cold plate, and white plastic cassette molds with snap on lid

A

tissue tek

67
Q

three types of disposable embedding molds

A

peel away
plastic ice trays
paper biats

68
Q

tissues are first infiltrated with supporting medium such as agar or nitrocellulose then infiltrated a second time with paraffin

A

double embedding

69
Q

obsolete due to difficulty of tissue samples to adhere to slides and limiting of tissue expansion

A

agar as preembedding medium

70
Q

three types of plastic embedding medium

A

epoxy
polyester
acrylic

71
Q

hydrophobic, may reduce antigenicity, and carcinogenic

A

epoxy

72
Q

large molecules so slowly infiltrates

A

bisphenol A Araldite

73
Q

mixture of isomers that has lower viscosity

A

glycerol (epon)

74
Q

purena di filtrae the fastest

A

cyclohexene dioxide (spurr)

75
Q

made for EM but now seldom used

A

polyester

76
Q

extremely hydrophilic, tough when dehydrated, and used for TEM and preferable to use when high resolution light microscopy is needed

A

glycol methacrylate (GMA)

77
Q

where the tissue is held into position

A

block holdet

78
Q

for actual cutting of the sections

A

knife carrier and knife

79
Q

to line up tissue block in proper position with the knifex adjusting proper thickness for successive sections

A

pawl, ratchet feed wheel and adjustment screws

80
Q

hard sharpening

A

honing

81
Q

removal of nicks on the knife edge to remove blemishes

A

coarse honing

82
Q

grinding the cutting edge of the knife on a stone tk acquire even edge

A

honing proper

83
Q

for manual sharpening when cutting edge has been rendered blunt or nicked and usually gives best results

A

belgium yellow

84
Q

gives more polishing effect then belgium yellow

A

arkansas

85
Q

much coarser than the first 2 types and used only for badly nicked knives followed by either of the two

A

fine carborundum

86
Q

direction of honing

A

heel to toe

87
Q

to poliish and sharpen the cutting edge

A

stroping

88
Q

used in stroping

A

horse leather

Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques (6 decks)

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