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Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques > LAB Ex4a > Flashcards

LAB Ex4a Flashcards

1
Q

the word ‘tissue’ was defined in the late 1700s by the father of histology who is:

A

Marie Francois Bichat

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2
Q

the gold standard for tissue

fixation

A

Formaldehyde

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3
Q

Formaldehyde was discovered by:

A

Butlerov (1859)

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4
Q

Factors affecting the tissues that render them suboptimal for histologic preparation before arriving in the laboratory.

A

pre-analytical factors

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5
Q

Five pre-analytical factors:

A
  1. warm ischemia
  2. cold ischemia
  3. fixation
  4. properly filled surgical pathology requests
  5. accessioning procedure
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6
Q

term used for the initial anoxic insult a tissue suffers when its blood supply is cut off.

A

Warm ischemia

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7
Q

The duration of warm ischemia depends on the particular circumstance of the surgery, like:

A

speed and skill of the surgeon

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8
Q

the lack of oxygen once the tissue sample is removed from the patient’s body and before all metabolic processes are stopped by fixation.

A

Cold Ischemia

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9
Q

ensures that the tissue can be processed properly for frozen sections, imprints, etc.

A

circulating nurse immediately transports the fresh tissue to the laboratory

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10
Q

should be sectioned serially

A

Larger tissues

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11
Q

opened to expose mucosal linings

A

uteri and intestines

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12
Q

should be quickly immersed in fixative

A

Small biopsies

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13
Q

Properly preserved tissues are more resistant to

A

artifacts

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14
Q

the surgical pathology request should be properly-filled up by the:

A

clinician asking for diagnosis

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15
Q

Surgical Pathology Request should include:

A

patient’s history
physical and laboratory findings
imaging findings
pre-operative and post-operative diagnosis (if different)

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16
Q

Specimens submitted to the histopathology laboratory must be entered into the surgical pathology database via the:

A

accessioning process

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17
Q

absolutely unacceptable for accessioning

A

Unlabeled specimens

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18
Q

Proper identification includes matching the data on the:

A

specimen container label

surgical pathology request form

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19
Q

If there are inconsistencies between the two, the specimen and request form are returned to the OR for:

A

correction

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20
Q

five criteria for specimen rejection

A 
> discrepancies between requisition and specimen label
> no labels or mislabeled
> leaking container
> absent clinical data or history
> inappropriately identified specimens
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21
Q

Standard dissecting kits/sets which are available locally contain one or more of the following:

A

> scissors;
forceps;
blade holders
blades.

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22
Q

Cutting tools must always be kept clean before and after use to avoid:

A

carrying a tissue over

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23
Q

Blades should be disposed off in:

A

“sharps” containers

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24
Q

The basic features of a gross laboratory include the following:

A 
> sink
> stable table top;
> water supply;
> irrigation system;
> fume extraction system/ventilation system
✓ waste disposal unit
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25
Q

The weight of intact specimens is taken and rounded to the nearest:

A

0.1 g

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26
Q

In this specimen, the gross weight may be more important than the histopathology characteristics in arriving at a diagnosis.

A

hyperplastic thymic tissue

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27
Q

Dimensions are taken and rounded to the nearest:

A

1.0 cm

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28
Q

characteristics to report in gross description of specimens

A

> weight
dimensions
color
consistency

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29
Q

After adequately examining them for completeness and describing their gross features, specimens are:

A

dissected

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30
Q

Small specimens are sectioned serially, about ____ thick

A

2 to several mm

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31
Q

why are small specimens sectioned serially?

A

to look for small lesions

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32
Q

Representative sections are also taken from ____ for comparison

A

normal structures

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33
Q

For large specimens, the sections are cut into _____

A

1.0 cm thick sections

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34
Q

Sectioning large specimens to ensure that pathologic areas or tumoral areas are identified is called:

A

bread loafing

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35
Q

structures that must be opened as part of initial examination

A

hollow structures

36
Q

For specimen with tumors, the following must be identified:

A 
✓ site and size of the tumor;
✓ location and structures invaded by the tumor;
✓ vascular invasion;
✓ distance from resection margins; and
✓ presence of lymph nodes
37
Q

standard tissue cassettes measure:

A

3.0 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm

38
Q

Specimens must fit easily into the cassette and should not be more than:

A

0.3 cm in thickness

39
Q

the accession number of the specimen should be written in:

A

pencil

40
Q

Tissue processing can be done through the following order:

A
  1. Fixation (includes reception, grossing & bread loafing)
  2. Dehydration
  3. Clearing
  4. Infiltration (Impregnation)
  5. Embedding
  6. Trimming
  7. Sectioning
  8. Staining
  9. Mounting
41
Q

the most common fixative

A

10% formalin

42
Q

important part of fixation in order to stop the metabolic processes that continue to alter the state of the tissue to be examined.

A

killing

43
Q

defined as the alteration of tissues by stabilizing protein so that the tissues become resistant to further changes

A

fixation

44
Q

defined as the ratio of velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a liquid or solid medium.

A

refractive index

45
Q

increases the contrast between tissue elements, enabling better appreciation of the structure

A

difference in refractive indices

46
Q

The three objectives of fixation include:

A

(1) preserving the tissue
(2) preventing breakdown of cellular elements
(3) to coagulating or precipitating protoplasmic substances

47
Q

The 3 benefits of fixation are the following:

A

(1) allows thin sectioning of tissue by hardening
(2) prevents autolysis and inactivates some infectious agents
(3) improves cell avidity for special stains

48
Q

most widely used fixative in histopathology today

A

Ten percent formalin

49
Q

For general use, 10% formalin is usually buffered to a pH of:

A

7

50
Q

Formalin is neutrally buffered to:

A

prevent formation of black acid hematin pigment.

51
Q

what type of fixative is formalin

A

non-coagulant

additive fixative

52
Q

formalin primarily reacts with:

A

amino acids containing a reactive hydrogen

53
Q

when formalin reacts with the amino group on the side chain of amino acids, it forms:

A

methylene bridges that link the protein chains together

54
Q

Formalin also cross-links by reacting with:

A

sulfhydryl groups in the amino acid, cysteine

55
Q

attracts eosin dye resulting in a pinkish color.

A

amino group

56
Q

formalin preserves _____, but leads to gradual loss when storage is prolonged

A

lipids

57
Q

dissolves lipids, causing it to appear in routine sections as clear spaces

A

alcohol and xylene

58
Q

usually trapped in the tissue by the stabilizing and fixing actions of formalin on protein

A

glycogen

59
Q

not fixed by formalin

A

carbohydrates

60
Q

rate of penetration of formalin has been established at:

A

3.6 mm in 1 hour and 7.2

mm in 4 hours.

61
Q

maximum thickness of tissue for optimal fixation has been set at:

A

3 mm

62
Q

Cross-linking is complete in:

A

24 - 48 hours

63
Q

excessive cross- linking happens if fixed beyond

A

48 hours

64
Q

black acid hematin can be removed when treated with:

A

alcoholic picric acid

alkaline alcohol

65
Q

effects of incomplete fixation

A
  1. separation of tissue components during microtomy
  2. poor tissue morphology
  3. smudgy/bubbling nuclei
  4. appear more eosinophilic
66
Q

how many tissue slices for dehydration

A

4-5

67
Q

dimension of tissie slices per cassette

A

2 cm squares that are 3 mm thick

68
Q

what is the accession number

A

S-22-01
S (surgical specimen)
22 (year)
01 (specimen serial number)

69
Q

washing of specimen after fixation is done within

A

15 minutes to 12 hours

70
Q

washing of specimen is done with water if the fixatives are:

A

chromate, formalin, osmic acid

70
Q

washing of specimen is done with water if the fixatives are:

A

chromate, formalin, osmic acid

71
Q

picric acid fixative is washed out with:

A

50-70% alcohol

72
Q

mercuric fixative is washed out with

A

alcoholic iodide

73
Q

process of removing water using ascending concentration of alcohol

A

dehydration

74
Q

procedure of dehydration

A

70% alcohol for 6 hours, agitate every 24 mins
95% alcohol for 12 hours, agitate every 48 mins
100% alcohol for 2 hours, every 8 mins
100% alcohol for 1 hr, every 4 mins
100% alcohol for 1 hr, every 4 mins

75
Q

effect of excessive dehydration

A

hard
brittle
shrunken

76
Q

effect of incomplete dehydration

A

soft

not receptive to paraffin

77
Q

solvent for dehydration

A

ethanol

77
Q

solvent for dehydration

A

ethanol

78
Q

solvent for clearing

A

xylene

79
Q

why is it called clearing agent

A

impart optical clarity due to high refractive index

80
Q

process of clearing

A

two changes of xylene, 1 hour each, agitate every 4 minutes

81
Q

effect of prolonged clearing

A

brittle

82
Q

effect of incomplete clearing

A

uneven H&E staining

poor nuclear chromatin patterns

83
Q

paraffin wax is infiltrated into tissue at this temperature

A

55-60

84
Q

paraffin wax is solidifed at this temperature

A

20

Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques (6 decks)

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