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EEB263 > Lab Exam November > Flashcards

Lab Exam November Flashcards

0
Q

Rostrum

A

Chondrocranium

Scoop-like, anterior projection of the chondrocranium
Contains the precerebral cavity

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1
Q

Chondrocranium

A

Large element of the head skeleton that surrounds and supports the brain and sense organs

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2
Q

Precerebral Cavity

A

Chondrocranium

Cavity in the rostrum that communicates with the posterior cranial cavity through the precerebral fenestra

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3
Q

Precerebral fenestra

A

Chondrocranium

Hole that allows the precerebral cavity to communicate with the cranial cavity

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4
Q

Rostral Carina

A

Chondrocranium

Keeled ventral edge that supports the rostrum

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5
Q

Rostral Fenestrae

A

Chondrocranium

Paired fenestrae that lie on either side of the rostral carina

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6
Q

Nasal Capsules

A

Chondrocranium

Paired, large & circular, lie laterally to the base of the rostrum

Delicate, so may be lost or damaged

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7
Q

Nares

A

Chondrocranium

Paired openings that lie on the ventral surface of each nasal capsule

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8
Q

Optic Region

A

Chondrocranium

Region of the chondrocranium that hold the eyes

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9
Q

Antorbital Shelf

A

Chondrocranium

Forms the anterior wall of the orbit, separates the orbit from the nasal capsule

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10
Q

Antorbital Process

A

Chondrocranium

Process on the anterior dorsal side of the orbit

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11
Q

Supraorbital Crest

A

Chondrocranium

Crest on the dorsal side of the orbit that runs between the antorbital and postorbital processes

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12
Q

Postorbital Process

A

Chondrocranium

Process on the posterior dorsal side of the orbit

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13
Q

Basitrabecular Processes

A

Chondrocranium

Paired processes formed from an expansion of the orbit on the posterior and ventral side

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14
Q

Epiphyseal Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Foramen on the dorsal surface, located between the antorbital processes and immediately posterior to the precerebral cavity

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15
Q

Superficial Opthalmic Foramina

A

Chondrocranium

Series of foramina that pierce the supraorbital crest

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16
Q

Optic Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Large foramen that lies anteroventrally in the orbit, just posterior to the antorbital shelf

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17
Q

Trigeminofacial Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Opening in the orbit, located posteriorly along the postorbital process and just posterior to the pedicle

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18
Q

Optic Pedicle

A

Chondrocranium

Supports the eyeball within the orbit, takes root just anterior to the trigeminofacial foramen

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19
Q

Abducens Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Small foramen found ventral to the trigeminofacial foramen

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20
Q

Trochlear Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Small foramen located ventral to the superficial opthalmic foramina on the orbit

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21
Q

Oculomotor Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Small foramen located dorsal and just anterior to the optic pedicle

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22
Q

Otic Region

A

Chondrocranium

Squared area in the posterior side of the chondrocranium that contains the otic capsules and inner ears

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23
Q

Basal Plate

A

Chondrocranium

Flattened base on the ventral side of the otic region

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24
Q

Carotid Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Foramen that lies at the anterior end of the basal plate

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25
Q

Endolymphatic Fossa

A

Chondrocranium

Large depression on the dorsal side, between the postorbital processes and the otic region

Contains the endolymphatic and perilymphatic foramina

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26
Q

Endolymphatic Foramina

A

Chondrocranium

Smaller, anterior foramina within the endolymphatic fossa

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27
Q

Perilymphatic Foramina

A

Chondrocranium

Larger, more posterior pair of foramina within the endolymphatic fossa

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28
Q

Hyomandibular Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Foramen on the anteroventral part of the wall of the otic region

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29
Q

Occipital Region

A

Chondrocranium

Posterior part of the chondrocranium

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30
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Chondrocranium

Large, median opening in the occipital region

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31
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

Chondrocranium

Protrusions that lie on either side of the foramen magnum and just ventral to it

Articulate with the first vertebra

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32
Q

Vagus Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Foramen that lies just lateral to the foramen magnum

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33
Q

Glossopharyngeal Foramen

A

Chondrocranium

Foramen that are most lateral on the occipital region

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34
Q

Splanchnocranium

A

Part of the head that includes the seven visceral arches and forms the jaw

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35
Q

Mandibular Arch

A

Splanchnocranium

Anteriormost visceral arch that forms the jaws, formed from palatoquadrate, Meckel’s and labial cartilages

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36
Q

Palatoquadrate Cartilages

A

Splanchnocranium

Dorsal portion of the mandibular arch that forms the upper jaw and articulates with the chondrocranium

Has orbital and adductor mandibulae processes

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37
Q

Orbital Process

A

Splanchnocranium

Anterior process on the palatoquadrate cartilage that contacts the medial wall of the orbit on the chondrocranium

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38
Q

Adductor Mandibulae Process

A

Splanchnocranium

Posterior process on the palatoquadrate cartilage that serves as an attachment site for the adductor mandibulae muscle

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39
Q

Meckel’s Cartilages

A

Splanchnocranium

Ventral portion of the mandibular arch, forms the lower jaw

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40
Q

Labial Cartilages

A

Splanchnocranium

Slender cartilages of the mandibular arch that support the labial folds and are attached to Meckel’s cartilage

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41
Q

Hyoid Arch

A

Splanchnocranium

Second visceral arch, functions as support and suspension for the mandibular arch

Formed from the hyomandibular, ceratohyal and basihyal

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42
Q

Hyomandibular

A

Splanchnocranium

Dorsal segment of the hyoid arch
Abuts against the otic capsule

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43
Q

Ceratohyal

A

Splanchnocranium

Middle section of the hyoid arch, articulates dorsally with the hyomandibular and ventrally with the basihyal

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44
Q

Basihyal

A

Splanchnocranium

Ventral segment of the hyoid arch

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45
Q

Branchial Arches

A

Splanchnocranium

Visceral arches 3-7

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46
Q

Pharyngobranchials

A

Splanchnocranium

Dorsal segment of the branchial arches

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47
Q

Epibranchials

A

Splanchnocranium

Middle segment of the branchial arches

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48
Q

Ceratobranchials

A

Splanchnocranium

Ventral segments of the branchial arches

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49
Q

Hypobranchials

A

Splanchnocranium

Paired, connect branchial arches 1-3 to basibranchial 1 (arch 1) and basibranchial 2 (arches 2-3)

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50
Q

Basibranchials

A

Splanchnocranium

Ventral, medial completions of the branchial arches, connected to arches 1-3 via hypobranchials and directly for 4-5

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51
Q

Centrum

A

Vertebra

Hourglass-shaped vertebral body of each segment of the vertebral column

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52
Q

Notochord

A

Vertebra

Runs through the centrum of each vertebral segment

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53
Q

Neural Plate

A

Vertebra

Triangular plate that sits dorsal to and with base on the centrum

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54
Q

Neural Spine

A

Vertebra

Low ridge found on the tip of each neural plate

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55
Q

Intercalary plates

A

Vertebra

Inverted triangular plates that lie between each neural plate

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56
Q

Neural Arch

A

Vertebra

Neural and intercalary plates together

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57
Q

Neural Canal

A

Vertebra

Passageway above the centra formed by the neural arches, for the passage of the spinal cord

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58
Q

Nerve Foramen

A

Vertebra

Foramen that pierces each neural plate, for the root of a spinal nerve

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59
Q

Basapophysis

A

Vertebra

Projection on either side of the ventral surfaces of the centra

Only in trunk vertebrae

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60
Q

Rib

A

Vertebra

Slender, projects from each basapophysis

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61
Q

Hemal Arch

A

Vertebra

Plate of cartilage on either side of the ventral side of each centrum that meets with its pair

Only on caudal vertebrae

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62
Q

Hemal Canal

A

Vertebra

Canal within the hemal arch for passage of the caudal artery and vein

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63
Q

Hemal Spine

A

Vertebra

Spine that extends ventrally from each hemal arch

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64
Q

Basal Pterygiophore

A

Anterior and posterior dorsal fins
Pectoral fins
Pelvic fins

Large, proximal lobe in dorsal
Has fin spine anchored anteriorly in dorsal
Three kinds in pectoral, two in pelvic

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65
Q

Fin Spine

A

Anterior and posterior dorsal fins

Spine that is anchored to the anterior side of the basal pterygiophore

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66
Q

Radial Pterygiophores

A

Anterior and posterior dorsal fins
Pectoral fins
Pelvic fins
Caudal fin

Lobes that form the middle part of the fin, between the basal pterygiophore and ceratotrichia

  • Base of the caudal fin, only on the dorsal side
  • Rod-like and arranged in rows in the pectoral fins, also rod-like in pelvic
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67
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

Anterior and posterior dorsal fins
Pectoral fins
Pelvic fins
Caudal fin

Thin, fibrous dermal rays that form the most distal portion of the fin

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68
Q

Caudal Fin

A

Heterocercal - asymmetric with the vertebral axis curving into the dorsal lobe

Supported proximally by hemal arches and radial pterygiophores

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69
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

U-shaped cartilage to which the pectoral fins attach on either side

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70
Q

Coracoid Bar

A

Pectoral Girdle

Portion of the girdle that lies between the fins

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71
Q

Scapular Process

A

Pectoral Girdle

Portion of the girdle that extends dorsally past the attachment of each fin

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72
Q

Suprascapular Cartilage

A

Pectoral Girdle

Slender element that attaches dorsally to each scapular process

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73
Q

Glenoid Surface

A

Pectoral girdle

Articular surface between the girdle and the fin

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74
Q

Propterygium

A

Pectoral fins, pelvic fins

Most anterior basal pterygiophore on the pectoral fin

Short, stout basal pterygiophore on the pelvic fin

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75
Q

Mesopterygium

A

Pectoral fins

Middle basal pterygiophore, largest of the three

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76
Q

Metapterygium

A

Pectoral fins, pelvic fins

Most posterior basal pterygiophore on the pectoral fin

Elongated, posterior-extending basal pterygiophore on the pelvic fin

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77
Q

Puboischiadic Bar

A

Pelvic Girdle

Horizontal bar that connects the pelvic fins to one another

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78
Q

Acetabular Surfaces

A

Pelvic Girdle

Articular surface for the fins on either end of the puboischiadic bar

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79
Q

Iliac Process

A

Pelvic Girdle

Tiny process near each acetabular surface

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80
Q

Clasper

A

Pelvic fin
Only present on males

Intromittent organ for transmission of sperm into the female cloaca; has a hook (large) and spine (smaller) distally

Formed from modified radial pterygiophores

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81
Q

Dermis

A

Inner layer of shark integument

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82
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of shark integument

Not keratinized - layer of live cells
Covered by mucus in life

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83
Q

Placoid Scales

A

A.K.A. Denticles

Scale that is built essentially like a tooth, embedded within the skin

  • Formed from dentine that is covered by enamel and contains a pulp cavity
  • Reduce drag of water passing over the skin during swimming
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84
Q

Melanophores

A

Specialized cells within the integument that control pigmentation of skin an secretory cells

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85
Q

Labial Pocket

A

Pocket on either side of the mouth

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86
Q

Labial Fold

A

Flap that separates the labial pocket from the mouth; supported by the labial cartilage

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87
Q

Spiracle

A

Large opening into the pharynx that lies posterior to each eye

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88
Q

Spiracular valve

A

Fold of tissue that can be folded over the spiracle opening to close flow of water

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89
Q

Pseudobranch

A

Reduced gill found on the spiracle

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90
Q

Interbranchial Septa

A

Four septa that separate the five external pharyngeal slits

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91
Q

Gills

A

Respiratory structures found within the pharyngeal slits

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92
Q

Gill Lamellae

A

What makes up gills, generally injected with red latex in specimens

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93
Q

Cloaca

A

Midventral chamber from which the urinary, digestive and reproductive tracts all exit

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94
Q

Urogenital Papilla

A

Cone-like structure in the cloaca from which the genital and urinary ducts open

Only in males

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95
Q

Urinary Papilla

A

Cone-like structure from which the urinary duct opens

Only in females

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96
Q

Anus

A

Exit for the digestive tract, opens anterior to the urogenital/urinary papilla

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97
Q

Abdominal Pores

A

Pores on the posterolateral sides of the cloaca that extend into the pleuroperitoneal cavity

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98
Q

Lateral Line Canal

A

Cutaneous tube that contains sensory nerve endings, opens to the surface via pores
- Responsive to pressure changes in wwater caused by vibrations and movement

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99
Q

Endolymphatic Pores

A

Paired pores that open on the dorsal side of the head, between the spiracles

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100
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Numerous pores all around the head, function in electro-reception

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101
Q

Epaxial Musculature

A

Dorsal musculature of the trunk

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102
Q

Hypaxial Musculature

A

Ventral musculature of the trunk

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103
Q

Horizontal Skeletogenous Septum

A

Connective tissue sheet that lies in the frontal plane and divides the epaxial and hypaxial musculature of the trunk

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104
Q

Myomeres

A

Segmented, Z-shaped sections of muscle

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105
Q

Myosepta

A

Connective tissue sheets that divide myomeres

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106
Q

Linea Alba

A

Connective tissue that separates the left and right myomeres midventrally

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107
Q

Pectoral abductor

A

Muscle that lies dorsally on the pectoral fin

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108
Q

Pectoral adductor

A

Muscle that lies ventrally on the pectoral fin

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109
Q

Spiracularis

A

Branchiomeric Musculature

Small muscle that lies on the anterior wall of the spiracular valve

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110
Q

Levator palatoquadrati

A

Branchiomeric Musculature

Muscle that lies anterior to the spiracularis, passes from the otic capsule to the upper jaw and lifts/stabilizes it

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111
Q

Levator hyomandibulae

A

Branchiomeric Musculature

Muscle that lies posterior to the spiracle and extends between the otic capsule and hyomandibular

Raises the hyomandibular during jaw closing

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112
Q

Adductor mandibulae

A

Branchiomeric Musculature

Large muscle just posterior to the angle of the mouth, extends between upper and lower jaws to close the mouth

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113
Q

Raphes

A

Branchiomeric Musculature

Vertical connective tissue partitions that separate the superficial constrictors

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114
Q

Hyoid Constrictors

A

Branchiomeric Musculature
Dorsal & ventral

First and most complex of the superficial constrictors
Lies between the adductor mandibulae and the first pharyngeal slit

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115
Q

Superficial Branchial Constrictors

A

Branchiomeric musculature
Dorsal & ventral

Extend between the raphes associated with each pharyngeal slit
Extend medially, but only outermost portions are visible superficially

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116
Q

Cucullaris

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Triangular muscle that lies dorsal to the superficial constrictors

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117
Q

Epibranchial muscles

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Anterior continuation of the epaxial musculature; attach anteriorly to the back of the chondrocranium

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118
Q

Intermandibularis

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Muscle that lies between Meckel’s cartilages, composed of left and right halves separated midventrally by a raphe

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119
Q

Interhyoideus

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Thin muscular sheet that lies deep to the intermandibularis and is adhered tightly to it
Extends between the cartilages of the ceratohyals

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120
Q

Interbranchial

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Muscle that underlies the portion of a pharyngeal slit covered by gill lamellae; curved fibres

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121
Q

Branchial adductor

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Short muscle that extends between the ceratobranchial and epibranchial in each interbranchial septum

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122
Q

Dorsal interarcuals

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Strap-like and elongated muscles that lie between cartilages of branchial arches 1-4

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123
Q

Lateral interarcuals

A

Branchiomeric musculature

Muscles that lie lateroventral to the dorsal interarcuals and extend between the pibranchial and pharyngobranchial cartilages of arches 1-4

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124
Q

Coracomandibular

A

Hypobranchial musculature

Long, midventral, nearly cylindrical
Exposed on reflection of the intermandibularis and interhyoideus
Extends between the lower jaw and the muscles posterior to it

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125
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Gland deep to the anterior end of the coracomandibular

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126
Q

Coracohyoids

A

Hypobranchial musculature

Elongated, paired
Lie deep to the coracomandibular and anterior to the basihyal

Continuous with the coracoarcuals posteriorly

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127
Q

Coracoarcuals

A

Hypobranchial musculature

Broad, nearly triangular muscles that lie medially between the ventral superficial branchial constrictors and anterior to the hypaxial musculature

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128
Q

Coracobranchials

A

Hypobranchial musculature

Five muscles that fan out from the coracoid bar, coracoarcuals and walls of pericardial cavity to ceratobranchial and basibranchial cartilages

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129
Q

Primary Tongue

A

Forms the floor of the oral cavity

Not a true tongue like that seen in tetrapods

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130
Q

Pharynx

A

Region into which the pharyngeal slits lead

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131
Q

Esophagus

A

Posterior narrowing of the pharynx, leads to the stomach

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132
Q

Gill Rakers

A

Finger-like structures projecting across the internal pharyngeal slit to help keep food from escaping through the slits or damaging the gills

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133
Q

Interbranchial Septa

A

Four partitions that separate the five pharyngeal slits from one another

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134
Q

Primary Gill Lamellae

A

Nearly parallel, ridge-like

Found on the anterior and posterior surfaces of each interbranchial septum

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135
Q

Holobranch

A

Interbranchial septum with gill lamellae on both anterior and posterior surfaces

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136
Q

Hemibranch

A

Interbranchial septum with gill lamellae on only the anterior OR posterior side
- E.g. hyoid arch

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137
Q

Branchial adductor

A

Muscle that lies medial to the arch

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138
Q

Interbranchial

A

Muscle that supports the interbranchial septum

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139
Q

Gill Rays

A

Cartilaginous rays that extend from the branchial arch and into the interbranchial muscle for support

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140
Q

Pretrematic Artery

A

Artery that lies at the base of gill lamellae on the posterior surface of an interbranchial septum

141
Q

Posttrematic Artery

A

Artery that lies at the base of gill lamellae on the anterior surface of an interbranchial septum

142
Q

Cross Trunks

A

Link post and pretrematic arteriexs

143
Q

Afferent Branchial Artery

A

Lies near the middle of a septum between the pretrematic and posttrematic arteries

144
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity, divided into the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities

145
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Anterior cavity of the coelom that contains the heart

146
Q

Pleuroperitoneal Cavity

A

Posterior cavity of coelom that contains the viscera and other structures

147
Q

Transverse Septum

A

Septum that separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities

Lies near the pectoral girdle

148
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Epithelium that lines the body cavity

149
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Epithelium that covers the organs within the body cavity

150
Q

Mesenteries

A

Membranes that suspend organs from the body wall or connect them to other organs

151
Q

Liver

A

Occupies most of the anterior part of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

Has right and left lobes extending posteriorly on either side and a small median lobe between them

152
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Elongated structure on the median lobe of the liver, extends along the right margin

153
Q

Papillae

A

Finger-like projections on the inside of the esophagus

154
Q

Rugae

A

Longitudinal ridges found on the inside of the stomach

155
Q

Body (digestive)

A

Main part of the stomach

156
Q

Pyloric Region

A

Narrow posterior part of the stomach, after the bend

157
Q

Pylorus

A

Constriction of the pyloric region of the stomach that marks the separation between the stomach and intestine

158
Q

Spleen

A

Large, dark organ at the posterior end of the stomach

Belongs to the cardiovascular system

159
Q

Pancreas

A

Near the stomach & intestine

Has two parts that are linked around the intestine

160
Q

Isthmus

A

Connection between the two sides of the pancreas

161
Q

Duodenum

A

Anterior segment of the intestine

Is adhered to and hidden by the ventral lobe of the pancreas

162
Q

Valvular Intestine

A

Large, middle portion of the intestine that contains a spiral valve

163
Q

Spiral Valve

A

Internal subdivision of the intestine that increases its effective length

164
Q

Colon

A

Posterior end of the intestine that lacks a spiral valve

165
Q

Digitiform Gland

A

Gland that attaches to the colon and looks like a dick

Excretes salt

166
Q

Rectum

A

Continuation of the digestive tract after the colon into the cloaca

167
Q

Mesogaster

A

Dorsal mesentery that attaches the esophagus and stomach to the body wall

168
Q

THE Mesentery

A

Part of the dorsal mesentery that supports the anterior portion of the intestine

169
Q

Mesorectum

A

Mesentery that attaches the digitiform gland to the body wall

170
Q

Gastrosplenic Ligament

A

Membrane that attaches the spleen to the stomach

171
Q

Gastrohepatoduodenal Ligament

A

Ribbon-like strand of mesentery that extends from the liver to the gut

Carries the bile duct and blood vessels

172
Q

Hepatoduodenal Ligament

A

Portion of the gastrohepatoduodenal ligament that carries the bile duct to the duodenum

Splits at the pyloric region

173
Q

Hepatogastric Ligament

A

Portion of the gastrohepatoduodenal ligament that passes into the pyloric region of the stomach and adjacent portions of the body

174
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

Extends between the anteroventral surface of the liver and the midventral body wall

175
Q

Ventricle

A

Most conspicuous structure of the heart

Large muscular chamber

176
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Seen on the surface of the ventricle, supply the heart

177
Q

Sinus Venosus

A

Thin, triangular chamber of the heart attached to the transverse septum

Receives venous blood and passes it anteriorly to the atrium

178
Q

Atrium

A

Large chamber of the heart that is dorsal to and appears to envelop the ventricle

Passes its blood to the ventricle

179
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

Anterior chamber of the heart that is muscular and tube-like; narrowing of the ventricle

This is where blood exits the heart and enters the ventral aorta

180
Q

Ventral Aorta

A

Passes anteriorly from the conus arteriosus

Gives off five pairs of afferent branchial arteries

181
Q

Afferent Branchial Arteries

A

Arteries that arise at the ventral aorta and pass through to the gill lamellae

182
Q

Collector Loop

A

Pretrematic and posttrematic arteries join dorsally and ventrally, loop around the pharyngeal slit

Only four collector loops

183
Q

Efferent Branchial Artery

A

Carries blood away from the dorsal end of each collector loop and empties into the dorsal aorta

184
Q

Dorsal Aorta

A

Passes posteriorly to supply most of the body with oxygenated blood

185
Q

Hyoidean Artery

A

Arises from the anterodorsal part of the first collector loop (just anterior to first efferent branchial artery)

Extends anteriorly

186
Q

Paired Dorsal Aortae

A

Arise from first efferent branchial arteries

Pass anteriorly then veer laterally to join hyoidean artery

187
Q

Internal Carotid Artery

A

Formed after the union of a hyoidean artery and paired dorsal aorta

Extends anteriorly to give rise to the stapedial artery then extends anteromedially to meet with the other internal carotid middorsally before entering the chondrocranium

188
Q

Stapedial Artery

A

Arises from the internal carotid artery on either side

Extends anterolaterally before passing into the chondrocranium

189
Q

Afferent Spiracular Artery

A

Arises near the middles of the pretrematic artery of the first collector loop and goes to the posterior side of the spiracle

190
Q

Efferent Spiracular Artery

A

Collects blood from the pseudobranch

Extends anteromedially, ventral to stapedial and enters the chondrocranium

191
Q

External Carotid Artery

A

Arises from the anteromedial corner of the first collector loop and supplies the lower jaw

192
Q

Hypobranchial Artery

A

Arises from the ventral end of the second collector loop

Passes posteriorly to the conus arteriosus, where it divides into coronary and pericardial arteries

193
Q

Pericardial arteries

A

Can be seen on the wall of the pericardial cavity

194
Q

Pharyngoesophogeal Artery

A

Arises from the second efferent branchial artery

Extends posteriorly and gives off branches to the pharynx and esophagus

195
Q

Subclavian Arteries

A

Paired, first major branches of the dorsal aorta; usually between the third and fourth efferent branchial arteries

Pass posterolaterally then veer lateroventrally at the pectoral girdle

Gives rise to branchial and anterior ventrolateral arteries

196
Q

Brachial Ventrolateral Artery

A

Supplies the pectoral fin with blood

197
Q

Anterior Ventrolateral Artery

A

Continuation of the subclavian artery after the origin of the brachial ventrolateral artery

Goes anterior then posterior, midway between lateral and midventral lines

Gives off branches that supply myomeres, joins with posterior ventrolateral artery

198
Q

Celiac Artery

A

First branch of the dorsal aorta in the pleuroperitoneal cavity

Large, unpaired
Continues posteriorly along the right side of the stomach to anterior tip of dorsal lobe of pancreas
- Gives rise to testicular/ovarian arteries near origin
- Divides into pancreaticomesenteric and gastrohepatic arteries

199
Q

Gastrohepatic Artery

A

Short branch (sometimes missing altogether) of the celiac artery that subdivides again into the hepatic and gastric arteries

200
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

Long, narrow artery that turns toward the liver, accompanied by the hepatic portal vein and ant. bile duct

201
Q

Gastric Artery

A

Passes to the stomach and branches into dorsal and ventral segments

202
Q

Pacreaticomesenteric Artery

A

Passes dorsal to the pylorus and onto the ventral side of the intestine as the anterior intestinal artery

203
Q

Anterior Intestinal Artery

A

Posterior end of the pancreaticomesenteric artery that lies on the ventral side of the intestine

204
Q

Anterior Mesenteric Artery

A

Arises from the dorsal aorta at about the level of the spleen, becomes posterior intestinal artery

205
Q

Posterior Intestinal Artery

A

Extension of the anterior mesenteric artery onto the intestine

206
Q

Gastrosplenic Artery

A

Arises from the dorsal aorta just posterior to the anterior mesenteric artery

Supplies the spleen and the posterior part of the stomach

207
Q

Posterior Mesenteric Artery

A

Arises from the dorsal aorta, passes along the anterior edge of the mesorectum and onto the digitiform gland

208
Q

Iliac Arteries

A

Arise from the dorsal aorta at about the level of the cloaca

Pass posterolaterally dorsal to the kidneys, emerge and extend to pelvic fins where it branches into the femoral artery and posterior ventrolateral artery

209
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Branch off of the iliac artery that enters the pelvic fin

210
Q

Posterior ventrolateral artery

A

Branch off of the iliac artery that goes anteriorly along the body wall before uniting with the anterior ventrolateral artery

211
Q

Caudal Artery

A

Posterior continuation of the dorsal aorta into the tail, after the cloaca

212
Q

Intersegmental Arteries

A

Random branches off of the dorsal aorta to the axial musculature

213
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Large vein that lies in the gastrohepatoduodenal ligament

Formed from the union of the gastric, pancreaticomesenteric and lienomesenteric veins near the top of the dorsal lobe of the pancreas

214
Q

Gastric Vein

A

Accompanies gastric artery onto the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the stomach

215
Q

Lienomesenteric Vein

A

Extends along the dorsal lobe of the pancreas

Formed by confluence of the posterior lienogastric vein and posterior intestinal vein

216
Q

Posterior lienogastric vein

A

Vein that comes from the spleen and posterior part of the stomach

217
Q

Posterior Intestinal Vein

A

Arises from the posterior part of the intestine

218
Q

Pancreaticomesenteric Vein

A

Accompanies the pancreaticomesenteric artery to the beginning of the intestine, where it is formed by others such as the anterior intestinal vein and the anterior lienogastric vein

219
Q

Anterior Intestinal Vein

A

Extends parallel to the anterior intestinal artery

220
Q

Anterior Lienogastric Vein

A

Comes from the spleen and pyloric regions of the stomach

221
Q

Caudal Vein

A

Passes anteriorly through the hemal arches of the caudal vertebrae

222
Q

Renal Portal Veins

A

Arise through bifurcation of the caudal vein and continue anteriorly along the dorsolateral margins of the kidneys

223
Q

Afferent Renal Veins

A

Branch from the renal portal veins to carry blood to the kidneys

224
Q

Anterior Cardinal Sinus

A

Large vein that lies dorsal to the pharyngobranchial cartilages

Receives vessels that drain the eye, brain, head

225
Q

Orbital Sinus

A

Surrounds the eye and transports blood to the anterior cardinal sinus

226
Q

Inferior Jugular Vein

A

Thin vessel that drains the floor of the branchial region

227
Q

Hyoidean Sinus

A

Connects the anterior cardinal sinus and inferior jugular vein on either side of the head

Lies along the posterior surface of the hyoid arch

228
Q

Hepatic Vein/Sinus

A

Collects blood from the liver and opens into the posterior wall of the sinus venosus

229
Q

Common Cardinal Vein

A

Receives blood from the main vessels (except the liver), passing it back into the posterolateral corners of the sinus venosus

230
Q

Subclavian Vein

A

Enters the common cardinal vein just lateral to the entrance of the inferior jugular

231
Q

Posterior Cardinal Sinus

A

Large space lying dorsolateral to the esophagus, bounded by a thin-walled membrane

232
Q

Posterior Cardinal Vein

A

Vein that lies lateral to the dorsal aorta

233
Q

Efferent Renal Veins

A

Collect blood from kidneys and intersegmental veins that drain blood from body wall

234
Q

Lateral Abdominal Vein

A

Extends along the inside of the ventrolateral body wall on each side

Formed from confluence of cloacal vein and femoral vein

235
Q

Cloacal Vein

A

Vein that drains blood from the cloaca

236
Q

Femoral Vein

A

Drains blood from the pelvic fin

237
Q

Subscapular Vein

A

Extends parallel to the subclavian artery

238
Q

Brachial Vein

A

Lies on the medial surface of the pectoral fin along with the brachial artery

239
Q

Kidneys

A

Long, narrow structures on either side of the dorsal aorta on the roof of the body ccavity

240
Q

Testes

A

Paired, elongated gonads of the male that lie dorsal to the liver in the pleuroperitoneal cavity

241
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired, elongated gonads of the female that lie dorsal to the liver

242
Q

Caudal Ligament

A

Between the posterior ends of the kidneys, arising from the vertebrae and passing to the tail

243
Q

Epididymis

A

Most anterior part of the kidney in males, includes tubules that help transport sperm

244
Q

Leydig’s Gland

A

Middle third of the kidney in males that house tubules that make secretions to help transport sperm

245
Q

Mesorchium

A

Mesentery that supports the testes and suspends them from the body cavity

246
Q

Ductuli Efferentes

A

Small tubules in the anterior part of the mesorchium that extend from the testis to tubules in the epididymis

247
Q

Archinephric Duct

A

Tightly convoluted, embedded in the ventral surface of the kidney (mature male)
- Nearly straight in immature male, resembles oviduct

248
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

As archinephric duct approaches the cloaca, straightens and expands

249
Q

Sperm Sac

A

On ventral surface of seminal vesicle

Anteriorly blindly ending pouch

250
Q

Urogenital Sinus

A

Union of the left and right sperm sacs, continues posteriorly to urogenital papilla

251
Q

Accessory Urinary Duct

A

Thin duct that carries urine to the urogenital sinus

Extends along the medial margin of the kidney

252
Q

Siphon

A

Lies just deep to the skin on the ventral surface of the pelvic fin

253
Q

Mesovarium

A

Mesentery that suspends the ovaries from the body wall

254
Q

Oviduct

A

Lies on the ventral surface of each kidney

  • Narrow, unsupported by mesentery in immature
  • Larger and supported in adult
255
Q

Mesotubarium

A

Mesentery that supports the oviduct in adult females

256
Q

Ostium Tubae

A

Opening of the left and right oviducts in the free edge of the falciform ligament

257
Q

Nidamental Gland

A

Swelling of the oviduct dorsal to the ovary

Secretes a thin membrane around groups of eggs as they pass to the oviduct; where eggs are fertilized

258
Q

Uterus

A

Enlargement of the oviduct that occurs posteriorly

Contains developing pups

259
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Modified parts of the lateral line system

Series of tube-like structures just below and parallel to the skin

260
Q

Lateral Line Canal

A

Extends midlaterally along the length of the body and into the tail

Lies within the skin and leads to other canals in the head

261
Q

Olfactory Sacs

A

Function in olfaction (duh)
Has lateral incurrent and medial excurrent nares
Has lamellae within on which sensory receptors lie

262
Q

Superficial Opthalmic Nerve

A

Passes anteroposteriorly along the dorsomedial wall of the orbit

263
Q

Oblique Muscles (2)

A

Dorsal & Ventral

Pass from the anteromedial wall of the orbit and attach dorsally and ventralls

264
Q

Rectus Muscles (4)

A

Lateral, medial, dorsal, ventral
Radiate toward the eyeball from the posteromedial wall of the orbit
- Lateral attaches to posterior surface
- Medial attaches to medial/anterior surface
- Dorsal attaches to the top
- Ventral

265
Q

Deep Opthalmic Nerve

A

Thin strand that passes anteroposteriorly through the orbit and adheres to the medial surface of the eye

266
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Extends from the medial wall of the orbit, laterally to the eyeball

267
Q

Infraorbital Nerve

A

Passes anteriorly and slightly ventrally in the orbit

Nearly as wide as any of the extrinsic muscles

268
Q

Preorbitalis

A

Muscle that passes anteromedially across the floor of the orbit

269
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

Passes ventrally and around the margin of the ventral rectus

270
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

Innervates the lateral rectus

271
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

Passes into the dorsal oblique

272
Q

Mandibular Nerve

A

Lies on the posterior wall of the orbit, posterior to lateral rectus, extends laterally

273
Q

Cornea

A

Lateral portion of the eyeball, transparent

274
Q

Sclera

A

Remainder of the eyeball, cartilaginous

275
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented structure of the eyeball visible through the cornea, with circular pupil at centre

  • Modified vascular tunic
  • Contains intrinsic musculature that allows control over the size of the pupil
276
Q

Lens

A

Hard spherical structure within the eye

277
Q

Choroid

A

Dark pigmented layer internal to the sclera

278
Q

Suprachoroidea

A

Vascular tissue between the choroid and sclera on the medial wall of the eye where the pedicle attaches

279
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Holds the lens in place

Contains intrinsic musculature to help control shape of the lens

280
Q

Retina

A

Light tissue internal to the choroid

Light sensitive, contains photoreceptors responsible for absorbing light

281
Q

Vitreous Chamber

A

Large cavity of the eyeball medial to the lens

282
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Gelatinous mass in the vitreous chamber, helps maintain eyeball’s shape and holds retina in place

283
Q

Anterior/Posterior Chamber

A

Divisions of the cavity lateral to the lens, subdivided by the iris

284
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chamber

285
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

Series of ducts and sacs in the inner ear

286
Q

Cartilaginous Labyrinth

A

Series of canals and chambers that contain the membranous labyrinth

287
Q

Anterior/posterior Semicircular Duct

A

Vertically oriented ducts within the membranous labyrinth

288
Q

Lateral Semicircular Duct

A

Horizontally oriented duct within the membranous labyrinth

289
Q

Sacculus

A

Large, triangular sac-like structure that extends between the vertical ducts and medial to the lateral duct

290
Q

Endolymphatic Duct

A

Extends dorsally from the sacculus and reaches the exterior surface of the head through the endolymphatic pores

291
Q

Anterior/Posterior Utriculi

A

Closely associated with the sacculus, communicates with it through small openings

  • Anterior attaches to anterior and lateral semicircular ducts
  • Posterior attaches to posterior semicircular duct
292
Q

Lagena

A

Posteroventral extension of the sacculus

293
Q

Ampullae

A

Little bulbs that occur at the ends of ducts in the inner ear

294
Q

Epiphysis

A

Extends dorsally from the posterior side of the epithalamus to the epiphyseal foramen

295
Q

Telencephalon

A 
Most anterior portion of the brain
Contains:
- Olfactory bulbs
- Olfactory tracts
- Cerebrum
296
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Telencephalon

Bulbs at the anterior end of the olfactory tracts, attach to the olfactory sacs anteriorly

297
Q

Olfactory Tracts

A

Telencephalon

Narrow tracts that attach the olfactory bulbs to the cerebrum

298
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Extend from the posterior sides of the olfactory tracts, a little ways before going ventrally on the brain

299
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two cerebral hemispheres together

300
Q

Diencephalon

A

Second portion of the brain, posterior to the telencephalon and anterior to the mesencephalon

Includes:

  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
301
Q

Epithalamus

A

Roof of the diencephalon

302
Q

Thalamus

A

Side of the diencephalon

303
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Floor of the diencephalon

304
Q

Tela Choroidea

A

Thin, vascular tissue that forms the epithalamus

Attaches anteriorly to the cerebrum

305
Q

Third ventricle

A

Cavity within the diencephalon that contains various vascular structures

306
Q

Foramen of Monro

A

Foramen through which the third ventricle leads to the left and right lateral ventricles

307
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Diencephalon

Left & right
Lie respectively in the left and right cerebral hemispheres

308
Q

Mesencephalon

A

This portion of the brain, posterior to the diencephalon and anterior to the metencephalon

309
Q

Optic Lobes

A

Mesencephalon

Paired, rounded

310
Q

Cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

Large, main structure of metencephalon
Partially overhangs optic lobes anteriorly and myelencephalon posteriorly

311
Q

Auricles

A

Metencephalon, cerebellum

Project anterolaterally from the posterior end of the metencephalon

312
Q

Metencephalon

A

Fourth portion of the brain, posterior to mesencephalon and anterior to myelencephalon

313
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Most posterior part of the brain, largely tubular

314
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

Posterior part of the brain that narrows into the spinal cord
- Roof covered by telea choroidea

315
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

Cavity of the medulla, revealed by removing the telea choroidea; has various ridges and grooves

316
Q

Somatic Motor Columns

A

Myelencephalon

Two large midventral ridges on either side of the midventral groove within the fourth ventricle

317
Q

Visceral Sensory Columns

A

Large longitudinal ridges lateral to the somatic motor columns (divided by a depression)

318
Q

Visceral motor columns

A

Small columns between the somatic motor columns and visceral sensory columns

319
Q

Somatic sensory column

A

Large longitudinal ridge dorsal to each visceral sensory column

Surface has form of small, bead-like swellings

320
Q

Acousticolateral Area

A

Anterior enlargement of the somatic sensory column

321
Q

Terminal Nerve

A

Most anterior cranial nerve

Passes along the medial side of the olfactory tract

322
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

Second most anterior nerve

Pass from olfactory sac into olfactory bulb

323
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

Arises from ventral surface of the mesencephalon and branches to innervate ventral oblique and dorsal/ventral/medial rectus

324
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

Extends anterolaterally from the dorsal surface of the mesencephalon

Innervates dorsal oblique

325
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

Arises from ventral surface of the medulla

Passes anterolaterally and innervates the lateral rectus (found on ventral side)

326
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

Arises from the anterior part of the medulla, just behind the auricles of the cerebellum

Large nerve that divides into four branches on emerging into the orbit - superficial opthalmic, deep opthalmic, mandibular, maxillary

327
Q

Superficial Opthalmic Branch

A

Branch of the trigeminal nerve

Most dorsal of the branches, passes just ventral to the dorsal margin of the orbit

328
Q

Deep Opthalmic Branch

A

Branch of the trigeminal nerve

Passes through orbit and adheres to dorsoventral surface of eyeball

329
Q

Mandibular Branch

A

Branch of trigeminal nerve

Extends laterally along posterior wall of orbit, almost directly posterior to lateral rectus

330
Q

Maxillary Branch

A

Branch of trigeminal nerve

Contributes to infraorbital nerve

331
Q

Infraorbital Nerve

A

Large nerve passing along the floor of the orbit and crossing the preorbitalis

332
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Arises from the anterior part of the medulla, just behind the auricles of the cerebellum

Two branches: hyomandibular and palatine

333
Q

Hyomandibular Branch

A

Branch of facial nerve
Forms hyomandibular nerve along with AVLLN
Passes over levator hyomandibulae
Has geniculate ganglion, swelling near origin

334
Q

Palatine Branch

A

Branch of facial nerve

Participates in the innervation of the lining of the oral cavity

335
Q

Statoacoustic Nerve

A

Arises from the anterior part of the medulla, just behind the auricles of the cerebellum

Short nerve that innervates the ear

336
Q

Preotic Lateral Line Nerves

A

Arise from the anterior part of the medulla, just behind the auricles of the cerebellum

  • Anterodorsal Lateral Line Nerve (ADLLN)
  • Anteroventral Lateral Line Nerve (AVLLN)
  • Otic Lateral Line Nerve (OLLN)
337
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

Arises posterior to the statoacoustic nerve

Extends through floor of otic capsule to first pharyngeal slit
Swelling, petrosal ganglion before emerges from the capsule
Divides into posttrematic and pretrematic branches

338
Q

Postotic Lateral Line Nerves

A

Arise from the brain between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

  • Middle Lateral Line Nerve (MLLN)
  • Supratemporal Lateral Line Nerve (STLLN)
  • Poterior Lateral Line Nerve (PLLN)
339
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Mainly innervates pharyngeal slits 2-5 and viscera

Arises from medulla just posterior to glossopharyngeal, clumped with postotic lateral line nerves

Has visceral and intestinal branches

340
Q

Branchial Branches

A

Branches of the vagus nerve, visceral branch

Branches that innervate pharyngeal slits 2-5
- Subdivides into pretrematic, posttrematic and pharyngeal branches

341
Q

Hypobranchial Nerve

A

Crosses the intestinal branch of the vagus nerve, innervates hypobranchial musculature

342
Q

Occipital Nerve

A

Union of slender roots posterior to the vagus nerve, partially merges with vagus

343
Q

Hypophysis

A

Ventral extension of the brain, just behind the optic nerves

344
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Where the optic nerves cross over to the opposite side of the brain toward the anterior part of the hypothalamus

345
Q

Infundibulum

A

Forms the remainder of the hypothalamus not covered by optic nerve

346
Q

Vascular Sac

A

Continuation of the infundibulum posterior to each inferior lobe

347
Q

Central Canal

A

Narrow canal within the spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid in life (as are the ventricles)

348
Q

Optic ventricle

A

Extension of the third ventricle into the optic lobes and hypophysis

349
Q

Cerebellar ventricle

A

Continuation of the fourth ventricle into the cerebellum

350
Q

Cerebellar Aqueduct

A

Narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles

EEB263 (6 decks)

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