Lab Exam April Flashcards
1
Q
Chondrocranium (lamprey)
A
Formed from endocranial elements
Partly encloses the brain and sense organs and has cartilages that extend anteriorly to support the annular cartilage
2
Q
Annular Cartilage (lamprey)
A
Ring-like structure that forms the main skeletal element of the oral funnel
3
Q
Lingual Cartilage (lamprey)
A
Median cartilage that extends posteriorly from the annual cartilage, ventral to the chondrocranium
Supports the rasping tongue
4
Q
Branchial Basket (lamprey)
A
Network of cartilages that extends posterior and connected to the chondrocranium
Supports the pharyngeal region
5
Q
Pericardial Cartilage (lamprey)
A
Crescent-shaped cartilage at the posterior end of the branchial basket
- Lies on the posterior wall of the pericardial cavity
6
Q
Main differences between lamprey and higher fish pharyngeal skeletons
A
- In lampreys, the structure is a connected network, not separate arches
- In lampreys, it is connected to the pericardial cartilage
- Branchial basket in lampreys lies superficially, just beneath the skin and lateral to the gills, rather than deep and medial to the gills
7
Q
Notochord (lamprey)
A
Axial support for the body
Extends from beneath the posterior part of the brain to the tip of the tail
8
Q
Arcualia
A
Representation of vertebrae in the lamprey
Lie dorsal to the notochord on either side of the spinal cord
9
Q
Operculum
A
Large, triangular bony plate on the pharyngeal region, covers the gills
10
Q
Preoperculum
A
J-shaped bone that lies anterior to the operculum
- Has a fringe of serrations on the posterior edge
11
Q
Suboperculum
A
Bone that lies posteroventral to the operculum
12
Q
Interoperculum
A
Rounded bone that lies ventral o the preoperculum
13
Q
Branchial Arches (fish)
A
Lie deep to the opercular bones and support the gills
14
Q
Frontal (fish)
A
Forms much of the skull roof and roofs the orbit
15
Q
Parietal (fish)
A
Bone that lies posterior to the frontal
16
Q
Lacrimal (fish)
A
Large (ish) bone that forms the anteroventral margin of the orbit
17
Q
Maxilla (fish)
A
Slender bone that articulates to the anteroventral part of the lacrimal and the posterior part of the dentary; posterior end is embedded in soft tissue
Edentulate
18
Q
Premaxilla (fish)
A
Most anterior bone of the upper jaw that articulates with the other premaxilla and the nasal and maxilla
Bears teeth on the anteroventral sideIs projected forward during opening of the mouth in derived actinopterygians
19
Q
Nasal (fish)
A
Thin bone that extends anterior from the frontal
20
Q
Comparison of bones in fish and other vertebrates
A
Should be noted that bones with the same name are not homologous with one another
- Frontal in fish = parietal in tetrapods
- Parietal in fish = postparietal in tetrapods
21
Q
Suspensorium
A
Supports the jaw onto the rest of the skull in fishes
Consists of three bones:
- Hyomandibular (dorsal)
- Metapterygoid
- Quadrate (ventral, articulates with lower jaw)
22
Q
Anguloarticular
A
Forms most of the posterior end of the lower jaw, articulates with the quadrate of the upper jaw
Two parts:
- Angular is large, flat, superficial component
- Articular is medial and endochondral
23
Q
Dentary (fish)
A
Can be seen anterior to the anguloarticular
Bears teeth
24
Q
Retroarticular
A
Small endochondral ossification that lies posteroventrally on the lower jaw
25
Vertebral Column (Fish)
Consists of trunk and caudal vertebrae
- Each vertebra has a centrum as its main body
- All vertebrae have elongated dorsal neural spines
26
Caudal Vertebrae
Vertebrae of the tail- Have elongated hemal spines ventrally
27
Trunk Vertebrae
Vertebrae anterior to the tail
| - Bear ribs, both dorsal and ventral
28
Fish Ribs
Ventral Ribs
- Prominent
- Curve ventrally and form the myosepta adjacent to the body cavity
Dorsal Ribs
- Extend laterally
- More delicate, are attached via ligaments to the posterior surface of more anterior ventral ribs
- Often missing in prepared specimens
29
Dorsal Fins
Anterior and Posterior
Supported by thin, elongated fin rays
- Termed spines if they are ossified (all anterior rays, first two posterior)
- Termed soft fin rays if not ossified and may branch distally (remaining posterior)
- Each is supported at the base by a radial perygiophore
30
Radial Pterygiophore
Ventrally tapered bony element that underlies each fin ray in the anterior and posterior dorsal fins
- Extends ventrally into the connective tissue between two neural spines
31
Anal Fin
Lies along the midventral line, opposite to the posterior dorsal fin
- First two fin rays are spines, remaining are soft rays
- Radial pterygiophores support these rays by extending dorsally; anterior few fuse into large element that attaches to ventral rib(s) behind which hemal spines begin
32
Caudal Fin
Supported by soft fin rays that form a homocercal tail in the perch
33
Uroneurals
Last few neural spines
34
Hypurals
Flattened hemal spines of the last few caudal vertebrae, immediately posterior and ventral to the uroneurals
Provide most of the support for the fin rays of the caudal fin
35
Epurals
Modified neural spines that are unattached to vertebrae
Provide some support for the dorsal part of the caudal fin
36
Cleithrum
Dorsoventrally elongated bone that lies deep to the (sub)operculum and extends to the ventral midline to articulate with the opposite cleithrum
Main supporting element of the pectoral girdle
37
Supracleithrum
Articulates ventrally with the cleithrum and anterodorsally to the posttemporal
38
Posttemporal
Bone that is attached to the posterior end of the skull and articulates posteroventrally to the supracleithrum
39
Scapula
Large element of the shoulder girdle that lies dorsal to the procoracoid
40
Procoracoid
Large element of the shoulder girdle that lies ventral to the scapula
41
Postcleithrum
Elongated, triangular bone that extends dorsoventrally beneath the pectoral fin
- Widened end lies deep to the cleithrum
- Tapers ventrally, passing medial to the fin and extends towards the pelvic fin
42
Radial Pterygiophores (Pectoral Fin)
Extend from the scapula or procoracoid and distally articulate with the soft fin rays
43
Basipterygia
Paired triangular plates of bones that are oriented anteroposteriorly and form the pelvic girdle
- Wide base located posteriorly
- Tapers and passes dorsal to the articulation between the two cleithra anteriorly
44
Pelvic Fin
Fin rays each attach directly to the posterior end of a basipterygium
- Are all soft fin rays except for the medial ray
45
Premaxillae (mudpuppy)
Paired, most anterior part of the skull/upper jaw
46
Frontals (mudpuppy)
Paired, large bones immediately posterior to the premaxillae
47
Parietals (mudpuppy)
Paired, large bones posterior to the frontals- Has long slender anterior projection that extends lateral to the frontals
48
Antorbital Processes (mudpuppy)
Paired, cartilaginous
Part of the chondrocranium
Project laterally near the anterior end of the parietal bones
- Project from the trabecular cartilage
49
Vomer (mudpuppy)
Modified to take on the role of the maxilla (which the mudpuppy lacks)
- Forms the anterolateral margin of the skull
50
Palatopterygoid (mudpuppy)
Forms the central part of the lateral margin of the skull
- Posterior to the antorbital process
- Compound element formed from the palatine and pterygoid
51
Prootic (mudpuppy)
Paired bone that contributes to the otic capsule
Lies lateral to the parietal, near the suture of the parietals and frontals
52
Opisthotic (mudpuppy)
Paired bone that contributes to the otic capsule
Lies posterior to the squamosal
53
Fenestra Ovalis (mudpuppy)
Contained within a cartilaginous region that lies between the prootic and opisthotic
54
Squamosal (mudpuppy)
Extends anterolaterally from the opisthotic to form the posterolateral margin of the skull
55
Quadrate (mudpuppy)
Articulates with the squamosal posteriorly and the palatopterygoid anteriorly
- Inclines anteroventrally
- Forms the jaw joint at its articulation with the mandible
56
Quadrate Cartilage (mudpuppy)
Cartilaginous bridge from the anterior end of the quadrate to the lateral margin of the parietal
57
Columella (mudpuppy)
Disc-shaped bone that lies anterior to the opisthotic and covers the cartilaginous region between the opisthotic and prootic
- Covers the fenestra ovalis
- Has a small stylus projecting from its lateral surface
Transmits vibrations to the inner ear
58
Foramen Magnum (mudpuppy)
Large opening on the posterior surface of the skull
| - Spinal cord passes through it
59
Exoccipitals (mudpuppy)
Paired, form the posterior part of the skull, lateral and ventral to the foramen magnum
- Each contains an occipital condyle
60
Parasphenoid (mudpuppy)
Large, triangular, plate-like bone that forms most of the skull's ventral surface
61
Ethmoid Plate (mudpuppy)
Cartilaginous plate anterior on the chondrocranium
| - Visible anterior to the parasphenoid in ventral view
62
Chondrocranium (mudpuppy)
Consists of:
- Basal plate
- Exoccipital
- Opisthotic
- Synotic tectum
- Prootic
- Parachordal plate
- Quadrate
- Quadrate cartilage
- Fenestra communis
- Ethmoid plate
- Trabecular horn
- Antorbital process
- Trabecular cartilage
63
Synotic Tectum (mudpuppy)
Thin cartilaginous bridge that connects the left and right otic capsules
64
Basal Plate (mudpuppy)
Cartilaginous bridge between the left and right exoccipitals
65
Parachordal Plate (mudpuppy)
Cartilaginous plate that extends anteriorly from each otic capsule
66
Trabecular Cartilages (mudpuppy)
Slennder, rod-like, cartilaginous elements extending anteriorly from the parachordal plates
67
Trabecular Horns (mudpuppy)
Small projections anterior to the ethmoid plate that lie between the nasal capsules
68
Meckel's Cartilage (mudpuppy)
Cartilaginous structure that extends through the interior of the mandible
- Mostly visible in medial view
- Forms the articular surface for the quadrate of the upper jaw posteriorly
69
Mentomeckelian (mudpuppy)
Where Meckel's Cartilage ossifies anteriorly into the mandibular symphysis
70
Dentary (mudpuppy)
Covers most of the lateral surface of Meckel's cartilage
| - Bears a long row of marginal teeth
71
Coronoid (mudpuppy)
Is exposed largely on the medial side of Meckel's cartilage as well as a tiny exposure on the dorsolateral side
- Bears a short row of marginal teeth
72
Prearticular (mudpuppy)
Covers much of the posterior part of the mandible in medial view
- Tapers anteriorly as a wedge on the dentary
73
Hyoid Apparatus (mudpuppy)
Large, composed of the hyoid arch and parts of the first three branchial arches
- Hyoid arch is largest, anterior, supports the tongue
74
Hypohyal (mudpuppy)
Hyoid Arch
- Small, median
- Paired
75
Ceratohyal (mudpuppy)
Hyoid Arch
- Lateral, elongated
- Paired
76
Basibranchial 1 (mudpuppy)
Hyoid Arch
- Lies median
- Extends posteriorly from hypohyals to the base of the first branchial arch
77
Branchial Arch 1 (mudpuppy)
Formed of:
- Ceratobranchial 1 (paired, anterior)
- Epibranchial 1 (paired, posterior)
78
Basibranchial 2 (mudpuppy)
Extends posteriorly from the left and right ceratobranchial 1
79
Ceratobranchial 2 (mudpuppy)
Tiny, nodular element at the base of epibranchial 2
80
Epibranchial 3 (mudpuppy)
Smallest epibranchial, lies posterior to epibranchial 2
81
Cervical Vertebra (mudpuppy)
Only one!
- Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
- Anteroventral process of the atlas projects into the foramen magnum
- Posteriorly articulates with the first of the trunk vertebrae
82
Trunk Vertebrae (mudpuppy)
Lots of them
| - Have transverse processes that extend from the centrum and articulate with small, Y-shaped ribs
83
Neural Canal (mudpuppy)
Passes dorsal to the centra in vertebrae
| - Neural arch forms the roof of the canal; has a neural process
84
Prezygapophyses (mudpuppy)
Present on each vertebra for articulation with the preceding vertebra
85
Postzygapophyses (mudpuppy)
Present on each vertebra for articulation with the succeeding vertebra
86
Sacral Vertebra (mudpuppy)
Just one!
| - Articulates to the pelvic girdle through its ribs
87
Caudal Vertebrae (mudpuppy)
Tail vertebrae
- Each have a hemal arch
- Most lack ribs, but still have transverse processes
88
Pectoral Girdle (mudpuppy)
Mainly cartilaginous
| Left and right halves that overlap ventrally but don't fuse
89
Scapula (mudpuppy)
Short bone with the suprascapular process dorsally
| - On ventral side, have glenoid fossa, the depression that articulates with the forelimb
90
Procoracoid Cartilage (mudpuppy)
Slender, elongated, projects anteriorly from the glenoid fossa
91
Coracoid Cartilage (mudpuppy)
Broad, ventral, plate-like part of the pectoral girdle; they partly overlap
92
Humerus (mudpuppy)
Brachium of the forelimb
93
Radius (mudpuppy)
Anteromedial bone of the antebrachium on the forelimb
94
Ulna (mudpuppy)
Posterolateral bone of the antebrachium on the forelimb
95
Manus (mudpuppy)
Only has four digits
- Six carpals
- Four metacarpals
- Phalanges
96
Pelvic Girdle (mudpuppy)
Mainly cartilaginous
97
Ilium (mudpuppy)
Ossified, extends ventrally from its articulation with the rib of the sacral vertebra to the acetabulum
98
Acetabulum (mudpuppy)
Depression on the ilium that articulates with the hind limb
99
Puboischiadic Plate (mudpuppy)
Ventral formation of the pelvic girdle
- Pubic cartilage
- Ischiadic cartilage
- Ischium
100
Pubic Cartilage (mudpuppy)
Elongated, triangular anterior portion of the puboischiadic plate
101
Isciadic Cartilages (mudpuppy)
Posterior portion of the puboischiadic plate; contains a pair of ossified ischia
102
Obturator Foramen (mudpuppy)
Foramina just anterior to each acetabulum
103
Femur (mudpuppy)
Forms the thigh on the hindlimb
104
Tibia (mudpuppy)
Anterior part of the crus on the hindlimb
105
Fibula (mudpuppy)
Posterior part of the crus on the hindlimb
106
Pes (mudpuppy)
Most distal part of the hindlimb
- Six tarsals (cartilaginous)
- Four digits consisting of metatarsals and phalanges
107
Skull elements missing in anurans
- Lacrimal
- Prefrontal
- Postfrontal
- Opisthotic
108
Interpterygoid Vacuities (frog)
Large paired openings on the ventral part of the skull (palate)
109
Premaxilla (frog)
Small, median bone on the anterior portion of the skull
| - Bears a single row of small teeth (premaxillary)
110
Maxilla (frog)
Long paired bones that make up the lateral sides of the skull
- Bears a single row of small teeth (maxillary)
111
Quadratojugal (frog)
Short paired bone on the posterolateral sides of the skull
112
Vomer (frog)
Lies just posterior to the premaxillae
| - Bears vomerine teeth
113
Nasals (frog)
Paired, broad, flattened bones that meet each other at the dorsal midline
- Form the anterior part of the orbits through a narrow process that extends lateroventrally
114
Nares (frog)
Lie anterior to each orbit
115
Frontoparietals (frog)
Paired, elongated bones that meet along the dorsal midline and form much of the cranial roof
116
Sphenethmoid (frog)
Forms most of the lateral and ventral sides of the braincase
- Mostly tubular, with lateral expansion anteriorly
- Small wedge can be seen dorsally wedged between the nasal and frontoparietal
117
Palatines (frog)
Extend as transverse bars on either side of the sphenethmoid to reach the maxillae
118
Parasphenoid (frog)
Cruciate bone on ventral side of skull
- Anterior part of "stem" covers the sphenethmoid in ventral view
- Posterior part of stem projects to the exoccipitals
- Each transverse arm extends laterally towards a pterygoid
119
Exoccipitals (frog)
Paired bones that form the posterior part of the skull
| - Each has an occipital condyle ventrally
120
Pterygoid (frog)
Paired, Y-shaped bone
- Anterior arm connects with maxilla and nasal
- Posterior arm curves gently laterally to contact the angle of the jaw
- Medial arm is shortest and extends to the prootic and transverse arm of the parasphenoid
121
Squamosal (frog)
Paired, T-shaped
- Top of T slightly curved, extends diagonally
- Long stem of T angled towards angle of the jaw
122
Annular Cartilage (frog)
Cartilage that covers a large portion of the squamosal (if in tact) and supports the tymapanic membrane
123
Quadrate (frog)
Main element that forms the upper part of the jaw joint
- Usually cartilaginous in anurans
- Usually covered laterally by the ventral squamosal and medially by the posterior arm of the pterygoid
124
Prootics (frog)
Paired, irregularly-shaped bones that contain the inner ear
- Between the squamosal, frontoparietal and exoccipital
- Forms the posterior part of the orbit
- Usually fuses with the exoccipital
125
Optic foramen (frog)
Foramen on the medial side of the orbit
126
Trigemial Foramen (frog)
Foramen on the posterior side of the orbit
| - Passage for the trigeminal and facial nerves
127
Foramen Ovale (frog)
Foramen beside the occipital condyle
- Passage for the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
- Formed by the prootic and exoccipital
128
Mandible (frog)
Edentulate
| - Meckel's cartilage is covered by dentary anterolaterally and agulosplenial medial & posteriorly
129
Missing mandibular bones in anurans (present in non-mammalian tetrapods)
- Coronoid
- Articular
- Prearticular
130
Dentary (frog)
Thin, flange-like
131
Angulosplenial (frog)
Large
- Posteromedial surface has medially pointed coronoid process
- Articulates with the quadrate posteriorly
132
Mentomeckelian (frog)
Ossifies the mandibular symphysis
133
Hyoid Apparatus (frog)
X-shaped cartilaginous plate that lies on the floor of the oral cavity and supports the tongue and larynx
- Two anterior cornua project anteriorly, curved
- Two posterior cornua are bony rods that project posteriorly
134
Vertebral Column (frog)
Only nine free vertebrae
- First is the atlas
- Last is a sacral vertebra
- All have prominent transverse processes but no ribs
135
Urostyle (frog)
Rod-like bone that extends posteriorly from the sacral vertebra
- Formed from the fusion of serveral postcranial vertebrae
136
Suprascapula (frog)
Extends dorsomedially from the scapula
| - Has a prominent, (usually) calcified cartilaginous portion medially
137
Clavicles (frog)
Slender, extend almost directly medially from the scapula anterior to the procoracoid
138
Procoracoid (frog)
Large paired bones that form a plate-like base to the pectoral girdle
139
Omosternum (frog)
Rod-like bone that lies anterior to the clavicles
140
Episternum (frog)
Cartilaginous extension anterior to the omosternum
141
Sternum (frog)
Posterior to the procoracoids
142
Xiphisternum (frog)
Cartilaginous extension posterior to the sternum
143
Radio-Ulna (frog)
Fusion of the radius and ulna into a single element
144
Prepollex/prehallux (frog)
Small bone that extends medially from the carpals/tarsals, may be a reduced metacarpal/tarsal
145
Ilium (frog)
Elongated, anteriorly-directed element of the pelvic girdle that has a prominent iliac crest
146
Ishium & Pubis (frog)
Form a semi-circle in lateral view
- Ishium is more posterior
- Part of the pelvic girdle
147
Tibiofibula (frog)
Fusion of the tibia and fibula into a single element
148
Tibiale (frog)
Elongated proximal tarsal
| - Medial
149
Fibulare (frog)
Elongated proximal tarsal
- Lateral
- Homologous with the calcaneum
150
Supraspinatus
- Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
- Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
- Action: extends humerus
151
Infraspinatus
- Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
- Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
- Action: rotates humerus laterally
152
Teres major
- Origin: posterior border of scapula, dorsal third
- Insertion: medial surface of humerus via tendon in common latissimus dorsi
- Action: flexes and medially rotates the humerus
153
Teres minor
- Origin: posterior border of scapula, distal to glenoid fossa
- Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
- Action: flexes and laterally rotates humerus
154
Rhomboideus
- Origin: posterior cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae
- Insertion: distal border of scapula, distal portion
- Action: draws scapula toward vertebral column
155
Rhomboideus capitis
- Origin: medial portion of nuchal crest
- Insertion: dorsal border of scapula, anterior
- Action: rotates and draws scapula anteriorly
156
Serratus ventralis
cervicis
- Origin: transverse processes of C3-C7
- Insertion: medial surface of scapula, near dorsal border
- Action: draws scapula anteroventrally
thoracis
- Origin: lateral surface of R1-R9/R10
- Insertion: medial edge of scapula, near dorsal border
- Action: draws scapula ventrally, helps support trunk on forelimb
157
Subscapularis
- Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
- Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus
- Action: adducts humerus
158
Coracobrachialis
- Origin: coracoid process of scapula
- Insertion: media surface of proximal end of humerus
- Action: adducts humerus
159
Biceps brachii
- Origin: small tubercle at dorsal margin of glenoid fossa of scapula (via tendon)
- Insertion: bicipital tuberosity of radius (by tendon)
- Action: flexes antebrachium
160
Medial head of the triceps brachii
- Origin: shaft of humerus
- Insertion: olecranon process of ulna (common tendon with lateral and long heads)
- Action: extend antebrachium
161
Digastric
- Origin: mastoid process of temporal and jugular process of occipital
- Insertion: venteromedial surface of dentary
- Action: depresses mandible
162
External intercostals
- Origin: posterior margin of a rib
- Insertion: anterior margin of the adjacent posterior rib
- Action: protracts ribs, increasing the diameter of the thorax
163
External oblique
- Origin: posterior 9-10 ribs and lumbodorsal fascia
- Insertion: mainly linea alba (sternum to pubis, via aponeurosis)
- Action: constricts abdomen
164
Genioglossus
- Origin: medial surface of dentary
- Insertion: tongue, posterior fibers on basihyoid and ceratohyoid
- Action: depresses tongue, draws root anteriorly, curls tip of tongue ventrally
165
Geniohyoid
- Origin: ventromedial surface of dentary (just posterior to symphysis)
- Insertion: ventral surface of basihyoid
- Action: draws hyoid anteriorly
166
Hyoglossus
- Origin: lateral part of ventral surface of basihyoid
- Insertion: tongue
- Action: depresses and retracts tongue
167
Iliocostalis
- Origin: lateral surface of ribs
- Insertion: lateral surface of more anterior ribs
- Action: draws ribs together
168
Internal intercostals
- Origin: anterior margin of a rib
- Insertion: posterior margin of the adjacent anterior rib
- Action: retracts ribs, decreasing diameter of thorax
169
Internal oblique
- Origin: lumbodorsal fascia and iliac crest
- Insertion: linea alba (via aponeurosis)
- Action: constricts abdomen
170
Lingualis proprius
Intrinsic musculature of the tongue
- Bundles arranged in longitudinal, transverse and vertical groups
- Responsible for complex movements
171
Longissimus capitis
- Origin: prezygapophyses of C4-C7
- Insertion: mastoid process of temporal
- Action: flexes head laterally
172
Longissimus dorsi
medial division
- Origin: sacral and caudal vertebrae
- Insertion: more anterior lumbar/sacral/caudal vertebrae
- Action: extends vertebral column
lateral division
- Origin: ilium and deep layer of lumbodorsal fascia
- Insertion: more anterior lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
- Action: extends vertebral column
173
Longus colli
- Origin: ventral surface of T1-T6; slips from cervical vert.
- Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
- Action: flexes neck laterally and ventrally
174
Masseter
- Origin: zygomatic arch
- Insertion: ventral part of masseteric fossa of dentary
- Action: elevates mandible
175
Multifidus
- Origin: more posterior sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae
- Insertion: neural processes of more anterior vertebrae
- Action: (singly) flexes vertebral column laterally; (with other side) extends vertebral column
176
Mylohyoid
- Origin: medial surface of dentary
- Insertion: midventral raphe, posterior fibres to basihyoid bone
- Action: elevates floor of oral cavity; draws hyoid anteriorly
177
Pterygoid
- Origin: pterygoid blade of skull
- Insertion: medial surface of angular region of dentary
- Action: elevates mandible
178
Rectus abdominis
- Origin: pubis
- Insertion: costal cartilages of sternum
- Action: compresses abdomen; flexes the trunk (draws ribs and sternum posteriorly)
179
Scalenus
- Origin: ribs
- Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
- Action: flexes neck or draws ribs anteriorly
180
Semispinalis capitis
- Origin: prezygapophyses of C3-C7 & T1-T3
- Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
- Action: elevates head
181
Semispinalis cervicis
- Origin: neural processes of C7, T1-T3; prezygapophyses of T2-T5
- Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
- Action: Elevates head
182
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
- Origin: middorsally from neural processes of lumbar vertebrae
- Insertion: posterior 4-5 ribs
- Action: draws ribs posteriorly
183
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
- Origin: middorsal raphe between axis and T10 (via aponeurosis)
- Insertion: lateral surface of the first 9 ribs
- Action: Draws ribs anteriorly
184
Spinalis dorsi
- Origin: neural spines of T10-T13
- Insertion: cervical and more anterior thoracic vertebrae
- Action: extends vertebral column
185
Splenius
- Origin: anterior middorsal line
- Insertion: nuchal crest
- Action: (singly) flexes head laterally; (with other side) elevates head
186
Sternohyoid
- Origin: 1st costal cartilage and manubrium
- Insertion: basihyoid
- Action: draws hyoid posteriorly
187
Sternomastoid
- Origin: manubrium, anterior surface
- Insertion: nuchal crest, lateral portion; mastoid process
- Action: (singly) flexes neck laterally; (with other side) depresses snout
188
Sternothyroid
- Origin: first costal cartilage
- Insertion: thyroid cartilage of larynx, posterolateral surface
- Action: draws larynx posteriorly
189
Styloglossus
- Origin: mastoid process; stylohyoid
- Insertion: tongue
- Action: elevates and retracts tongue
190
Temporalis
- Origin: temporal fossa of skull; temporal fascia
- Insertion: coronoid process of dentary
- Action: elevates mandible
191
Thyrohyoid
- Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx, lateral surface
- Insertion: thyrohyoid
- Action: draws hyoid posteriorly and dorsally
192
Transverse abdominis
- Origin: costal cartilages; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; ventral margin of ilium
- Insertion: linea alba
- Action: constricts abdomen
193
Transverse costarum
- Origin: sternum, lateral margin
- Insertion: first rib and costal cartilage
- Action: draws ribs anteriorly
194
Transverse thoracis
- Origin: sternum, dorsolateral margin between R3-R8
- Insertion: costal cartilages near rib attachments
- Action: draws ventral portion of ribs anteriorly
195
Parotid Gland
Largest salivary gland
- Lies ventral to the ear
- Irregular with obvious lobules and an elongated, tapered ventral portion
196
Mandibular Gland
Small salivary gland
- Lies posterior to the ventral portion of the parotid gland
- Smooth and nearly oval
197
Maxillary Vein
Crosses the anterior part of the mandibular gland and passes deep to the parotid gland
198
Lymph nodes
Small, smooth (no lobules), present in the same area as the salivary glands
- Two are present ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands
199
Linguofacial Vein
Passes between two lymph nodes ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands
200
Parotid Duct
Thick, whitish strand that passes over the middle portion of the masseter, extends toward upper lip
201
Facial nerve
Two branches cross the masseter
202
Mandibular Duct
Emerges from the anteroventral part of the mandibular gland
- Whitish strand
- Passes ventral to a small glandular mass
203
Sublingual Gland
Small gland that lies deep to the mandibular gland and ventral part of the parotid gland
204
Labia
Lips
205
Vestibule
Portion of the oral cavity between the lips and teeth
206
Oral Cavity Proper
Portion of the oral cavity, bounded by the teeth anteriorly and laterally, extending just beyond the hard palate
207
Palatal Rugae
Roughened transverse ridges on the epithelial covering of the hard palate
208
Lingual Frenulum
Vertical median flap that anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
209
Lingual Papillae
- Filiform: most numerous
- Fungiform: rounded, interspersed among filiform papillae
- Vallate: on posterodorsal surface
- Foliate: along the side of the posterior end of the tongue
210
Tonsillar Fossae
Located at the posterior end of the oral cavity
| - Paired palatine tonsils are located within
211
Palatoglossal Arches
Lateral folds just anterior to the tonsillar fossae
212
Soft Palate
Fleshy posterior continuation of the hard palate
213
Nasopharyx
Region dorsal to the soft palate
| - Exclusively used in respiration
214
Oropharynx
Region ventral to the soft palate
- Dominantly digestive
- Lies posterior to the oral pharynx
215
Laryngopharynx
Posterior continuation of the naso- and oro- pharynx; posterior to soft palate
- Communicates with the larynx posteroventrally and esophagus posterodorsally
216
Auditory Tube
Tube that leads from the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx to the middle ear
217
Larynx
Chamber at the anterior end of the trachea
| - Formed from several cartilages
218
Glottis
Opening into the larynx
| - Guarded by the epiglottis
219
Epiglottis
Plough-like, cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue
- Supported by an epiglottal cartilage
- Flipped back to cover the glottis during swallowing
220
Laryngeal Cartilages
- Thyroid: largest, incomplete dorsally and contacts the thyrohyoid anteriorly
- Cricoid: lies slightly distal to the thyroid, complete ring, narrower ventrally than dorsally
- Arytenoid: small, multiple, complete larynx dorsally anterior to cricoid
- Epiglottal: rests on anteroventral part of the thyroid
221
Cricothyroid Muscle
Extends between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
222
Vocal Cords
Posterior folds on either side of the larynx
- Extend between arytenoid and thyroid
- Glottis lies between them
223
False Vocal Cords
Accessory pair of folds on either side of the larynx
- Extend between arytenoid and epiglottal
- Larger and looser than the vocal cords, lie anterior to them
224
Tracheal Cartilages
C-shaped, dorsally incomplete cartilaginous elements
| - Keep the trachea open
225
Thoracic Cavity
Anterior part of the coelom
Subdivisions
- Left and right pleural cavities
- Median mediastinum
226
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Posterior part of the coelom
227
Diaphragm
Muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
228
Pleural Cavities
Contain the left and right lungs
229
Mediastinum
Contains other structures (besides the lungs) that lie in or pass through the thorax
- Heart
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Nearly all vessels and nerves
230
Pleura
Serosa of the thoracic cavity
- Parietal pleura lines the inside of the cavity
- Visceral pleura envelops the lungs
231
Mediastinal Septum
Double layer of pleura near the midline
| - Formed by the meeting of right and left pleura
232
Lungs
Right Lobes
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior
- Accessory
Left Lobes
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior
233
Caval Fold
Pocket-like expansion of the mediastinal septum, just posterolateral to the heart
234
Pulmonary Ligament
Flat, broad, sheet-like connective tissue that suspends the lung in the pleural cavity
235
Primary Bronchii
Bifurcations of the trachea near the level of the sixth rib- Each subsequently branches into secondary and tertiary bronchii
236
Pericardial Cavity
Space, enveloped within the lungs, in which the heart sits
237
Pericardium
Tough connective tissue that covers the pericardial cavity
238
Visceral Pericardium
Pericardium that covers the surface of the heart
239
Parietal Pericardium
Lines the inner surface of the pericardium
240
Peritoneum
Serous epithelium that covers the abdominopelvic cavity and its contained structures
241
Parietal Peritoneum
Peritoneum that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
242
Visceral Peritoneum
Peritoneum that covers the structures within the abdominopelvic cavity
243
Round Ligament
Sight expansion of the ventral edge of the falciform ligament that may or may not be present
244
Central Tendon
Medial on the diaphragm
245
Coronary Ligament
Short structure between the diaphragm and liver on either side of the falciform ligament
246
Liver Lobes
- Right medial
- Left medial
- Quadrate
- Left lateral
- Right lateral
- Caudate
247
Gall Bladder
Separates the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver
248
Greater Curvature
Long, convex surface of the stomach
249
Lesser Curvature
Shorter, concave surface of the stomach
250
Pyloric Sphyncter
Constriction of the stomach distally and toward the right
251
Rugae
Folds that line the inner walls of the stomach
252
Median Ligament
Mesentery that passes from the bladder to the midventral wall
253
Lateral Ligaments
Often fat-filled mesenteries that support either side of the bladder
254
Lesser Omentum
Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to the liver
- Ventral mesentery
255
Hepatogastric Ligament
Part of the lesser omentum that stretches from the lesser curvature to the liver
256
Hepatoduodenal Ligament
Part of the lesser omentum that passes from the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver; appears to head toward the gall bladder
257
Lesser Peritoneal Cavity
Potential space contained within the sac of the omental bursa, normally empty
258
Epiploic Foramen
Foramen through which the lesser peritoneal cavity communicates with the abdominopelvic cavity
259
Gastrosplenic Ligament
Stretches between the stomach and spleen
260
Duodenum
Short initial/proximal segment of the small intestine (first loop)
261
Cecum (Cat)
Blind-ended segment of the colon that passes posterior to the union with the small intestine
262
Ascending Colon
Extends anteriorly on the right side
263
Transverse Colon
Passes from right to left
264
Descending Colon
Extends posteriorly on the left side
265
Rectum
Distal continuation of the colon that leads to the anus
266
Mesocolon
Suspends the descending colon from the middorsal body wall
267
Mesorectum
Supports the rectum
268
Mesoduodenum
Supports the duodenum and contains the head of the pancreas
269
Duodenocolic Ligament
Small triangular mesentery that extends between the mesoduodenum and mesocolon
270
Hepatorenal Ligament
Small triangular mesentery that extends between the posteromedial end of the caudate lobe of the liver and the peritoneum covering the kidney
271
The Mesentery
Supports the jejunum and ileum (small intestine)
272
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes that are found within The Mesentery
273
Pancreatic Duct
Carries exocrine secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum- Passes alongside the bile duct
274
Base
Flattened, anterior portion of the heart
275
Apex
Pointed, posterior portion of the heart
276
Atria
Anterior, left and right portions of the heart
277
Ventricles
Posterior, left and right portions of the heart
278
Coronary Arteries
Small arteries on the surface of the heart
279
Coronary Veins
Small veins on the surface of the heart
280
Interventicular Groove
Marks the separation of the ventricles on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the heart
- Passes anteriorly on the left to posteriorly on the right
- Often filled with fat
281
Coronary Sulcus
Marks the separation between the atria and ventricles
282
Auricle
Lateral extension of each atrium
- Scalloped margins
- Usually darker than the rest of the heart tissue
283
Vena Cava
Anterior and Posterior
- Where oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart through the right atrium
Branches of the anterior vena cava:
- Azygos
- Internal Mammary
- Diverges into the l&r brachiocephalic veins
284
Pulmonary Trunk
Leaves the heart from the middle part of the ventral surface of the right ventricle
- Angled to the left
- Divides almost immediately into pulmonary arteries
285
Aorta
Carries blood from the left ventricle
| - Extends anteriorly just dorsal to the pulmonary trunk and medial to the right auricle
286
Aortic Arch
Where the aorta curves sharply to the left
| - Summit gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery
287
Thoracic Aorta
After the aortic arch, passes posteriorly and dorsal to the root of the left lung
288
Ligamentum Anteriosum
Tough ligamentous band that connects the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
289
Pulmonary Artery
Left & right
- Left passes laterally to the left lung
- Right passes under the aortic arch to reach the right lung
290
Pulmonary Vein
Left & right
| - Returns blood from the lungs to the heart
291
Brachiocephalic Artery
Large artery that arises on the right of the aortic arch
| - Heads anteriorly, medial to anterior vena cava
292
Left Subclavian Artery
Arises on the left of the aortic arch
| - Supplies the left forelimb
293
Azygos Vein
Most posterior branch of the anterior vena cava
- Passes dorsally, abruptly posteriorly then dorsal to the root of the right lung
- Drains intercostal areas
294
Intercostal veins
Drain blood from the intercostal areas to the azygos vein
295
Highest Intercostal Veins
Intercostal veins at the anterior intercostal areas
| - May enter directly into the vena cava or the anterior end of the azygos
296
Intercostal Arteries
Supply blood to the intercostal areas
| - Anterior ones arise from the aortic arch, more posterior from thoracic aorta
297
Highest Intercostal Arteries
Supply anterior intercostal areas
| - Arise from short costocervical artery
298
Internal Mammary Vein
Left and right
| Enters the ventral surface of the anterior vena cava, following confluence
299
Internal Mammary Artery
Left and right
| - Mostly parallel to the veins
300
Brachiocephalic Vein
Left and right
Arises from splitting of the anterior vena cava
Branches
- Costocervical + vertebral trunk
Formed by
- Subclavian vein
- Bijugular trunk
301
Costocervical + Vertebral Trunk
Large vein formed by the confluence of the costocervical vein and vertebral vein
302
Vertebral Vein
Heads almost directly anteriorly
303
Costocervical Vein
Heads laterally then posteriorly
304
Subclavian Vein
Large vessel that passes laterally to help drain the forelimb
- Unites with the bijugular trunk just medial to the first rib
305
Bijugular Trunk
Large but short vessel
- Unites with the subclavian vein just medial to the first rib
Formed by
- External jugular vein
- Internal jugular vein
306
External jugular vein
Passes anteroventrally along the lateroventral surface of the neck
- Drains the forelimb (via transverse scapular vein) and the external structures of the head
307
Internal jugular vein
Passes more medially along the neck than the external jugular
- Drains palate, pharynx and inside of the skull
- Lies just lateral to a common carotid artery
308
Transverse scapular vein
First main tributary of the external jugular vein (enters at the level of the shoulder)
Tributaries
- Cephalic Vein
309
Cephalic Vein
Main tributary of the transverse scapular vein
310
Transverse Jugular Vein
Ventral link between the left and right external jugular veins
- Helps drain the neck
- Enters the proximal portion of the linguofacial vein
311
Linguofacial Vein
Passes anteriorly from the external jugular vein to the face and lower jaw
- Extends between the two lymph nodes ventral to the salivary glands
- Formed by the union of the lingual and facial veins
312
Maxillary Vein
Extends anterodorsally from the external jugular, across the mandibular gland and deep to the parotid gland
313
Right Subclavian Artery
Arises from the brachiocephalic artery
| - Lies laterally
314
Common Carotid Artery
Left and right
- Arises from the brachiocephalic artery
- Pass anteriorly on either side of the trachea
- Deep to anterior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins
315
Phrenic Nerve
Passes through the thorax alongside vena cava
316
Vagus Nerve
Passes through the thorax alongside the vena cava
317
Sympathetic Trunk
Nerve trunk that extends anteroposteriorly along the dorsal wall of the thorax
- Crosses ventral to the intercostal arteries and veins
- Separates from the vagosympathetic trunk near the branching of the brachiocephalic artery
318
Vagosympathetic Trunk
Nerve trunk that is bound to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein by a connective sheath
319
External carotid artery
Main branch of the common carotid artery
- Is as wide as its origin
- Passes anterior and deep to the mandibular gland
- Continues as maxillary artery after giving rise to the superficial temporal artery
320
Hypoglossal Nerve
Crosses the hyoglossus along with the lingual artery, as well as the proximal part of the carotid artery
321
Internal Carotid Ligament
Whitish strand that arises from the common carotid artery that occludes the proximal portion internal carotid artery
322
Lingual Artery
Passes anteromedially from the external carotid artery to the base of the tongue
323
Facial Artery
Passes anteriorly from the external carotid, along the ventral margin of the masseter
- Subdivides into various branches to supply the jaws and facial structures
324
Posterior auricular artery
Large branch of the external carotid that arises and extends dorsally posterior to the ear
325
Superficial Temporal Artery
Small branch of the external carotid that arises and extends dorsally anterior to the ear
- Divides into the anterior auricular and transverse facial arteries
326
Maxillary Artery
Continuation of the external carotid that passes into the dorsal part of the masseter
- Supplies the orbital and palatal regions
327
Facial Vein
Extends along the ventral margin of the masseter
328
Lingual Vein
Extends ventromedially and drains the mandible, lower lip and tongue
329
Posterior auricular vein
Enters the maxillary vein from behind the ear
330
Superficial temporal vein
Enters the maxillary vein anterior to the ear
331
Costocervical Artery
Arises from the posterodorsal surface of the subclavian
- Almost opposite to internal mammary
- Short trunk that quickly branches into the highest intercostal and deep cervical
332
Deep Cervical Artery
Arises from the costocervical artery and extends almost directly dorsally
- Supplies the deep neck muscles
333
Posterior vena cava
Arises from the heart and passes through the diaphragm to enter the liver; emerges beneath the caudate lobe and continues posteriorly
334
Hepatic Veins
Veins that drain the liver and enter directly into the posterior vena cava next to the diaphragm
335
Abdominal Aorta
The aorta after it has passed through the diaphragm
336
Celiac Artery
Large, unpaired first branch off the abdominal aorta
| - Gives rise to the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries
337
Anterior Mesenteric Artery
Large, unpaired second branch off the abdominal aorta
338
Renal Arteries
Paired arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to supply the kidneys
339
Hepatic Portal System
System responsible for transmitting blood between the digestive and hepatic systems
340
Renal Veins
Veins that drain the kidneys and follow the renal arteries
341
Adrenolumbar Arteries
Slender arteries that may arise from either the abdominal aorta between the anterior mesenteric and renal arteries or the renal arteries
- Supply the adrenal glands and continue onto the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity
342
Adrenolumbar Veins
Accompany the adrenolumbar arteries
343
Adrenal Gland
Small, nodular gland that lies between the anterior end of the kidney and vena cava/aorta (depending on the side)
344
Internal Spermatic Arteries
Paired arteries in the male that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the renal arteries
- Extend posteriorly and through the abdominal wall to the scrotum
(Note veins closely follow)
345
Ovarian Arteries
Paired arteries in the female that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the renal arteries
- Pass almost directly laterally to the ovaries
(Note veins closely follow)
346
Posterior Mesenteric Artery
Unpaired branch from the abdominal aorta
| - Helps supply the viscera and quickly branches into the left colic and anterior rectal arteries
347
Deep Circumflex Iliac Arteries
Paired arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta almost immediately following the posterior mesenteric artery
(Note veins closely follow)
348
External Iliac Arteries
Paired vessels that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the deep circumflex iliac
- Extend posterolaterally into each hind limb
349
Internal Iliac Arteries
Paired vessels that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the external iliacs
- Extens posterolaterally but are smaller than the external iliac arteries
350
Median Sacral Artery
Small, posterior continuation of the aorta beyond the iliac arteries
351
Caudal Artery
Posterior continuation of the median sacral artery as it enters the tail
(same for vein)
352
Common Iliac Veins
Paired veins that merge to form the posterior vena cava
| - Each formed by the confluence of the internal and external iliac veins
353
Median Sacral Vein
Accompanies the median sacral artery but will join one of the common iliac veins rather than the posterior vena cava
354
Hepatic Artery
Branches from the celiac artery and anteriorly towards the liver
- Gives off three branches that go into the liver as well as the gastroduodenal artery
355
Left Gastric Artery
Arises from the celiac artery
- Passes onto the lesser curvature of the stomach
(Vein closely follows)
356
Splenic Artery
Arises from the celiac artery and passes toward the spleen
357
Hepatic Portal Vein
Collects blood from the hepatic portal system and distributes it to the liver via capillaries
- Sits primarily on the caudate lobe of the liver along with the common bile duct
358
Gastroduodenal Artery
Arises from the hepatic artery near the caudate lobe of the liver and follows the common bile duct towards the duodenum
- Divides into the anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery and right gastroepiploic artery
(Vein closely follows)
359
Anterior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery
Arises from the gastroduodenal artery and passes between the duodenum and pancreas
(Vein closely follows)
360
Right Gastroepiploic Artery
Arises from the gastroduodenal artery and passes to the distal part of the greater curvature of the stomach
(Vein closely follows)
361
Gastrosplenic Vein
Formed by the confluence of the gastric and splenic veins, and closely follows the splenic artery before dividing from it after giving off a few branches to the stomachs
362
Anterior Splenic Vein
Tributary of the gastrosplenic vein that drains the left side of the spleen
(Artery follows same pattern)
363
Posterior Splenic Vein
Tributary of the gastrosplenic vein that drains the right side of the spleen
(Artery follows same pattern)
364
Left Gastroepiploic Arteries
Branches of the posterior splenic artery that stretch across to the greater curvature of the stomach
(veins follow same pattern)
365
Posterior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery
Arises from the anterior mesenteric artery and extends to the distal part of the duodenum and head of the pancreas
(accompanied by vein)
366
Middle Colic Artery
Branch off the anterior mesenteric artery
| - Mainly supplies the distal part of the transverse colon and proximal part of the descending colon
367
Posterior Mesenteric Vein
Vein that accompanies the proximal end of the middle colic artery
- Empties into the anterior mesenteric vein near the posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein
368
Ileocolic Artery
Arises from the anterior mesenteric artery just distal to the middle colic and supplies the ascending colon and proximal part of the transverse colon as well as the distal part of the ileum
(Accompanied by vein)
369
Left Colic Artery
Branches from the posterior mesenteric artery and passes anteriorly on the surface of the descending colon before anastamosing with the middle colic
(Accompanied by vein)
370
Anterior Rectal Artery
Branches from the posterior mesenteric artery and passes posteriorly to supply the distal end of the colon and rectum
(Accompanies by vein)
371
Kidneys
Bean shaped organs that lie dorsal to the parietal peritoneum in the lumbar region
372
Renal Capsule
Thin, fibrous covering of each kidney
373
Hilus
Medial indentation on the side of the kidney through which the ureter and blood vessels pass
374
Renal Cortex
Lighter, peripheral zone in a frontal section of the kidney
375
Renal Medulla
Darker, central zone in a frontal section of the kidney
376
Renal Papilla
Whitish convergence of the renal pyramid towards the hilus
377
Renal Pelvis
Expanded proximal portion of the ureter within the kidney
378
Renal Pyramid
Lines found in the renal medulla that taper towards the hilus
379
Renal Sinus
Expanded hilus within the kidney
380
Ureter
Passs from the hilus of a kidney, dorsal to the ductus deferens/uterine horn and through the fatty part of the lateral ligament to the dorsal surface of the urinary bladder
381
Urethra
Narrow tube that passes from the narrow end of the urinary bladder, through the pelvic canal to the outside world
382
Urinary Bladder
Sac-like reservoir for urine found at the end of the ureter
383
Bulbourethral Glands
Male reproductive system
Paired
Lie dorsal to the crura of the penis
384
Corpora Cavernosa
Male reproductive system
| Two ventral columns of erectile tissues in the penis
385
Corpus Spongiosum
Male reproductive system
Middorsal column of erectile tissue in the penis
- Urethra is embedded within
386
Cremasteric Pouch
Male reproductive system
Sac-like extensions of the abdominal cavity in which the testes descend from their abdominal position in the embryo
- Posterior end contains the testis
- Narrows into thin tube that passes towards the abdominal wall
387
Crus of Penis
Male reproductive system
Posterior divergence of the corpora cavernosa
Paired
- Anchors the organ to the ischia
388
Ductus Deferens
Male reproductive system
Strand-like tube that passes along the medial side of the testis, where it is highly convoluted
- Passes anteriorly to the penis
389
Epididymis
Male reproductive system
Thin, flattened band of tissue on the dorsomedial part of the testis
- Has expanded head an tail regions and a narrower central body
390
Glans Penis
Male reproductive system
| Free end of the penis from which the urethra emerges
391
Gubernaculum
Male reproductive system
| Short connective tissue that connects the testis to the cremasteric pouch
392
Inguinal Canal
Male reproductive system
| Short passageway in the abdominal wall to the abdominopelvic cavity
393
Mesorchium
Male reproductive system
| Mesentary that supports the structures within the cremasteric pouch
394
Os Penis/Baculum
Male reproductive system
| Small bone that lies within the glans penis
395
Pampiniform Plexus
Male reproductive system
Strand-like structure that passes to the anterior end of the testis
- Thicker than the ductus deferens
- Formed by the intertwining of the distal ends of the internal spermatic artery and vein
396
Parietal Tunica Vaginalis
Male reproductive system
| Lining on the cremasteric pouch
397
Penis
Male reproductive system
| Copulatory organ that lies midventrally in respect to the scrotum
398
Prostate Gland
Male reproductive system
| Lateral expansion of the urethra within the pelvic canal
399
Scrotum
Male reproductive system
| Skin-covered sac that lies ventral to the anus
400
Spermatic Cord
Male reproductive system
| The internal spermatic artery/vein and ductus deferens, bound by visceral tunica vaginalis
401
Testes
Male reproductive system
| Male gonads that lie within the scrotum
402
Vaginal Cavity (Male)
Male reproductive system
| Space within the cremasteric pouch that is analogous with the space of the abdominal cavity
403
Visceral Tunica Vaginalis
Male reproductive system
| Lining on structures within the cremasteric pouch
404
Anal Glands
Scent glands lateral to the anus
405
Body of the Uterus
Female reproductive system
| Posterior union of the uterin horns
406
Broad Ligament
Female reproductive system
| Main supporting structure of the reproductive tract
407
Cervix of the Uterus
Female reproductive system
| Distally tapered, sphincter-like portion of the uterus before it opens into the vagina
408
Clitoris
Female reproductive system
Small portion of the reproductive system that lies between the urethral orifice and the urogenital aperture
- Homologue of the penis
409
Fimbriae
Female reproductive system
Frill-like projections on the margin of the infundibulum
- Help ensure ova pass through the ostium tubae and into the uterine tube
410
Infundibulum (reproductive)
Female reproductive system
Hood-like expansion over the anterior end of the ovary
- Proximal enlargement of the uterine tube
- Fimbriae on margin
411
Mammary Glands
Female reproductive system
| Flattened, glandular masses in the thoracic and abdominal regions
412
Mesometrium
Female reproductive system
| Portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus and uterine horns
413
Mesosalpinx
Female reproductive system
| Portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterine tube
414
Mesovarium
Female reproductive system
| Portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovaries
415
Ostium Tubae
Female reproductive system
| Opening of the infundibulum
416
Ovarian Ligament
Female reproductive system
| Short, tough ligament that anchors the ovary and the anterior end of the uterine horn
417
Ovaries
Female reproductive system
| Gonads that lie in the abdominal cavity posterior to the kidneys
418
Round Ligament
Female reproductive system
| Fibrous band band within the mesometrium that extends from the uterine horn to the body wall
419
Suspensory Ovarian Ligament
Female reproductive system
| Ligament that supports the ovary anteriorly and extends to the dorsal body wall lateral to the kidney
420
Urethral Orifice
Female reproductive system
| Entrance of the urethra into the urogenital sinus
421
Urogenital Aperture
A.K.A. Vulva
Female reproductive system
Opening through which stuff moves from the urogenital sinus to the outside world
422
Urogenital Sinus
A.K.A. Vaginal vestibule, urogenital canal
Female reproductive system
Common passageway for the reproductive and urinary tracts toward the posterior end of the pelvic canal
423
Uterine Horn
Female reproductive system
Either side of the uterus as it expands to the uterine tube
- Merge dorsal to the urinary bladder
424
Uterine Tube
```
A.K.A. Fallopian tube
Female reproductive system
Most anterior portion of the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
- Thin and convoluted
- Lies lateral to the ovary
```
425
Vagina
Female reproductive system
| Posterior end of the reproductive system
426
Meninges
Sing. meninx
| Three layers of membranes that surround and protect the brain
427
Dura Mater
Thickest of the meninges
| - Fuses with the periosteum of the cranium
428
Pia Mater
Thin layer of meninx that adheres to the surface of the brain
429
Arachnoid Mater
Layer of meninx that lies between the dura mater and pia mater
430
Telencephalon
Portion of the brain that includes the cerebrum and olfactory bulbs
- Expanded in mammals due to the gigantic size of the cerebrum
431
Cerebral hemispheres
Telencephalon
Largest parts of the brain
- Lie dorsally
432
Cerebrum
Telencephalon
Composed of the two cerebral hemispheres
- Bears numerous gyri and sulci
433
Gyri
Telencephalon
Sing. gyrus
Folds found on the cerebrum
434
Sulci
Telencephalon/Metencephalon
Sing. sulcus
Grooves found on the cerebrum/cerebellum
435
Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
Telencephalon
| Deep "groove" that separates the left an right cerebral hemispheres
436
Corpus Callosum
Telencephalon
White structure consisting of fibres that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- Allows communication between the two halves
437
Olfactory Bulbs
Telencephalon
| Elongated and flattened structures that lie anteroventrally on the telencephalon
438
Olfactory Tract
Telencephalon
| Band of fibres that continues posteriorly from the olfactory bulbs
439
Lateral Olfactory Striae
Telencephalon
Striae on the olfactory tract that extend posterolaterally
- Accompanied by a gyrus
440
Medial Olfactory Striae
Telencephalon
Striae on the olfactory tract that extend posteromedially
- Accompanies by a gyrus (not easily visible)
441
Piriform Lobe
Telencephalon
| Extends posteriorly from the olfactory tract
442
Rhinal Sulcus
Telencephalon
| Sulcus that separates the piriform lobe and the cerebrum
443
Diencephalon
Mostly covered by the cerebrum, so only the hypothalamus is visible without dissection
444
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
| Floor of the diencephalon
445
Optic Chiasm
Diencephalon
| Found at the anterior end of the hypothalamus and represents a partial crossing of the optic nerves
446
Infundibulum (brain)
Diencephalon
Thin stalk that descends from the hypothalamus posterior to the optic chiasm
- Suspends the hypophysis
447
Hypophysis
Diencephalon
| Bulb that is suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
448
Tuber Cinereum
Diencephalon
The area of the hypothalamus adjacent to the opening for the infundibulum
- Circular in shape
449
Mammillary Bodies
Diencephalon, paired (but may appear as one round structure)
| Mark the posterior end of the hypothalamus
450
Epithalamus
Diencephalon
| Forms the dorsal part of the diencephalon
451
Tela Choroidea
Diencephalon/Myelencephalon
| Forms the roof of the epithalamus and the posterior fourth ventricle
452
Third Ventricle
Diencephalon
Narrow cavity within the diencephalon
- Continuation forms the opening for the infundibulum
- Lies mainly ventral to the fornix and splenium
- Narrow but dorsoventrally high
453
Habenula
Diencephalon
| Slightly thickened, posterolateral margin of the third ventricle
454
Habenular Commissure
Diencephalon
Convergence of the habenula posteriorly
- Most readily visible in sagittal section
455
Pineal Gland
Diencephalon
| Round gland that lies posterior to the habenular commissure
456
Thalamus
Diencephalon
Lateral portions of the diencephalon
- Mainly lateral to the dorsal margins of the third ventricle
457
Intermediate Mass
Diencephalon
Extends across the third ventricle to connect the left and right thalamus
- Large and circular
458
Tectum
Mesencephalon
| Roof of the mesencephalon
459
Corpora Quadrigemina
Mesencephalon
| Two paired prominent swellings on the tectum
460
Lamina Quadrigemina
Mesencephalon
| Under the corpora quadrigemina
461
Superior Colliculi
Mesencephalon
Two anterior swellings of the corpora quadrigemina
- Larger and well-rounded
- Lie just posterior to the pineal gland
462
Inferior Colliculi
Mesencephalon
Two posterior swellings of the corpora qudrigemina
- Smaller and flattened
- Protrude from the posterior end of the superior colliculi
463
Metencephalon
Portion of the brain that consists mostly of the cerebellum and the pons
464
Cerebellum
Metencephalon
| Main, dorsal part of the metencephalon
465
Folia
Metencephalon
| Folds on the cerebellum
466
Vermis
Metencephalon
| Median part of the cerebellum (i.e. middle section of folds)
467
Cerebellar Hemispheres
Metencephalon
| Hemispheres of the cerebellum that lie on either side of the vermis
468
Flocculonodular Lobe
Metencephalon
| Lobe found on the ventrolateral part of each cerebellar hemisphere
469
Pons
Metecephalon
Ventral surface of the metencephalon
- Rounded region of transverse fibres
- Posterior to the cerebral peduncles
470
Medulla Oblongata
Myelencephalon
Forms the brain posterior to the metencephalon
- Connects to the spinal cord
471
Ventral Fissure
Myelencephalon
| Median ventral groove of the medulla oblongata
472
Pyramids
Myelencephalon
| Narrow longitudinal bands on either side of the ventral fissure
473
Trapezoid Body
Myelencephalon
| Lateral to the anterior part of each pyramid
474
Fourth Ventricle
Myelencephalon
| Cavity within the medulla oblongata that continues forward under the cerebellum
475
Medullary Velum
Myelencephalon
| Membranous structure covering the part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that lies under the cerebellum
476
Genu
Telencephalon
| Anterior, curved part of the corpus callosum
477
Splenium
Telencephalon
| Posterior part of the corpus callosum
478
Trunk (corpus callosum)
Telencephalon
| Lies between the genu and splenium dorsally
479
Fornix
Telencephalon
| Curves anteroventrally from near the splenium
480
Septum Pellucidum
Telencephalon
| Thin, vertical, shiny partition between the corpus callosum and fornix
481
Lateral Ventricles
Telencephalon
| Two ventricles within either cerebral hemisphere
482
Anterior Commissure
Telencephalon
| Small, rounded structure below the fornix that represents a group of fibres
483
Lamina Terminalis
Diencephalon
Forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle
- Extends ventrally from the anterior commissure to the optic chiasm
484
Interventricular Foramina
Foramina through which the left and right lateral ventricles and the third ventricle communicate
485
Cerebral Peduncle
Diencephalon
| Large areas lateral to the mammillary bodies
486
Posterior Commissure
Extends between the pineal body and the lamina quadrigemina
487
Cerebral Aqueduct
Narrow passageway that extends from the third ventricle, posteriorly beneath the lamina quadrigemina and to the fourth ventricle
- Posterior to the intermediate mass
488
Central Canal
Part of spinal cord that the fourth ventricle extends into
489
Arbor Vitae
White matter in the cerebellum
| - Branches into surrounding grey matter
490
Cerbellar Peduncles
How the cerebellum attaches to the rest of the brain on each side of the fourth ventricle
- Posterior, middle and anterior
491
Olfactory Nerve
Cranial Nerve I
- Arises from the olfactory bulb
- Innervates the nose (sensory)
- Passes through the cribriform foramina of the cribriform plate
492
Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve II
- Arise from the optic chiasma
- Innervates the eye (sensory)
- Passes through the optic canal
493
Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve III
- Arise from the cerebral penduncles
- Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
- Passes through the orbital fissure
494
Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV
- Arise from the dorsal surface of the mesencephalon, just posterior to the inferior colliculi
- Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
- Passes through the orbital fissure
495
Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve V
- Arise from the posterolateral part of the pons
- Innervates the face (sensory) and chewing muscles (motor)
496
Abducens Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI
- Arises from the anterior part of the medulla between the trapezoid body and pyramid
- Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
- Passes through the orbital fissure
497
Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII
- Arises lateral to the trapezoid body, just posterior to the trigeminal nerve
- Innervates the tongue (motor) and head/neck (motor)
- Passes through the internal acoutsic meatus then the stylomastoid foramen
498
Vestibulotrochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII
- Arises dorsally on the medulla oblongata, beneath the flocculonodular lobe
- Innervates the inner ear (sensory)
- Passes through the internal acoustic meatus
499
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX
- Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
- Innervates the tongue (sensory) and pharynx (both)
- Passes through the jugular foramen
500
Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve X
- Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
- Innervates the ears (sensory), pharynx (motor), larynx? (both), cardiopulmonary system (motor), and digestive system (motor)
- Passes through the jugular foramen
501
Accessory Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI
- Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
- Innervates the neck and back (motor)
- Passes through the jugular foramen
502
Hypoglossal Nerve
Cranial Nerve XII
- Arises posteriorly on the medulla oblongata, and more ventrally than the others
- Inervates the throat (motor)
- Passes through the hypoglossal canal, then the jugular foramen
503
Opthalmic Nerve
Cranial Nerve V1
| - Passes through the orbital fissure
504
Maxillary Nerve
Cranial Nerve V2
| - Passes through the foramen rotundum
505
Mandibular Nerve
Cranial Nerve V3
| - Passes through the foramen ovale
506
External Pharyngeal Slits (lamprey)
Seven rounded or oval-shaped aprtures on the head
| - Lie posterior to the eyes
507
Oral Funnel (lamprey)
Wide, sucking disk that attaches to the body of the lamprey's prey
- Rasping tongue lies at the pit
508
Buccal Papillae (lamprey)
Small, soft projections on the margin of the oral funnel
| - Primarily sensory structures
509
Oral Disk (lamprey)
Interior surface of the oral funnel
| - Lined with numerous horny teeth
510
Teeth (lamprey)
Keratinized epidermal derivatives
- Replacement teeth can be found immediately underneath
- Also line the rasping tongue
511
Naris (lamprey)
Single one lies median and middorsally
512
Pineal Eye Complex (lamprey)
Lighter patch of skin immediately posterior to the naris
| - Photoreceptor that detects changes in light
513
Lateral Line System/Pores (lamprey)
Not very conspicuous, but some pores are visible on the head and arranged in rows
- Detects vibrations in the water
514
Urogenital Papilla (lamprey)
Posterior to the anus
| - Has a terminal pore through which gametes and excretory products leave the body
515
Pleuroperitoneal Cavity (lamprey)
Basically only consists of the liver, intestine, kidney and archinephric duct
516
Typhlosole (lamprey)
Most obvious longitudinal ridge on the inner surface of the intestine
517
Oral Cecum (lamprey)
Short anterodorsal extension of the oral cavity
518
Respiratory tube (lamprey)
Posterior passage of the oral cavity on the ventral side
| - Ends blindly posteriorly
519
"Esophagus" (lamprey)
Posterior passage of the oral cavity on the dorsal side
| - Conducts food to the intestine
520
Velum (lamprey)
Valve that opens and closes the respiratory tube's anterior opening into the oral cavity
521
Lingual Cartilage (lamprey)
Supports the tongue
522
Brain (lamprey)
Small tripartite bulge at the anterior end of the spinal cord
523
Olfactory Sac (lamprey)
Dark-walled sac that lies below the naris
524
Hypophyseal Pouch (lamprey)
Continuation of the tube running from the naris below the olfactory sac
525
Anal Fin (perch)
Posterior, median fin on the ventral side
526
Anus (perch)
Large, circular opening anterior to the anal fin
527
Caudal Peduncle (perch)
Constricted region connecting the trunk and tail regions
528
Ctenoid (perch)
Scale with numerous small tooth-like projections on the posterior, exposed end
529
Lateral Line (perch)
Runs down the trunk and caudal penduncle, forming a distinct ridge along the scales
530
Pectoral Fin (perch)
Paired fins directly behind the opercular region
531
Pelvic Fin (perch)
Paired fins on the anterior and ventral side of the fish
532
Teeth (perch)
Are lacking in the maxilla but present in the premaxilla
533
Urogenital Aperture (perch)
Usually smaller opening immediately posterior to the anus
534
Branchiostegal Rays (perch)
Support the floor of the opercular chamber
535
Gill Filaments (perch)
Small filaments that make up each gill
| - Facilitate gas exchange by water flowing over them
536
Gill Rakers (perch)
Projections that extend inward across the pharyngeal slit
| - Prevent prey and debris leaving through the pharyngeal opening when feeding
537
Palatal Teeth (perch)
Teeth on the roof of the oral cavity
538
Pharyngeal Teeth (perch)
Both upper and lower sets of teeth in the posterior part of the pharynx
539
Head Kidney (perch)
Small, dark, lobulated mass immediately dorsal to the liver
540
Pyloric Ceca (perch)
Three finger-like projections off the pyloric section of the stomach, right before the duodenum
541
Heart (perch)
```
S-shaped, four chambered
From anterior to posterior:
- Bulbus arteriosus
- Ventricle
- Atrium
- Sinus venosus
```
542
Swim Bladder (perch)
Dark, membranous sac on the dorsal part of the body cavity
543
Kidneys (perch)
Lie against the dorsal wall of the pleuroperitoneal cavity
544
Cloacal Gland (mudpuppy)
MALES ONLY
Large internal gland around the cloaca
- Causes swelling around the cloaca
545
External Gills (mudpuppy)
Three pairs posterior to the head
546
Gular Fold (mudpuppy)
Transverse fold on the ventral side of the neck
547
Labia (mudpuppy)
Sing. labium
| Lips
548
Choana (mudpuppy)
Internal opening of the nasal passage
549
Coronoid Teeth (mudpuppy)
Teeth at the posterior end of the teeth in the lower jaw
550
Dentary Teeth (mudpuppy)
Most of the single row of teeth in the lower jaw
551
Glottis (mudpuppy)
Small, slit-like opening into the respiratory system, midventrally on the floor of the pharynx
552
Hyoid Arch (mudpuppy)
Supports the tongue
553
Mandibular Arch (mudpuppy)
Anterior to the hyoid arch
554
Premaxillary Teeth (mudpuppy)
Most anterior row of teeth
555
Pterygoid Teeth (mudpuppy)
Lateral teeth that lie just posterior to the premaxillary teeth
556
Vomerine Teeth (mudpuppy)
Medial teeth that lie just posterior to the premaxillary teeth
557
Pyloric Sphincter (mudpuppy)
Constriction that marks the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum
558
Cloacal Papillae (mudpuppy)
MALES ONLY
| Papillae lining the inside of the cloaca
559
Nicitating Membrane (frog)
Membrane that can be folded over the eye in addition to the eyelids
560
Tympanic Membrane (frog)
Circular, posterior to each eye
| - Lies deep to the skin and may be separated from it
561
Auditory Tube (frog)
Posterolateral openings in the oral cavity that lead to the middle ear cavities
562
Columella (frog)
Passes through the middle ear cavity to the tympanic membrane
563
Laryngeal Prominence (frog)
Small projection posterior to the tongue on which is the glottis
564
Maxillary Groove (frog)
Groove internal to the maxillary teeth that extends around the margin of the upper jaw
565
Pterygoid Ridge (frog)
Ridge that is medial to the maxillary groove and extends around the margins of the upper jaw
566
Glottis (frog)
Ventral and slit like, posterior to the tongue and on the laryngeal prominence
567
Fat body (frog)
Conspicuous, subdivided into numerous digitiform lobes
| - Often pressed up against the sides of the pleuroperitoneal cavity
568
Heart (frog)
- Single ventricle (posterior half)
- Sinus venosus (dorsal to ventricle)
- Right and left atria
- Bulbus cordis between atria and attached to ventricle
569
Procoracoid (pigeon)
Bone that struts the forelimb against the sternum, points downward
570
Furcula (pigeon)
"Wishbone"
571
Scapula (pigeon)
Points posteriorly
572
Sclerotic Ring (pigeon)
Bony ring that surrounds the eye
573
Mesethmoid (pigeon)
A.K.A. interorbital septum
| Bony bridge between orbits
574
Radiale (pigeon)
Carpal that is attached to the radius
575
Ulnare (pigeon)
Carpal that is attached to the ulna
576
Rhamphotheca (pigeon)
Horny sheath that covers the maxilla and mandible to complete the beak
577
Alula (pigeon)
A.K.A. bastard wing
Little "nub" of feathers at the joint of the radius and ulna to the carpometacarpus
578
Uropygial Gland (pigeon)
Gland for preening found on the dorsal surface of the uropygium
579
Uropygium (pigeon)
Short, fleshy part of the tail
580
Dorsum (pigeon)
Dorsal region of the bird
581
Venter (pigeon)
"Belly" region posterior to the breast
582
Crop (pigeon)
Thin-walled sac that is a specialization of the esophagus
583
Supracoracoideus (pigeon)
Lies deep to the pectoralis and is covered entorely by it
584
Postpatagium (pigeon)
Fold of skin that projects posteriorly from the ulna
585
Propatagium (pigeon)
Fold of skin between the shoulder and carpus that forms the leading edge of the wing
586
Pectoralis (pigeon)
Largest and most superficial of the flight muscles
587
Deltoideus (pigeon)
Main coverage of the shoulder
- Pars propatagialis anteriorly
- major more posteriorly
588
Gizzard (pigeon)
Muscular, posterior portion of the stomach
| - Rock hard
589
Proventriculus (pigeon)
Glandular, anterior portion of the stomach
590
Colic Ceca
Pair of small diverticula that mark the border between the small and large intestines
