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EEB263 > Lab Exam April > Flashcards

Lab Exam April Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrocranium (lamprey)

A

Formed from endocranial elements

Partly encloses the brain and sense organs and has cartilages that extend anteriorly to support the annular cartilage

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2
Q

Annular Cartilage (lamprey)

A

Ring-like structure that forms the main skeletal element of the oral funnel

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3
Q

Lingual Cartilage (lamprey)

A

Median cartilage that extends posteriorly from the annual cartilage, ventral to the chondrocranium

Supports the rasping tongue

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4
Q

Branchial Basket (lamprey)

A

Network of cartilages that extends posterior and connected to the chondrocranium

Supports the pharyngeal region

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5
Q

Pericardial Cartilage (lamprey)

A

Crescent-shaped cartilage at the posterior end of the branchial basket
- Lies on the posterior wall of the pericardial cavity

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6
Q

Main differences between lamprey and higher fish pharyngeal skeletons

A
  1. In lampreys, the structure is a connected network, not separate arches
  2. In lampreys, it is connected to the pericardial cartilage
  3. Branchial basket in lampreys lies superficially, just beneath the skin and lateral to the gills, rather than deep and medial to the gills
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7
Q

Notochord (lamprey)

A

Axial support for the body

Extends from beneath the posterior part of the brain to the tip of the tail

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8
Q

Arcualia

A

Representation of vertebrae in the lamprey

Lie dorsal to the notochord on either side of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Operculum

A

Large, triangular bony plate on the pharyngeal region, covers the gills

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10
Q

Preoperculum

A

J-shaped bone that lies anterior to the operculum

- Has a fringe of serrations on the posterior edge

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11
Q

Suboperculum

A

Bone that lies posteroventral to the operculum

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12
Q

Interoperculum

A

Rounded bone that lies ventral o the preoperculum

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13
Q

Branchial Arches (fish)

A

Lie deep to the opercular bones and support the gills

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14
Q

Frontal (fish)

A

Forms much of the skull roof and roofs the orbit

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15
Q

Parietal (fish)

A

Bone that lies posterior to the frontal

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16
Q

Lacrimal (fish)

A

Large (ish) bone that forms the anteroventral margin of the orbit

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17
Q

Maxilla (fish)

A

Slender bone that articulates to the anteroventral part of the lacrimal and the posterior part of the dentary; posterior end is embedded in soft tissue

Edentulate

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18
Q

Premaxilla (fish)

A

Most anterior bone of the upper jaw that articulates with the other premaxilla and the nasal and maxilla

Bears teeth on the anteroventral sideIs projected forward during opening of the mouth in derived actinopterygians

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19
Q

Nasal (fish)

A

Thin bone that extends anterior from the frontal

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20
Q

Comparison of bones in fish and other vertebrates

A

Should be noted that bones with the same name are not homologous with one another

  • Frontal in fish = parietal in tetrapods
  • Parietal in fish = postparietal in tetrapods
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21
Q

Suspensorium

A

Supports the jaw onto the rest of the skull in fishes

Consists of three bones:

  • Hyomandibular (dorsal)
  • Metapterygoid
  • Quadrate (ventral, articulates with lower jaw)
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22
Q

Anguloarticular

A

Forms most of the posterior end of the lower jaw, articulates with the quadrate of the upper jaw

Two parts:

  • Angular is large, flat, superficial component
  • Articular is medial and endochondral
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23
Q

Dentary (fish)

A

Can be seen anterior to the anguloarticular

Bears teeth

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24
Q

Retroarticular

A

Small endochondral ossification that lies posteroventrally on the lower jaw

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25
Q

Vertebral Column (Fish)

A

Consists of trunk and caudal vertebrae

  • Each vertebra has a centrum as its main body
  • All vertebrae have elongated dorsal neural spines
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26
Q

Caudal Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae of the tail- Have elongated hemal spines ventrally

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27
Q

Trunk Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae anterior to the tail

- Bear ribs, both dorsal and ventral

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28
Q

Fish Ribs

A

Ventral Ribs

  • Prominent
  • Curve ventrally and form the myosepta adjacent to the body cavity

Dorsal Ribs

  • Extend laterally
  • More delicate, are attached via ligaments to the posterior surface of more anterior ventral ribs
  • Often missing in prepared specimens
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29
Q

Dorsal Fins

A

Anterior and Posterior

Supported by thin, elongated fin rays

  • Termed spines if they are ossified (all anterior rays, first two posterior)
  • Termed soft fin rays if not ossified and may branch distally (remaining posterior)
  • Each is supported at the base by a radial perygiophore
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30
Q

Radial Pterygiophore

A

Ventrally tapered bony element that underlies each fin ray in the anterior and posterior dorsal fins
- Extends ventrally into the connective tissue between two neural spines

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31
Q

Anal Fin

A

Lies along the midventral line, opposite to the posterior dorsal fin

  • First two fin rays are spines, remaining are soft rays
  • Radial pterygiophores support these rays by extending dorsally; anterior few fuse into large element that attaches to ventral rib(s) behind which hemal spines begin
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32
Q

Caudal Fin

A

Supported by soft fin rays that form a homocercal tail in the perch

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33
Q

Uroneurals

A

Last few neural spines

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34
Q

Hypurals

A

Flattened hemal spines of the last few caudal vertebrae, immediately posterior and ventral to the uroneurals

Provide most of the support for the fin rays of the caudal fin

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35
Q

Epurals

A

Modified neural spines that are unattached to vertebrae

Provide some support for the dorsal part of the caudal fin

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36
Q

Cleithrum

A

Dorsoventrally elongated bone that lies deep to the (sub)operculum and extends to the ventral midline to articulate with the opposite cleithrum

Main supporting element of the pectoral girdle

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37
Q

Supracleithrum

A

Articulates ventrally with the cleithrum and anterodorsally to the posttemporal

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38
Q

Posttemporal

A

Bone that is attached to the posterior end of the skull and articulates posteroventrally to the supracleithrum

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39
Q

Scapula

A

Large element of the shoulder girdle that lies dorsal to the procoracoid

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40
Q

Procoracoid

A

Large element of the shoulder girdle that lies ventral to the scapula

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41
Q

Postcleithrum

A

Elongated, triangular bone that extends dorsoventrally beneath the pectoral fin

  • Widened end lies deep to the cleithrum
  • Tapers ventrally, passing medial to the fin and extends towards the pelvic fin
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42
Q

Radial Pterygiophores (Pectoral Fin)

A

Extend from the scapula or procoracoid and distally articulate with the soft fin rays

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43
Q

Basipterygia

A

Paired triangular plates of bones that are oriented anteroposteriorly and form the pelvic girdle

  • Wide base located posteriorly
  • Tapers and passes dorsal to the articulation between the two cleithra anteriorly
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44
Q

Pelvic Fin

A

Fin rays each attach directly to the posterior end of a basipterygium
- Are all soft fin rays except for the medial ray

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45
Q

Premaxillae (mudpuppy)

A

Paired, most anterior part of the skull/upper jaw

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46
Q

Frontals (mudpuppy)

A

Paired, large bones immediately posterior to the premaxillae

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47
Q

Parietals (mudpuppy)

A

Paired, large bones posterior to the frontals- Has long slender anterior projection that extends lateral to the frontals

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48
Q

Antorbital Processes (mudpuppy)

A

Paired, cartilaginous
Part of the chondrocranium
Project laterally near the anterior end of the parietal bones
- Project from the trabecular cartilage

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49
Q

Vomer (mudpuppy)

A

Modified to take on the role of the maxilla (which the mudpuppy lacks)
- Forms the anterolateral margin of the skull

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50
Q

Palatopterygoid (mudpuppy)

A

Forms the central part of the lateral margin of the skull

  • Posterior to the antorbital process
  • Compound element formed from the palatine and pterygoid
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51
Q

Prootic (mudpuppy)

A

Paired bone that contributes to the otic capsule

Lies lateral to the parietal, near the suture of the parietals and frontals

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52
Q

Opisthotic (mudpuppy)

A

Paired bone that contributes to the otic capsule

Lies posterior to the squamosal

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53
Q

Fenestra Ovalis (mudpuppy)

A

Contained within a cartilaginous region that lies between the prootic and opisthotic

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54
Q

Squamosal (mudpuppy)

A

Extends anterolaterally from the opisthotic to form the posterolateral margin of the skull

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55
Q

Quadrate (mudpuppy)

A

Articulates with the squamosal posteriorly and the palatopterygoid anteriorly

  • Inclines anteroventrally
  • Forms the jaw joint at its articulation with the mandible
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56
Q

Quadrate Cartilage (mudpuppy)

A

Cartilaginous bridge from the anterior end of the quadrate to the lateral margin of the parietal

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57
Q

Columella (mudpuppy)

A

Disc-shaped bone that lies anterior to the opisthotic and covers the cartilaginous region between the opisthotic and prootic

  • Covers the fenestra ovalis
  • Has a small stylus projecting from its lateral surface

Transmits vibrations to the inner ear

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58
Q

Foramen Magnum (mudpuppy)

A

Large opening on the posterior surface of the skull

- Spinal cord passes through it

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59
Q

Exoccipitals (mudpuppy)

A

Paired, form the posterior part of the skull, lateral and ventral to the foramen magnum
- Each contains an occipital condyle

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60
Q

Parasphenoid (mudpuppy)

A

Large, triangular, plate-like bone that forms most of the skull’s ventral surface

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61
Q

Ethmoid Plate (mudpuppy)

A

Cartilaginous plate anterior on the chondrocranium

- Visible anterior to the parasphenoid in ventral view

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62
Q

Chondrocranium (mudpuppy)

A

Consists of:

  • Basal plate
  • Exoccipital
  • Opisthotic
  • Synotic tectum
  • Prootic
  • Parachordal plate
  • Quadrate
  • Quadrate cartilage
  • Fenestra communis
  • Ethmoid plate
  • Trabecular horn
  • Antorbital process
  • Trabecular cartilage
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63
Q

Synotic Tectum (mudpuppy)

A

Thin cartilaginous bridge that connects the left and right otic capsules

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64
Q

Basal Plate (mudpuppy)

A

Cartilaginous bridge between the left and right exoccipitals

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65
Q

Parachordal Plate (mudpuppy)

A

Cartilaginous plate that extends anteriorly from each otic capsule

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66
Q

Trabecular Cartilages (mudpuppy)

A

Slennder, rod-like, cartilaginous elements extending anteriorly from the parachordal plates

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67
Q

Trabecular Horns (mudpuppy)

A

Small projections anterior to the ethmoid plate that lie between the nasal capsules

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68
Q

Meckel’s Cartilage (mudpuppy)

A

Cartilaginous structure that extends through the interior of the mandible

  • Mostly visible in medial view
  • Forms the articular surface for the quadrate of the upper jaw posteriorly
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69
Q

Mentomeckelian (mudpuppy)

A

Where Meckel’s Cartilage ossifies anteriorly into the mandibular symphysis

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70
Q

Dentary (mudpuppy)

A

Covers most of the lateral surface of Meckel’s cartilage

- Bears a long row of marginal teeth

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71
Q

Coronoid (mudpuppy)

A

Is exposed largely on the medial side of Meckel’s cartilage as well as a tiny exposure on the dorsolateral side
- Bears a short row of marginal teeth

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72
Q

Prearticular (mudpuppy)

A

Covers much of the posterior part of the mandible in medial view
- Tapers anteriorly as a wedge on the dentary

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73
Q

Hyoid Apparatus (mudpuppy)

A

Large, composed of the hyoid arch and parts of the first three branchial arches
- Hyoid arch is largest, anterior, supports the tongue

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74
Q

Hypohyal (mudpuppy)

A

Hyoid Arch

  • Small, median
  • Paired
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75
Q

Ceratohyal (mudpuppy)

A

Hyoid Arch

  • Lateral, elongated
  • Paired
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76
Q

Basibranchial 1 (mudpuppy)

A

Hyoid Arch

  • Lies median
  • Extends posteriorly from hypohyals to the base of the first branchial arch
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77
Q

Branchial Arch 1 (mudpuppy)

A

Formed of:

  • Ceratobranchial 1 (paired, anterior)
  • Epibranchial 1 (paired, posterior)
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78
Q

Basibranchial 2 (mudpuppy)

A

Extends posteriorly from the left and right ceratobranchial 1

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79
Q

Ceratobranchial 2 (mudpuppy)

A

Tiny, nodular element at the base of epibranchial 2

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80
Q

Epibranchial 3 (mudpuppy)

A

Smallest epibranchial, lies posterior to epibranchial 2

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81
Q

Cervical Vertebra (mudpuppy)

A

Only one!

  • Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
  • Anteroventral process of the atlas projects into the foramen magnum
  • Posteriorly articulates with the first of the trunk vertebrae
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82
Q

Trunk Vertebrae (mudpuppy)

A

Lots of them

- Have transverse processes that extend from the centrum and articulate with small, Y-shaped ribs

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83
Q

Neural Canal (mudpuppy)

A

Passes dorsal to the centra in vertebrae

- Neural arch forms the roof of the canal; has a neural process

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84
Q

Prezygapophyses (mudpuppy)

A

Present on each vertebra for articulation with the preceding vertebra

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85
Q

Postzygapophyses (mudpuppy)

A

Present on each vertebra for articulation with the succeeding vertebra

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86
Q

Sacral Vertebra (mudpuppy)

A

Just one!

- Articulates to the pelvic girdle through its ribs

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87
Q

Caudal Vertebrae (mudpuppy)

A

Tail vertebrae

  • Each have a hemal arch
  • Most lack ribs, but still have transverse processes
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88
Q

Pectoral Girdle (mudpuppy)

A

Mainly cartilaginous

Left and right halves that overlap ventrally but don’t fuse

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89
Q

Scapula (mudpuppy)

A

Short bone with the suprascapular process dorsally

- On ventral side, have glenoid fossa, the depression that articulates with the forelimb

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90
Q

Procoracoid Cartilage (mudpuppy)

A

Slender, elongated, projects anteriorly from the glenoid fossa

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91
Q

Coracoid Cartilage (mudpuppy)

A

Broad, ventral, plate-like part of the pectoral girdle; they partly overlap

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92
Q

Humerus (mudpuppy)

A

Brachium of the forelimb

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93
Q

Radius (mudpuppy)

A

Anteromedial bone of the antebrachium on the forelimb

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94
Q

Ulna (mudpuppy)

A

Posterolateral bone of the antebrachium on the forelimb

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95
Q

Manus (mudpuppy)

A

Only has four digits

  • Six carpals
  • Four metacarpals
  • Phalanges
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96
Q

Pelvic Girdle (mudpuppy)

A

Mainly cartilaginous

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97
Q

Ilium (mudpuppy)

A

Ossified, extends ventrally from its articulation with the rib of the sacral vertebra to the acetabulum

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98
Q

Acetabulum (mudpuppy)

A

Depression on the ilium that articulates with the hind limb

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99
Q

Puboischiadic Plate (mudpuppy)

A

Ventral formation of the pelvic girdle

  • Pubic cartilage
  • Ischiadic cartilage
  • Ischium
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100
Q

Pubic Cartilage (mudpuppy)

A

Elongated, triangular anterior portion of the puboischiadic plate

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101
Q

Isciadic Cartilages (mudpuppy)

A

Posterior portion of the puboischiadic plate; contains a pair of ossified ischia

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102
Q

Obturator Foramen (mudpuppy)

A

Foramina just anterior to each acetabulum

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103
Q

Femur (mudpuppy)

A

Forms the thigh on the hindlimb

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104
Q

Tibia (mudpuppy)

A

Anterior part of the crus on the hindlimb

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105
Q

Fibula (mudpuppy)

A

Posterior part of the crus on the hindlimb

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106
Q

Pes (mudpuppy)

A

Most distal part of the hindlimb

  • Six tarsals (cartilaginous)
  • Four digits consisting of metatarsals and phalanges
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107
Q

Skull elements missing in anurans

A
  • Lacrimal
  • Prefrontal
  • Postfrontal
  • Opisthotic
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108
Q

Interpterygoid Vacuities (frog)

A

Large paired openings on the ventral part of the skull (palate)

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109
Q

Premaxilla (frog)

A

Small, median bone on the anterior portion of the skull

- Bears a single row of small teeth (premaxillary)

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110
Q

Maxilla (frog)

A

Long paired bones that make up the lateral sides of the skull
- Bears a single row of small teeth (maxillary)

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111
Q

Quadratojugal (frog)

A

Short paired bone on the posterolateral sides of the skull

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112
Q

Vomer (frog)

A

Lies just posterior to the premaxillae

- Bears vomerine teeth

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113
Q

Nasals (frog)

A

Paired, broad, flattened bones that meet each other at the dorsal midline
- Form the anterior part of the orbits through a narrow process that extends lateroventrally

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114
Q

Nares (frog)

A

Lie anterior to each orbit

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115
Q

Frontoparietals (frog)

A

Paired, elongated bones that meet along the dorsal midline and form much of the cranial roof

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116
Q

Sphenethmoid (frog)

A

Forms most of the lateral and ventral sides of the braincase

  • Mostly tubular, with lateral expansion anteriorly
  • Small wedge can be seen dorsally wedged between the nasal and frontoparietal
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117
Q

Palatines (frog)

A

Extend as transverse bars on either side of the sphenethmoid to reach the maxillae

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118
Q

Parasphenoid (frog)

A

Cruciate bone on ventral side of skull

  • Anterior part of “stem” covers the sphenethmoid in ventral view
  • Posterior part of stem projects to the exoccipitals
  • Each transverse arm extends laterally towards a pterygoid
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119
Q

Exoccipitals (frog)

A

Paired bones that form the posterior part of the skull

- Each has an occipital condyle ventrally

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120
Q

Pterygoid (frog)

A

Paired, Y-shaped bone

  • Anterior arm connects with maxilla and nasal
  • Posterior arm curves gently laterally to contact the angle of the jaw
  • Medial arm is shortest and extends to the prootic and transverse arm of the parasphenoid
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121
Q

Squamosal (frog)

A

Paired, T-shaped

  • Top of T slightly curved, extends diagonally
  • Long stem of T angled towards angle of the jaw
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122
Q

Annular Cartilage (frog)

A

Cartilage that covers a large portion of the squamosal (if in tact) and supports the tymapanic membrane

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123
Q

Quadrate (frog)

A

Main element that forms the upper part of the jaw joint

  • Usually cartilaginous in anurans
  • Usually covered laterally by the ventral squamosal and medially by the posterior arm of the pterygoid
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124
Q

Prootics (frog)

A

Paired, irregularly-shaped bones that contain the inner ear

  • Between the squamosal, frontoparietal and exoccipital
  • Forms the posterior part of the orbit
  • Usually fuses with the exoccipital
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125
Q

Optic foramen (frog)

A

Foramen on the medial side of the orbit

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126
Q

Trigemial Foramen (frog)

A

Foramen on the posterior side of the orbit

- Passage for the trigeminal and facial nerves

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127
Q

Foramen Ovale (frog)

A

Foramen beside the occipital condyle

  • Passage for the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
  • Formed by the prootic and exoccipital
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128
Q

Mandible (frog)

A

Edentulate

- Meckel’s cartilage is covered by dentary anterolaterally and agulosplenial medial & posteriorly

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129
Q

Missing mandibular bones in anurans (present in non-mammalian tetrapods)

A
  • Coronoid
  • Articular
  • Prearticular
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130
Q

Dentary (frog)

A

Thin, flange-like

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131
Q

Angulosplenial (frog)

A

Large

  • Posteromedial surface has medially pointed coronoid process
  • Articulates with the quadrate posteriorly
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132
Q

Mentomeckelian (frog)

A

Ossifies the mandibular symphysis

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133
Q

Hyoid Apparatus (frog)

A

X-shaped cartilaginous plate that lies on the floor of the oral cavity and supports the tongue and larynx

  • Two anterior cornua project anteriorly, curved
  • Two posterior cornua are bony rods that project posteriorly
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134
Q

Vertebral Column (frog)

A

Only nine free vertebrae

  • First is the atlas
  • Last is a sacral vertebra
  • All have prominent transverse processes but no ribs
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135
Q

Urostyle (frog)

A

Rod-like bone that extends posteriorly from the sacral vertebra
- Formed from the fusion of serveral postcranial vertebrae

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136
Q

Suprascapula (frog)

A

Extends dorsomedially from the scapula

- Has a prominent, (usually) calcified cartilaginous portion medially

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137
Q

Clavicles (frog)

A

Slender, extend almost directly medially from the scapula anterior to the procoracoid

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138
Q

Procoracoid (frog)

A

Large paired bones that form a plate-like base to the pectoral girdle

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139
Q

Omosternum (frog)

A

Rod-like bone that lies anterior to the clavicles

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140
Q

Episternum (frog)

A

Cartilaginous extension anterior to the omosternum

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141
Q

Sternum (frog)

A

Posterior to the procoracoids

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142
Q

Xiphisternum (frog)

A

Cartilaginous extension posterior to the sternum

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143
Q

Radio-Ulna (frog)

A

Fusion of the radius and ulna into a single element

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144
Q

Prepollex/prehallux (frog)

A

Small bone that extends medially from the carpals/tarsals, may be a reduced metacarpal/tarsal

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145
Q

Ilium (frog)

A

Elongated, anteriorly-directed element of the pelvic girdle that has a prominent iliac crest

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146
Q

Ishium & Pubis (frog)

A

Form a semi-circle in lateral view

  • Ishium is more posterior
  • Part of the pelvic girdle
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147
Q

Tibiofibula (frog)

A

Fusion of the tibia and fibula into a single element

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148
Q

Tibiale (frog)

A

Elongated proximal tarsal

- Medial

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149
Q

Fibulare (frog)

A

Elongated proximal tarsal

  • Lateral
  • Homologous with the calcaneum
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150
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: extends humerus
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151
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: rotates humerus laterally
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152
Q

Teres major

A
  • Origin: posterior border of scapula, dorsal third
  • Insertion: medial surface of humerus via tendon in common latissimus dorsi
  • Action: flexes and medially rotates the humerus
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153
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Origin: posterior border of scapula, distal to glenoid fossa
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: flexes and laterally rotates humerus
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154
Q

Rhomboideus

A
  • Origin: posterior cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae
  • Insertion: distal border of scapula, distal portion
  • Action: draws scapula toward vertebral column
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155
Q

Rhomboideus capitis

A
  • Origin: medial portion of nuchal crest
  • Insertion: dorsal border of scapula, anterior
  • Action: rotates and draws scapula anteriorly
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156
Q

Serratus ventralis

A

cervicis

  • Origin: transverse processes of C3-C7
  • Insertion: medial surface of scapula, near dorsal border
  • Action: draws scapula anteroventrally

thoracis

  • Origin: lateral surface of R1-R9/R10
  • Insertion: medial edge of scapula, near dorsal border
  • Action: draws scapula ventrally, helps support trunk on forelimb
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157
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: adducts humerus
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158
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Origin: coracoid process of scapula
  • Insertion: media surface of proximal end of humerus
  • Action: adducts humerus
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159
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Origin: small tubercle at dorsal margin of glenoid fossa of scapula (via tendon)
  • Insertion: bicipital tuberosity of radius (by tendon)
  • Action: flexes antebrachium
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160
Q

Medial head of the triceps brachii

A
  • Origin: shaft of humerus
  • Insertion: olecranon process of ulna (common tendon with lateral and long heads)
  • Action: extend antebrachium
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161
Q

Digastric

A
  • Origin: mastoid process of temporal and jugular process of occipital
  • Insertion: venteromedial surface of dentary
  • Action: depresses mandible
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162
Q

External intercostals

A
  • Origin: posterior margin of a rib
  • Insertion: anterior margin of the adjacent posterior rib
  • Action: protracts ribs, increasing the diameter of the thorax
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163
Q

External oblique

A
  • Origin: posterior 9-10 ribs and lumbodorsal fascia
  • Insertion: mainly linea alba (sternum to pubis, via aponeurosis)
  • Action: constricts abdomen
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164
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • Origin: medial surface of dentary
  • Insertion: tongue, posterior fibers on basihyoid and ceratohyoid
  • Action: depresses tongue, draws root anteriorly, curls tip of tongue ventrally
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165
Q

Geniohyoid

A
  • Origin: ventromedial surface of dentary (just posterior to symphysis)
  • Insertion: ventral surface of basihyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid anteriorly
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166
Q

Hyoglossus

A
  • Origin: lateral part of ventral surface of basihyoid
  • Insertion: tongue
  • Action: depresses and retracts tongue
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167
Q

Iliocostalis

A
  • Origin: lateral surface of ribs
  • Insertion: lateral surface of more anterior ribs
  • Action: draws ribs together
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168
Q

Internal intercostals

A
  • Origin: anterior margin of a rib
  • Insertion: posterior margin of the adjacent anterior rib
  • Action: retracts ribs, decreasing diameter of thorax
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169
Q

Internal oblique

A
  • Origin: lumbodorsal fascia and iliac crest
  • Insertion: linea alba (via aponeurosis)
  • Action: constricts abdomen
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170
Q

Lingualis proprius

A

Intrinsic musculature of the tongue

  • Bundles arranged in longitudinal, transverse and vertical groups
  • Responsible for complex movements
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171
Q

Longissimus capitis

A
  • Origin: prezygapophyses of C4-C7
  • Insertion: mastoid process of temporal
  • Action: flexes head laterally
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172
Q

Longissimus dorsi

A

medial division

  • Origin: sacral and caudal vertebrae
  • Insertion: more anterior lumbar/sacral/caudal vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column

lateral division

  • Origin: ilium and deep layer of lumbodorsal fascia
  • Insertion: more anterior lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column
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173
Q

Longus colli

A
  • Origin: ventral surface of T1-T6; slips from cervical vert.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
  • Action: flexes neck laterally and ventrally
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174
Q

Masseter

A
  • Origin: zygomatic arch
  • Insertion: ventral part of masseteric fossa of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
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175
Q

Multifidus

A
  • Origin: more posterior sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae
  • Insertion: neural processes of more anterior vertebrae
  • Action: (singly) flexes vertebral column laterally; (with other side) extends vertebral column
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176
Q

Mylohyoid

A
  • Origin: medial surface of dentary
  • Insertion: midventral raphe, posterior fibres to basihyoid bone
  • Action: elevates floor of oral cavity; draws hyoid anteriorly
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177
Q

Pterygoid

A
  • Origin: pterygoid blade of skull
  • Insertion: medial surface of angular region of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
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178
Q

Rectus abdominis

A
  • Origin: pubis
  • Insertion: costal cartilages of sternum
  • Action: compresses abdomen; flexes the trunk (draws ribs and sternum posteriorly)
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179
Q

Scalenus

A
  • Origin: ribs
  • Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
  • Action: flexes neck or draws ribs anteriorly
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180
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A
  • Origin: prezygapophyses of C3-C7 & T1-T3
  • Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
  • Action: elevates head
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181
Q

Semispinalis cervicis

A
  • Origin: neural processes of C7, T1-T3; prezygapophyses of T2-T5
  • Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
  • Action: Elevates head
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182
Q

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

A
  • Origin: middorsally from neural processes of lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion: posterior 4-5 ribs
  • Action: draws ribs posteriorly
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183
Q

Serratus dorsalis cranialis

A
  • Origin: middorsal raphe between axis and T10 (via aponeurosis)
  • Insertion: lateral surface of the first 9 ribs
  • Action: Draws ribs anteriorly
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184
Q

Spinalis dorsi

A
  • Origin: neural spines of T10-T13
  • Insertion: cervical and more anterior thoracic vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column
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185
Q

Splenius

A
  • Origin: anterior middorsal line
  • Insertion: nuchal crest
  • Action: (singly) flexes head laterally; (with other side) elevates head
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186
Q

Sternohyoid

A
  • Origin: 1st costal cartilage and manubrium
  • Insertion: basihyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid posteriorly
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187
Q

Sternomastoid

A
  • Origin: manubrium, anterior surface
  • Insertion: nuchal crest, lateral portion; mastoid process
  • Action: (singly) flexes neck laterally; (with other side) depresses snout
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188
Q

Sternothyroid

A
  • Origin: first costal cartilage
  • Insertion: thyroid cartilage of larynx, posterolateral surface
  • Action: draws larynx posteriorly
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189
Q

Styloglossus

A
  • Origin: mastoid process; stylohyoid
  • Insertion: tongue
  • Action: elevates and retracts tongue
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190
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Origin: temporal fossa of skull; temporal fascia
  • Insertion: coronoid process of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
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191
Q

Thyrohyoid

A
  • Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx, lateral surface
  • Insertion: thyrohyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid posteriorly and dorsally
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192
Q

Transverse abdominis

A
  • Origin: costal cartilages; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; ventral margin of ilium
  • Insertion: linea alba
  • Action: constricts abdomen
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193
Q

Transverse costarum

A
  • Origin: sternum, lateral margin
  • Insertion: first rib and costal cartilage
  • Action: draws ribs anteriorly
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194
Q

Transverse thoracis

A
  • Origin: sternum, dorsolateral margin between R3-R8
  • Insertion: costal cartilages near rib attachments
  • Action: draws ventral portion of ribs anteriorly
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195
Q

Parotid Gland

A

Largest salivary gland

  • Lies ventral to the ear
  • Irregular with obvious lobules and an elongated, tapered ventral portion
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196
Q

Mandibular Gland

A

Small salivary gland

  • Lies posterior to the ventral portion of the parotid gland
  • Smooth and nearly oval
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197
Q

Maxillary Vein

A

Crosses the anterior part of the mandibular gland and passes deep to the parotid gland

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198
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, smooth (no lobules), present in the same area as the salivary glands
- Two are present ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands

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199
Q

Linguofacial Vein

A

Passes between two lymph nodes ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands

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200
Q

Parotid Duct

A

Thick, whitish strand that passes over the middle portion of the masseter, extends toward upper lip

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201
Q

Facial nerve

A

Two branches cross the masseter

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202
Q

Mandibular Duct

A

Emerges from the anteroventral part of the mandibular gland

  • Whitish strand
  • Passes ventral to a small glandular mass
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203
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Small gland that lies deep to the mandibular gland and ventral part of the parotid gland

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204
Q

Labia

A

Lips

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205
Q

Vestibule

A

Portion of the oral cavity between the lips and teeth

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206
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A

Portion of the oral cavity, bounded by the teeth anteriorly and laterally, extending just beyond the hard palate

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207
Q

Palatal Rugae

A

Roughened transverse ridges on the epithelial covering of the hard palate

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208
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

Vertical median flap that anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

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209
Q

Lingual Papillae

A
  • Filiform: most numerous
  • Fungiform: rounded, interspersed among filiform papillae
  • Vallate: on posterodorsal surface
  • Foliate: along the side of the posterior end of the tongue
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210
Q

Tonsillar Fossae

A

Located at the posterior end of the oral cavity

- Paired palatine tonsils are located within

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211
Q

Palatoglossal Arches

A

Lateral folds just anterior to the tonsillar fossae

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212
Q

Soft Palate

A

Fleshy posterior continuation of the hard palate

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213
Q

Nasopharyx

A

Region dorsal to the soft palate

- Exclusively used in respiration

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214
Q

Oropharynx

A

Region ventral to the soft palate

  • Dominantly digestive
  • Lies posterior to the oral pharynx
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215
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Posterior continuation of the naso- and oro- pharynx; posterior to soft palate
- Communicates with the larynx posteroventrally and esophagus posterodorsally

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216
Q

Auditory Tube

A

Tube that leads from the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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217
Q

Larynx

A

Chamber at the anterior end of the trachea

- Formed from several cartilages

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218
Q

Glottis

A

Opening into the larynx

- Guarded by the epiglottis

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219
Q

Epiglottis

A

Plough-like, cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue

  • Supported by an epiglottal cartilage
  • Flipped back to cover the glottis during swallowing
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220
Q

Laryngeal Cartilages

A
  • Thyroid: largest, incomplete dorsally and contacts the thyrohyoid anteriorly
  • Cricoid: lies slightly distal to the thyroid, complete ring, narrower ventrally than dorsally
  • Arytenoid: small, multiple, complete larynx dorsally anterior to cricoid
  • Epiglottal: rests on anteroventral part of the thyroid
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221
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle

A

Extends between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

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222
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Posterior folds on either side of the larynx

  • Extend between arytenoid and thyroid
  • Glottis lies between them
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223
Q

False Vocal Cords

A

Accessory pair of folds on either side of the larynx

  • Extend between arytenoid and epiglottal
  • Larger and looser than the vocal cords, lie anterior to them
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224
Q

Tracheal Cartilages

A

C-shaped, dorsally incomplete cartilaginous elements

- Keep the trachea open

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225
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Anterior part of the coelom

Subdivisions

  • Left and right pleural cavities
  • Median mediastinum
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226
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Posterior part of the coelom

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227
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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228
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Contain the left and right lungs

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229
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains other structures (besides the lungs) that lie in or pass through the thorax

  • Heart
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
  • Nearly all vessels and nerves
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230
Q

Pleura

A

Serosa of the thoracic cavity

  • Parietal pleura lines the inside of the cavity
  • Visceral pleura envelops the lungs
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231
Q

Mediastinal Septum

A

Double layer of pleura near the midline

- Formed by the meeting of right and left pleura

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232
Q

Lungs

A

Right Lobes

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
  • Accessory

Left Lobes

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
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233
Q

Caval Fold

A

Pocket-like expansion of the mediastinal septum, just posterolateral to the heart

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234
Q

Pulmonary Ligament

A

Flat, broad, sheet-like connective tissue that suspends the lung in the pleural cavity

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235
Q

Primary Bronchii

A

Bifurcations of the trachea near the level of the sixth rib- Each subsequently branches into secondary and tertiary bronchii

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236
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space, enveloped within the lungs, in which the heart sits

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237
Q

Pericardium

A

Tough connective tissue that covers the pericardial cavity

238
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

Pericardium that covers the surface of the heart

239
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Lines the inner surface of the pericardium

240
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous epithelium that covers the abdominopelvic cavity and its contained structures

241
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Peritoneum that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

242
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Peritoneum that covers the structures within the abdominopelvic cavity

243
Q

Round Ligament

A

Sight expansion of the ventral edge of the falciform ligament that may or may not be present

244
Q

Central Tendon

A

Medial on the diaphragm

245
Q

Coronary Ligament

A

Short structure between the diaphragm and liver on either side of the falciform ligament

246
Q

Liver Lobes

A
  • Right medial
  • Left medial
  • Quadrate
  • Left lateral
  • Right lateral
  • Caudate
247
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Separates the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver

248
Q

Greater Curvature

A

Long, convex surface of the stomach

249
Q

Lesser Curvature

A

Shorter, concave surface of the stomach

250
Q

Pyloric Sphyncter

A

Constriction of the stomach distally and toward the right

251
Q

Rugae

A

Folds that line the inner walls of the stomach

252
Q

Median Ligament

A

Mesentery that passes from the bladder to the midventral wall

253
Q

Lateral Ligaments

A

Often fat-filled mesenteries that support either side of the bladder

254
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to the liver
- Ventral mesentery

255
Q

Hepatogastric Ligament

A

Part of the lesser omentum that stretches from the lesser curvature to the liver

256
Q

Hepatoduodenal Ligament

A

Part of the lesser omentum that passes from the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver; appears to head toward the gall bladder

257
Q

Lesser Peritoneal Cavity

A

Potential space contained within the sac of the omental bursa, normally empty

258
Q

Epiploic Foramen

A

Foramen through which the lesser peritoneal cavity communicates with the abdominopelvic cavity

259
Q

Gastrosplenic Ligament

A

Stretches between the stomach and spleen

260
Q

Duodenum

A

Short initial/proximal segment of the small intestine (first loop)

261
Q

Cecum (Cat)

A

Blind-ended segment of the colon that passes posterior to the union with the small intestine

262
Q

Ascending Colon

A

Extends anteriorly on the right side

263
Q

Transverse Colon

A

Passes from right to left

264
Q

Descending Colon

A

Extends posteriorly on the left side

265
Q

Rectum

A

Distal continuation of the colon that leads to the anus

266
Q

Mesocolon

A

Suspends the descending colon from the middorsal body wall

267
Q

Mesorectum

A

Supports the rectum

268
Q

Mesoduodenum

A

Supports the duodenum and contains the head of the pancreas

269
Q

Duodenocolic Ligament

A

Small triangular mesentery that extends between the mesoduodenum and mesocolon

270
Q

Hepatorenal Ligament

A

Small triangular mesentery that extends between the posteromedial end of the caudate lobe of the liver and the peritoneum covering the kidney

271
Q

The Mesentery

A

Supports the jejunum and ileum (small intestine)

272
Q

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

A

Lymph nodes that are found within The Mesentery

273
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Carries exocrine secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum- Passes alongside the bile duct

274
Q

Base

A

Flattened, anterior portion of the heart

275
Q

Apex

A

Pointed, posterior portion of the heart

276
Q

Atria

A

Anterior, left and right portions of the heart

277
Q

Ventricles

A

Posterior, left and right portions of the heart

278
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Small arteries on the surface of the heart

279
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Small veins on the surface of the heart

280
Q

Interventicular Groove

A

Marks the separation of the ventricles on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the heart

  • Passes anteriorly on the left to posteriorly on the right
  • Often filled with fat
281
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

Marks the separation between the atria and ventricles

282
Q

Auricle

A

Lateral extension of each atrium

  • Scalloped margins
  • Usually darker than the rest of the heart tissue
283
Q

Vena Cava

A

Anterior and Posterior
- Where oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart through the right atrium

Branches of the anterior vena cava:

  • Azygos
  • Internal Mammary
  • Diverges into the l&r brachiocephalic veins
284
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

Leaves the heart from the middle part of the ventral surface of the right ventricle

  • Angled to the left
  • Divides almost immediately into pulmonary arteries
285
Q

Aorta

A

Carries blood from the left ventricle

- Extends anteriorly just dorsal to the pulmonary trunk and medial to the right auricle

286
Q

Aortic Arch

A

Where the aorta curves sharply to the left

- Summit gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery

287
Q

Thoracic Aorta

A

After the aortic arch, passes posteriorly and dorsal to the root of the left lung

288
Q

Ligamentum Anteriosum

A

Tough ligamentous band that connects the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

289
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Left & right

  • Left passes laterally to the left lung
  • Right passes under the aortic arch to reach the right lung
290
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Left & right

- Returns blood from the lungs to the heart

291
Q

Brachiocephalic Artery

A

Large artery that arises on the right of the aortic arch

- Heads anteriorly, medial to anterior vena cava

292
Q

Left Subclavian Artery

A

Arises on the left of the aortic arch

- Supplies the left forelimb

293
Q

Azygos Vein

A

Most posterior branch of the anterior vena cava

  • Passes dorsally, abruptly posteriorly then dorsal to the root of the right lung
  • Drains intercostal areas
294
Q

Intercostal veins

A

Drain blood from the intercostal areas to the azygos vein

295
Q

Highest Intercostal Veins

A

Intercostal veins at the anterior intercostal areas

- May enter directly into the vena cava or the anterior end of the azygos

296
Q

Intercostal Arteries

A

Supply blood to the intercostal areas

- Anterior ones arise from the aortic arch, more posterior from thoracic aorta

297
Q

Highest Intercostal Arteries

A

Supply anterior intercostal areas

- Arise from short costocervical artery

298
Q

Internal Mammary Vein

A

Left and right

Enters the ventral surface of the anterior vena cava, following confluence

299
Q

Internal Mammary Artery

A

Left and right

- Mostly parallel to the veins

300
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein

A

Left and right
Arises from splitting of the anterior vena cava

Branches
- Costocervical + vertebral trunk

Formed by

  • Subclavian vein
  • Bijugular trunk
301
Q

Costocervical + Vertebral Trunk

A

Large vein formed by the confluence of the costocervical vein and vertebral vein

302
Q

Vertebral Vein

A

Heads almost directly anteriorly

303
Q

Costocervical Vein

A

Heads laterally then posteriorly

304
Q

Subclavian Vein

A

Large vessel that passes laterally to help drain the forelimb
- Unites with the bijugular trunk just medial to the first rib

305
Q

Bijugular Trunk

A

Large but short vessel
- Unites with the subclavian vein just medial to the first rib

Formed by

  • External jugular vein
  • Internal jugular vein
306
Q

External jugular vein

A

Passes anteroventrally along the lateroventral surface of the neck
- Drains the forelimb (via transverse scapular vein) and the external structures of the head

307
Q

Internal jugular vein

A

Passes more medially along the neck than the external jugular

  • Drains palate, pharynx and inside of the skull
  • Lies just lateral to a common carotid artery
308
Q

Transverse scapular vein

A

First main tributary of the external jugular vein (enters at the level of the shoulder)

Tributaries
- Cephalic Vein

309
Q

Cephalic Vein

A

Main tributary of the transverse scapular vein

310
Q

Transverse Jugular Vein

A

Ventral link between the left and right external jugular veins

  • Helps drain the neck
  • Enters the proximal portion of the linguofacial vein
311
Q

Linguofacial Vein

A

Passes anteriorly from the external jugular vein to the face and lower jaw

  • Extends between the two lymph nodes ventral to the salivary glands
  • Formed by the union of the lingual and facial veins
312
Q

Maxillary Vein

A

Extends anterodorsally from the external jugular, across the mandibular gland and deep to the parotid gland

313
Q

Right Subclavian Artery

A

Arises from the brachiocephalic artery

- Lies laterally

314
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A

Left and right

  • Arises from the brachiocephalic artery
  • Pass anteriorly on either side of the trachea
  • Deep to anterior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins
315
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Passes through the thorax alongside vena cava

316
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Passes through the thorax alongside the vena cava

317
Q

Sympathetic Trunk

A

Nerve trunk that extends anteroposteriorly along the dorsal wall of the thorax

  • Crosses ventral to the intercostal arteries and veins
  • Separates from the vagosympathetic trunk near the branching of the brachiocephalic artery
318
Q

Vagosympathetic Trunk

A

Nerve trunk that is bound to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein by a connective sheath

319
Q

External carotid artery

A

Main branch of the common carotid artery

  • Is as wide as its origin
  • Passes anterior and deep to the mandibular gland
  • Continues as maxillary artery after giving rise to the superficial temporal artery
320
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

Crosses the hyoglossus along with the lingual artery, as well as the proximal part of the carotid artery

321
Q

Internal Carotid Ligament

A

Whitish strand that arises from the common carotid artery that occludes the proximal portion internal carotid artery

322
Q

Lingual Artery

A

Passes anteromedially from the external carotid artery to the base of the tongue

323
Q

Facial Artery

A

Passes anteriorly from the external carotid, along the ventral margin of the masseter
- Subdivides into various branches to supply the jaws and facial structures

324
Q

Posterior auricular artery

A

Large branch of the external carotid that arises and extends dorsally posterior to the ear

325
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery

A

Small branch of the external carotid that arises and extends dorsally anterior to the ear
- Divides into the anterior auricular and transverse facial arteries

326
Q

Maxillary Artery

A

Continuation of the external carotid that passes into the dorsal part of the masseter
- Supplies the orbital and palatal regions

327
Q

Facial Vein

A

Extends along the ventral margin of the masseter

328
Q

Lingual Vein

A

Extends ventromedially and drains the mandible, lower lip and tongue

329
Q

Posterior auricular vein

A

Enters the maxillary vein from behind the ear

330
Q

Superficial temporal vein

A

Enters the maxillary vein anterior to the ear

331
Q

Costocervical Artery

A

Arises from the posterodorsal surface of the subclavian

  • Almost opposite to internal mammary
  • Short trunk that quickly branches into the highest intercostal and deep cervical
332
Q

Deep Cervical Artery

A

Arises from the costocervical artery and extends almost directly dorsally
- Supplies the deep neck muscles

333
Q

Posterior vena cava

A

Arises from the heart and passes through the diaphragm to enter the liver; emerges beneath the caudate lobe and continues posteriorly

334
Q

Hepatic Veins

A

Veins that drain the liver and enter directly into the posterior vena cava next to the diaphragm

335
Q

Abdominal Aorta

A

The aorta after it has passed through the diaphragm

336
Q

Celiac Artery

A

Large, unpaired first branch off the abdominal aorta

- Gives rise to the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries

337
Q

Anterior Mesenteric Artery

A

Large, unpaired second branch off the abdominal aorta

338
Q

Renal Arteries

A

Paired arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to supply the kidneys

339
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

System responsible for transmitting blood between the digestive and hepatic systems

340
Q

Renal Veins

A

Veins that drain the kidneys and follow the renal arteries

341
Q

Adrenolumbar Arteries

A

Slender arteries that may arise from either the abdominal aorta between the anterior mesenteric and renal arteries or the renal arteries
- Supply the adrenal glands and continue onto the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity

342
Q

Adrenolumbar Veins

A

Accompany the adrenolumbar arteries

343
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Small, nodular gland that lies between the anterior end of the kidney and vena cava/aorta (depending on the side)

344
Q

Internal Spermatic Arteries

A

Paired arteries in the male that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the renal arteries
- Extend posteriorly and through the abdominal wall to the scrotum

(Note veins closely follow)

345
Q

Ovarian Arteries

A

Paired arteries in the female that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the renal arteries
- Pass almost directly laterally to the ovaries

(Note veins closely follow)

346
Q

Posterior Mesenteric Artery

A

Unpaired branch from the abdominal aorta

- Helps supply the viscera and quickly branches into the left colic and anterior rectal arteries

347
Q

Deep Circumflex Iliac Arteries

A

Paired arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta almost immediately following the posterior mesenteric artery

(Note veins closely follow)

348
Q

External Iliac Arteries

A

Paired vessels that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the deep circumflex iliac
- Extend posterolaterally into each hind limb

349
Q

Internal Iliac Arteries

A

Paired vessels that arise from the abdominal aorta posterior to the external iliacs
- Extens posterolaterally but are smaller than the external iliac arteries

350
Q

Median Sacral Artery

A

Small, posterior continuation of the aorta beyond the iliac arteries

351
Q

Caudal Artery

A

Posterior continuation of the median sacral artery as it enters the tail

(same for vein)

352
Q

Common Iliac Veins

A

Paired veins that merge to form the posterior vena cava

- Each formed by the confluence of the internal and external iliac veins

353
Q

Median Sacral Vein

A

Accompanies the median sacral artery but will join one of the common iliac veins rather than the posterior vena cava

354
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

Branches from the celiac artery and anteriorly towards the liver
- Gives off three branches that go into the liver as well as the gastroduodenal artery

355
Q

Left Gastric Artery

A

Arises from the celiac artery
- Passes onto the lesser curvature of the stomach

(Vein closely follows)

356
Q

Splenic Artery

A

Arises from the celiac artery and passes toward the spleen

357
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Collects blood from the hepatic portal system and distributes it to the liver via capillaries
- Sits primarily on the caudate lobe of the liver along with the common bile duct

358
Q

Gastroduodenal Artery

A

Arises from the hepatic artery near the caudate lobe of the liver and follows the common bile duct towards the duodenum
- Divides into the anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery and right gastroepiploic artery

(Vein closely follows)

359
Q

Anterior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery

A

Arises from the gastroduodenal artery and passes between the duodenum and pancreas

(Vein closely follows)

360
Q

Right Gastroepiploic Artery

A

Arises from the gastroduodenal artery and passes to the distal part of the greater curvature of the stomach

(Vein closely follows)

361
Q

Gastrosplenic Vein

A

Formed by the confluence of the gastric and splenic veins, and closely follows the splenic artery before dividing from it after giving off a few branches to the stomachs

362
Q

Anterior Splenic Vein

A

Tributary of the gastrosplenic vein that drains the left side of the spleen

(Artery follows same pattern)

363
Q

Posterior Splenic Vein

A

Tributary of the gastrosplenic vein that drains the right side of the spleen

(Artery follows same pattern)

364
Q

Left Gastroepiploic Arteries

A

Branches of the posterior splenic artery that stretch across to the greater curvature of the stomach

(veins follow same pattern)

365
Q

Posterior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery

A

Arises from the anterior mesenteric artery and extends to the distal part of the duodenum and head of the pancreas

(accompanied by vein)

366
Q

Middle Colic Artery

A

Branch off the anterior mesenteric artery

- Mainly supplies the distal part of the transverse colon and proximal part of the descending colon

367
Q

Posterior Mesenteric Vein

A

Vein that accompanies the proximal end of the middle colic artery
- Empties into the anterior mesenteric vein near the posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein

368
Q

Ileocolic Artery

A

Arises from the anterior mesenteric artery just distal to the middle colic and supplies the ascending colon and proximal part of the transverse colon as well as the distal part of the ileum

(Accompanied by vein)

369
Q

Left Colic Artery

A

Branches from the posterior mesenteric artery and passes anteriorly on the surface of the descending colon before anastamosing with the middle colic

(Accompanied by vein)

370
Q

Anterior Rectal Artery

A

Branches from the posterior mesenteric artery and passes posteriorly to supply the distal end of the colon and rectum

(Accompanies by vein)

371
Q

Kidneys

A

Bean shaped organs that lie dorsal to the parietal peritoneum in the lumbar region

372
Q

Renal Capsule

A

Thin, fibrous covering of each kidney

373
Q

Hilus

A

Medial indentation on the side of the kidney through which the ureter and blood vessels pass

374
Q

Renal Cortex

A

Lighter, peripheral zone in a frontal section of the kidney

375
Q

Renal Medulla

A

Darker, central zone in a frontal section of the kidney

376
Q

Renal Papilla

A

Whitish convergence of the renal pyramid towards the hilus

377
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Expanded proximal portion of the ureter within the kidney

378
Q

Renal Pyramid

A

Lines found in the renal medulla that taper towards the hilus

379
Q

Renal Sinus

A

Expanded hilus within the kidney

380
Q

Ureter

A

Passs from the hilus of a kidney, dorsal to the ductus deferens/uterine horn and through the fatty part of the lateral ligament to the dorsal surface of the urinary bladder

381
Q

Urethra

A

Narrow tube that passes from the narrow end of the urinary bladder, through the pelvic canal to the outside world

382
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Sac-like reservoir for urine found at the end of the ureter

383
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Male reproductive system
Paired
Lie dorsal to the crura of the penis

384
Q

Corpora Cavernosa

A

Male reproductive system

Two ventral columns of erectile tissues in the penis

385
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

Male reproductive system
Middorsal column of erectile tissue in the penis
- Urethra is embedded within

386
Q

Cremasteric Pouch

A

Male reproductive system
Sac-like extensions of the abdominal cavity in which the testes descend from their abdominal position in the embryo
- Posterior end contains the testis
- Narrows into thin tube that passes towards the abdominal wall

387
Q

Crus of Penis

A

Male reproductive system
Posterior divergence of the corpora cavernosa
Paired
- Anchors the organ to the ischia

388
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

Male reproductive system
Strand-like tube that passes along the medial side of the testis, where it is highly convoluted
- Passes anteriorly to the penis

389
Q

Epididymis

A

Male reproductive system
Thin, flattened band of tissue on the dorsomedial part of the testis
- Has expanded head an tail regions and a narrower central body

390
Q

Glans Penis

A

Male reproductive system

Free end of the penis from which the urethra emerges

391
Q

Gubernaculum

A

Male reproductive system

Short connective tissue that connects the testis to the cremasteric pouch

392
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Male reproductive system

Short passageway in the abdominal wall to the abdominopelvic cavity

393
Q

Mesorchium

A

Male reproductive system

Mesentary that supports the structures within the cremasteric pouch

394
Q

Os Penis/Baculum

A

Male reproductive system

Small bone that lies within the glans penis

395
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A

Male reproductive system
Strand-like structure that passes to the anterior end of the testis
- Thicker than the ductus deferens
- Formed by the intertwining of the distal ends of the internal spermatic artery and vein

396
Q

Parietal Tunica Vaginalis

A

Male reproductive system

Lining on the cremasteric pouch

397
Q

Penis

A

Male reproductive system

Copulatory organ that lies midventrally in respect to the scrotum

398
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Male reproductive system

Lateral expansion of the urethra within the pelvic canal

399
Q

Scrotum

A

Male reproductive system

Skin-covered sac that lies ventral to the anus

400
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

Male reproductive system

The internal spermatic artery/vein and ductus deferens, bound by visceral tunica vaginalis

401
Q

Testes

A

Male reproductive system

Male gonads that lie within the scrotum

402
Q

Vaginal Cavity (Male)

A

Male reproductive system

Space within the cremasteric pouch that is analogous with the space of the abdominal cavity

403
Q

Visceral Tunica Vaginalis

A

Male reproductive system

Lining on structures within the cremasteric pouch

404
Q

Anal Glands

A

Scent glands lateral to the anus

405
Q

Body of the Uterus

A

Female reproductive system

Posterior union of the uterin horns

406
Q

Broad Ligament

A

Female reproductive system

Main supporting structure of the reproductive tract

407
Q

Cervix of the Uterus

A

Female reproductive system

Distally tapered, sphincter-like portion of the uterus before it opens into the vagina

408
Q

Clitoris

A

Female reproductive system
Small portion of the reproductive system that lies between the urethral orifice and the urogenital aperture
- Homologue of the penis

409
Q

Fimbriae

A

Female reproductive system
Frill-like projections on the margin of the infundibulum
- Help ensure ova pass through the ostium tubae and into the uterine tube

410
Q

Infundibulum (reproductive)

A

Female reproductive system
Hood-like expansion over the anterior end of the ovary
- Proximal enlargement of the uterine tube
- Fimbriae on margin

411
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Female reproductive system

Flattened, glandular masses in the thoracic and abdominal regions

412
Q

Mesometrium

A

Female reproductive system

Portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus and uterine horns

413
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

Female reproductive system

Portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterine tube

414
Q

Mesovarium

A

Female reproductive system

Portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovaries

415
Q

Ostium Tubae

A

Female reproductive system

Opening of the infundibulum

416
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A

Female reproductive system

Short, tough ligament that anchors the ovary and the anterior end of the uterine horn

417
Q

Ovaries

A

Female reproductive system

Gonads that lie in the abdominal cavity posterior to the kidneys

418
Q

Round Ligament

A

Female reproductive system

Fibrous band band within the mesometrium that extends from the uterine horn to the body wall

419
Q

Suspensory Ovarian Ligament

A

Female reproductive system

Ligament that supports the ovary anteriorly and extends to the dorsal body wall lateral to the kidney

420
Q

Urethral Orifice

A

Female reproductive system

Entrance of the urethra into the urogenital sinus

421
Q

Urogenital Aperture

A

A.K.A. Vulva
Female reproductive system
Opening through which stuff moves from the urogenital sinus to the outside world

422
Q

Urogenital Sinus

A

A.K.A. Vaginal vestibule, urogenital canal
Female reproductive system
Common passageway for the reproductive and urinary tracts toward the posterior end of the pelvic canal

423
Q

Uterine Horn

A

Female reproductive system
Either side of the uterus as it expands to the uterine tube
- Merge dorsal to the urinary bladder

424
Q

Uterine Tube

A 
A.K.A. Fallopian tube
Female reproductive system
Most anterior portion of the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
- Thin and convoluted
- Lies lateral to the ovary
425
Q

Vagina

A

Female reproductive system

Posterior end of the reproductive system

426
Q

Meninges

A

Sing. meninx

Three layers of membranes that surround and protect the brain

427
Q

Dura Mater

A

Thickest of the meninges

- Fuses with the periosteum of the cranium

428
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thin layer of meninx that adheres to the surface of the brain

429
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Layer of meninx that lies between the dura mater and pia mater

430
Q

Telencephalon

A

Portion of the brain that includes the cerebrum and olfactory bulbs
- Expanded in mammals due to the gigantic size of the cerebrum

431
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Telencephalon
Largest parts of the brain
- Lie dorsally

432
Q

Cerebrum

A

Telencephalon
Composed of the two cerebral hemispheres
- Bears numerous gyri and sulci

433
Q

Gyri

A

Telencephalon
Sing. gyrus
Folds found on the cerebrum

434
Q

Sulci

A

Telencephalon/Metencephalon
Sing. sulcus
Grooves found on the cerebrum/cerebellum

435
Q

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

A

Telencephalon

Deep “groove” that separates the left an right cerebral hemispheres

436
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Telencephalon
White structure consisting of fibres that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- Allows communication between the two halves

437
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Telencephalon

Elongated and flattened structures that lie anteroventrally on the telencephalon

438
Q

Olfactory Tract

A

Telencephalon

Band of fibres that continues posteriorly from the olfactory bulbs

439
Q

Lateral Olfactory Striae

A

Telencephalon
Striae on the olfactory tract that extend posterolaterally
- Accompanied by a gyrus

440
Q

Medial Olfactory Striae

A

Telencephalon
Striae on the olfactory tract that extend posteromedially
- Accompanies by a gyrus (not easily visible)

441
Q

Piriform Lobe

A

Telencephalon

Extends posteriorly from the olfactory tract

442
Q

Rhinal Sulcus

A

Telencephalon

Sulcus that separates the piriform lobe and the cerebrum

443
Q

Diencephalon

A

Mostly covered by the cerebrum, so only the hypothalamus is visible without dissection

444
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

Floor of the diencephalon

445
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Diencephalon

Found at the anterior end of the hypothalamus and represents a partial crossing of the optic nerves

446
Q

Infundibulum (brain)

A

Diencephalon
Thin stalk that descends from the hypothalamus posterior to the optic chiasm
- Suspends the hypophysis

447
Q

Hypophysis

A

Diencephalon

Bulb that is suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

448
Q

Tuber Cinereum

A

Diencephalon
The area of the hypothalamus adjacent to the opening for the infundibulum
- Circular in shape

449
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Diencephalon, paired (but may appear as one round structure)

Mark the posterior end of the hypothalamus

450
Q

Epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

Forms the dorsal part of the diencephalon

451
Q

Tela Choroidea

A

Diencephalon/Myelencephalon

Forms the roof of the epithalamus and the posterior fourth ventricle

452
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Diencephalon
Narrow cavity within the diencephalon
- Continuation forms the opening for the infundibulum
- Lies mainly ventral to the fornix and splenium
- Narrow but dorsoventrally high

453
Q

Habenula

A

Diencephalon

Slightly thickened, posterolateral margin of the third ventricle

454
Q

Habenular Commissure

A

Diencephalon
Convergence of the habenula posteriorly
- Most readily visible in sagittal section

455
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Diencephalon

Round gland that lies posterior to the habenular commissure

456
Q

Thalamus

A

Diencephalon
Lateral portions of the diencephalon
- Mainly lateral to the dorsal margins of the third ventricle

457
Q

Intermediate Mass

A

Diencephalon
Extends across the third ventricle to connect the left and right thalamus
- Large and circular

458
Q

Tectum

A

Mesencephalon

Roof of the mesencephalon

459
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A

Mesencephalon

Two paired prominent swellings on the tectum

460
Q

Lamina Quadrigemina

A

Mesencephalon

Under the corpora quadrigemina

461
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Mesencephalon
Two anterior swellings of the corpora quadrigemina
- Larger and well-rounded
- Lie just posterior to the pineal gland

462
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Mesencephalon
Two posterior swellings of the corpora qudrigemina
- Smaller and flattened
- Protrude from the posterior end of the superior colliculi

463
Q

Metencephalon

A

Portion of the brain that consists mostly of the cerebellum and the pons

464
Q

Cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

Main, dorsal part of the metencephalon

465
Q

Folia

A

Metencephalon

Folds on the cerebellum

466
Q

Vermis

A

Metencephalon

Median part of the cerebellum (i.e. middle section of folds)

467
Q

Cerebellar Hemispheres

A

Metencephalon

Hemispheres of the cerebellum that lie on either side of the vermis

468
Q

Flocculonodular Lobe

A

Metencephalon

Lobe found on the ventrolateral part of each cerebellar hemisphere

469
Q

Pons

A

Metecephalon
Ventral surface of the metencephalon
- Rounded region of transverse fibres
- Posterior to the cerebral peduncles

470
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Myelencephalon
Forms the brain posterior to the metencephalon
- Connects to the spinal cord

471
Q

Ventral Fissure

A

Myelencephalon

Median ventral groove of the medulla oblongata

472
Q

Pyramids

A

Myelencephalon

Narrow longitudinal bands on either side of the ventral fissure

473
Q

Trapezoid Body

A

Myelencephalon

Lateral to the anterior part of each pyramid

474
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

Cavity within the medulla oblongata that continues forward under the cerebellum

475
Q

Medullary Velum

A

Myelencephalon

Membranous structure covering the part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that lies under the cerebellum

476
Q

Genu

A

Telencephalon

Anterior, curved part of the corpus callosum

477
Q

Splenium

A

Telencephalon

Posterior part of the corpus callosum

478
Q

Trunk (corpus callosum)

A

Telencephalon

Lies between the genu and splenium dorsally

479
Q

Fornix

A

Telencephalon

Curves anteroventrally from near the splenium

480
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Telencephalon

Thin, vertical, shiny partition between the corpus callosum and fornix

481
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Telencephalon

Two ventricles within either cerebral hemisphere

482
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

Telencephalon

Small, rounded structure below the fornix that represents a group of fibres

483
Q

Lamina Terminalis

A

Diencephalon
Forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle
- Extends ventrally from the anterior commissure to the optic chiasm

484
Q

Interventricular Foramina

A

Foramina through which the left and right lateral ventricles and the third ventricle communicate

485
Q

Cerebral Peduncle

A

Diencephalon

Large areas lateral to the mammillary bodies

486
Q

Posterior Commissure

A

Extends between the pineal body and the lamina quadrigemina

487
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Narrow passageway that extends from the third ventricle, posteriorly beneath the lamina quadrigemina and to the fourth ventricle
- Posterior to the intermediate mass

488
Q

Central Canal

A

Part of spinal cord that the fourth ventricle extends into

489
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

White matter in the cerebellum

- Branches into surrounding grey matter

490
Q

Cerbellar Peduncles

A

How the cerebellum attaches to the rest of the brain on each side of the fourth ventricle
- Posterior, middle and anterior

491
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve I

  • Arises from the olfactory bulb
  • Innervates the nose (sensory)
  • Passes through the cribriform foramina of the cribriform plate
492
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve II

  • Arise from the optic chiasma
  • Innervates the eye (sensory)
  • Passes through the optic canal
493
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve III

  • Arise from the cerebral penduncles
  • Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
  • Passes through the orbital fissure
494
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve IV

  • Arise from the dorsal surface of the mesencephalon, just posterior to the inferior colliculi
  • Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
  • Passes through the orbital fissure
495
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve V

  • Arise from the posterolateral part of the pons
  • Innervates the face (sensory) and chewing muscles (motor)
496
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve VI

  • Arises from the anterior part of the medulla between the trapezoid body and pyramid
  • Innervates the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)
  • Passes through the orbital fissure
497
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve VII

  • Arises lateral to the trapezoid body, just posterior to the trigeminal nerve
  • Innervates the tongue (motor) and head/neck (motor)
  • Passes through the internal acoutsic meatus then the stylomastoid foramen
498
Q

Vestibulotrochlear Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve VIII

  • Arises dorsally on the medulla oblongata, beneath the flocculonodular lobe
  • Innervates the inner ear (sensory)
  • Passes through the internal acoustic meatus
499
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve IX

  • Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
  • Innervates the tongue (sensory) and pharynx (both)
  • Passes through the jugular foramen
500
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve X

  • Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
  • Innervates the ears (sensory), pharynx (motor), larynx? (both), cardiopulmonary system (motor), and digestive system (motor)
  • Passes through the jugular foramen
501
Q

Accessory Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve XI

  • Arises from the lateral surface of the medulla oblongata
  • Innervates the neck and back (motor)
  • Passes through the jugular foramen
502
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve XII

  • Arises posteriorly on the medulla oblongata, and more ventrally than the others
  • Inervates the throat (motor)
  • Passes through the hypoglossal canal, then the jugular foramen
503
Q

Opthalmic Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve V1

- Passes through the orbital fissure

504
Q

Maxillary Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve V2

- Passes through the foramen rotundum

505
Q

Mandibular Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve V3

- Passes through the foramen ovale

506
Q

External Pharyngeal Slits (lamprey)

A

Seven rounded or oval-shaped aprtures on the head

- Lie posterior to the eyes

507
Q

Oral Funnel (lamprey)

A

Wide, sucking disk that attaches to the body of the lamprey’s prey
- Rasping tongue lies at the pit

508
Q

Buccal Papillae (lamprey)

A

Small, soft projections on the margin of the oral funnel

- Primarily sensory structures

509
Q

Oral Disk (lamprey)

A

Interior surface of the oral funnel

- Lined with numerous horny teeth

510
Q

Teeth (lamprey)

A

Keratinized epidermal derivatives

  • Replacement teeth can be found immediately underneath
  • Also line the rasping tongue
511
Q

Naris (lamprey)

A

Single one lies median and middorsally

512
Q

Pineal Eye Complex (lamprey)

A

Lighter patch of skin immediately posterior to the naris

- Photoreceptor that detects changes in light

513
Q

Lateral Line System/Pores (lamprey)

A

Not very conspicuous, but some pores are visible on the head and arranged in rows
- Detects vibrations in the water

514
Q

Urogenital Papilla (lamprey)

A

Posterior to the anus

- Has a terminal pore through which gametes and excretory products leave the body

515
Q

Pleuroperitoneal Cavity (lamprey)

A

Basically only consists of the liver, intestine, kidney and archinephric duct

516
Q

Typhlosole (lamprey)

A

Most obvious longitudinal ridge on the inner surface of the intestine

517
Q

Oral Cecum (lamprey)

A

Short anterodorsal extension of the oral cavity

518
Q

Respiratory tube (lamprey)

A

Posterior passage of the oral cavity on the ventral side

- Ends blindly posteriorly

519
Q

“Esophagus” (lamprey)

A

Posterior passage of the oral cavity on the dorsal side

- Conducts food to the intestine

520
Q

Velum (lamprey)

A

Valve that opens and closes the respiratory tube’s anterior opening into the oral cavity

521
Q

Lingual Cartilage (lamprey)

A

Supports the tongue

522
Q

Brain (lamprey)

A

Small tripartite bulge at the anterior end of the spinal cord

523
Q

Olfactory Sac (lamprey)

A

Dark-walled sac that lies below the naris

524
Q

Hypophyseal Pouch (lamprey)

A

Continuation of the tube running from the naris below the olfactory sac

525
Q

Anal Fin (perch)

A

Posterior, median fin on the ventral side

526
Q

Anus (perch)

A

Large, circular opening anterior to the anal fin

527
Q

Caudal Peduncle (perch)

A

Constricted region connecting the trunk and tail regions

528
Q

Ctenoid (perch)

A

Scale with numerous small tooth-like projections on the posterior, exposed end

529
Q

Lateral Line (perch)

A

Runs down the trunk and caudal penduncle, forming a distinct ridge along the scales

530
Q

Pectoral Fin (perch)

A

Paired fins directly behind the opercular region

531
Q

Pelvic Fin (perch)

A

Paired fins on the anterior and ventral side of the fish

532
Q

Teeth (perch)

A

Are lacking in the maxilla but present in the premaxilla

533
Q

Urogenital Aperture (perch)

A

Usually smaller opening immediately posterior to the anus

534
Q

Branchiostegal Rays (perch)

A

Support the floor of the opercular chamber

535
Q

Gill Filaments (perch)

A

Small filaments that make up each gill

- Facilitate gas exchange by water flowing over them

536
Q

Gill Rakers (perch)

A

Projections that extend inward across the pharyngeal slit

- Prevent prey and debris leaving through the pharyngeal opening when feeding

537
Q

Palatal Teeth (perch)

A

Teeth on the roof of the oral cavity

538
Q

Pharyngeal Teeth (perch)

A

Both upper and lower sets of teeth in the posterior part of the pharynx

539
Q

Head Kidney (perch)

A

Small, dark, lobulated mass immediately dorsal to the liver

540
Q

Pyloric Ceca (perch)

A

Three finger-like projections off the pyloric section of the stomach, right before the duodenum

541
Q

Heart (perch)

A 
S-shaped, four chambered
From anterior to posterior:
- Bulbus arteriosus
- Ventricle
- Atrium
- Sinus venosus
542
Q

Swim Bladder (perch)

A

Dark, membranous sac on the dorsal part of the body cavity

543
Q

Kidneys (perch)

A

Lie against the dorsal wall of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

544
Q

Cloacal Gland (mudpuppy)

A

MALES ONLY
Large internal gland around the cloaca
- Causes swelling around the cloaca

545
Q

External Gills (mudpuppy)

A

Three pairs posterior to the head

546
Q

Gular Fold (mudpuppy)

A

Transverse fold on the ventral side of the neck

547
Q

Labia (mudpuppy)

A

Sing. labium

Lips

548
Q

Choana (mudpuppy)

A

Internal opening of the nasal passage

549
Q

Coronoid Teeth (mudpuppy)

A

Teeth at the posterior end of the teeth in the lower jaw

550
Q

Dentary Teeth (mudpuppy)

A

Most of the single row of teeth in the lower jaw

551
Q

Glottis (mudpuppy)

A

Small, slit-like opening into the respiratory system, midventrally on the floor of the pharynx

552
Q

Hyoid Arch (mudpuppy)

A

Supports the tongue

553
Q

Mandibular Arch (mudpuppy)

A

Anterior to the hyoid arch

554
Q

Premaxillary Teeth (mudpuppy)

A

Most anterior row of teeth

555
Q

Pterygoid Teeth (mudpuppy)

A

Lateral teeth that lie just posterior to the premaxillary teeth

556
Q

Vomerine Teeth (mudpuppy)

A

Medial teeth that lie just posterior to the premaxillary teeth

557
Q

Pyloric Sphincter (mudpuppy)

A

Constriction that marks the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum

558
Q

Cloacal Papillae (mudpuppy)

A

MALES ONLY

Papillae lining the inside of the cloaca

559
Q

Nicitating Membrane (frog)

A

Membrane that can be folded over the eye in addition to the eyelids

560
Q

Tympanic Membrane (frog)

A

Circular, posterior to each eye

- Lies deep to the skin and may be separated from it

561
Q

Auditory Tube (frog)

A

Posterolateral openings in the oral cavity that lead to the middle ear cavities

562
Q

Columella (frog)

A

Passes through the middle ear cavity to the tympanic membrane

563
Q

Laryngeal Prominence (frog)

A

Small projection posterior to the tongue on which is the glottis

564
Q

Maxillary Groove (frog)

A

Groove internal to the maxillary teeth that extends around the margin of the upper jaw

565
Q

Pterygoid Ridge (frog)

A

Ridge that is medial to the maxillary groove and extends around the margins of the upper jaw

566
Q

Glottis (frog)

A

Ventral and slit like, posterior to the tongue and on the laryngeal prominence

567
Q

Fat body (frog)

A

Conspicuous, subdivided into numerous digitiform lobes

- Often pressed up against the sides of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

568
Q

Heart (frog)

A
  • Single ventricle (posterior half)
  • Sinus venosus (dorsal to ventricle)
  • Right and left atria
  • Bulbus cordis between atria and attached to ventricle
569
Q

Procoracoid (pigeon)

A

Bone that struts the forelimb against the sternum, points downward

570
Q

Furcula (pigeon)

A

“Wishbone”

571
Q

Scapula (pigeon)

A

Points posteriorly

572
Q

Sclerotic Ring (pigeon)

A

Bony ring that surrounds the eye

573
Q

Mesethmoid (pigeon)

A

A.K.A. interorbital septum

Bony bridge between orbits

574
Q

Radiale (pigeon)

A

Carpal that is attached to the radius

575
Q

Ulnare (pigeon)

A

Carpal that is attached to the ulna

576
Q

Rhamphotheca (pigeon)

A

Horny sheath that covers the maxilla and mandible to complete the beak

577
Q

Alula (pigeon)

A

A.K.A. bastard wing

Little “nub” of feathers at the joint of the radius and ulna to the carpometacarpus

578
Q

Uropygial Gland (pigeon)

A

Gland for preening found on the dorsal surface of the uropygium

579
Q

Uropygium (pigeon)

A

Short, fleshy part of the tail

580
Q

Dorsum (pigeon)

A

Dorsal region of the bird

581
Q

Venter (pigeon)

A

“Belly” region posterior to the breast

582
Q

Crop (pigeon)

A

Thin-walled sac that is a specialization of the esophagus

583
Q

Supracoracoideus (pigeon)

A

Lies deep to the pectoralis and is covered entorely by it

584
Q

Postpatagium (pigeon)

A

Fold of skin that projects posteriorly from the ulna

585
Q

Propatagium (pigeon)

A

Fold of skin between the shoulder and carpus that forms the leading edge of the wing

586
Q

Pectoralis (pigeon)

A

Largest and most superficial of the flight muscles

587
Q

Deltoideus (pigeon)

A

Main coverage of the shoulder

  • Pars propatagialis anteriorly
  • major more posteriorly
588
Q

Gizzard (pigeon)

A

Muscular, posterior portion of the stomach

- Rock hard

589
Q

Proventriculus (pigeon)

A

Glandular, anterior portion of the stomach

590
Q

Colic Ceca

A

Pair of small diverticula that mark the border between the small and large intestines

EEB263 (6 decks)

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