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Fall 2023 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A

gray horns: dorsal (posterior) horns, ventral (anterior) horns and lateral horns

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2
Q

dorsal horns

A

consist entirely of interneurons that receive sensory information

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3
Q

ventral horns

A

consist of cell bodies of motor neurons; their axons axons extend into the periphery nervous system, innervating skeletal muscles

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4
Q

lateral horns

A

consist of cell bodies of motor neurons of the visceral nervous system; their axons extend to visceral muscles

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5
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons;
white matter on each side is divided into three columns (funiculi), based on their location;
three funiculi are dorsal white column, lateral white column, ventral white column

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6
Q

commissures of spinal cord

A

areas where axons take information from one side of the spinal cord to the other;
there are gray and white commissures

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7
Q

gray commissure

A

gray matter responsible for transferring information form one side of the spinal cord to the other one;
it is located both posterior and anterior to the central canal

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8
Q

white commissure

A

white matter responsible for taking information from one side of the spinal cord to the other one located anterior to gray commissure

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9
Q

two deep grooves running the length of the spinal cord

A

dorsal median sulcus: narrow
ventral median fissure: wide

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10
Q

Dorsal root

A

a structure that each spinal cord segment has;
it carries sensory information toward the spinal cord (dorsal horn: gray matter composed of interneurons)

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11
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

A structure that is composed of sensory neuron cell bodies

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12
Q

Ventral root

A

a anterior structure that carries out motor commands sent by the spinal cord;
most of its cell bodies sit in the anterior ventral horn

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13
Q

Spinal nerve

A

a structure that is fused from dorsal root ganglion and ventral root;
it has a dorsal and ventral ramus;
all rami contain sensory and motor nerve fibers

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14
Q

rami communicates

A

lead to sympathetic ganglia

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15
Q

meninges in the spinal cord

A

dura, arachnoid, pia matters;
a notable structure associated is epidural space (contains fat)

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16
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1 - C3

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17
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C4 - C8

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18
Q

Cervical nerves

A

C1 - C8

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19
Q

Thoracic Nerves

A

T1 - T12

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20
Q

Lumbar Nerves

A

L1 - L5

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21
Q

Sacral Nerves

A

S1 - S5

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22
Q

Coccygeal Nerve

A

Co1

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23
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, brain stem

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24
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

connect regions of right and left the cerebral hemispheres, allowing to function as a coordinated whole;
corpus callosum

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25
Q

Projection Fibers

A

both descending and ascending fibers connecting cortex and caudal region

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26
Q

Basal nuclei

A

deep gray matter of cerebrum that consists of nuclei (clusters of neuronal cell bodies)

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27
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

nerve that is connected to the cerebrum;
the nerve synapses with the olfactory bulb that send information via olfactory tract

28
Q

Optic nerve

A

attaches to the diencephalon;
as the nerve exists the eye, it crosses the optic chiasm and then sends info to the thalamus via the optic tract

29
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

located in cerebral hemispheres;
in the anterior region the two are separated by septum pellucidum

30
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

extends from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

31
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles;
runs through midbrain

32
Q

Choroid plexus

A

a network of blood vessels in each ventricle;
derived from pia mater;
produces cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

Roots of cranial nerves

A

most extend from brainstem

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

two cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis

35
Q

gray matter of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex

36
Q

white matter of cerebellum

A

arbor vitae; white matter called “tree of life”

37
Q

fourth ventricle

A

connects cerebral aqueduct to central canal of the spinal cord;
has three openings: lateral apertures and a medial aperture

38
Q

Midbrain

A

a short segment;
has two cerebral peduncles on the anterior side
(fibers that send impulses to the cerebellum);
has four bumps, corpora quadrigemina (superior (receives visual information) and inferior colliculi (receives auditory information)), on the posterior side

39
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects pons with spinal cord;
has swellings (pyramids);
helps control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

40
Q

two cerebri of dura mater

A

falx cerebri: vertical sheet that extends into the longitudinal fissure; attaches to crista galli of the ethmoid bone

tentorium cerebelli: horizontal partition that runs between the occipital and temporal lobes and the cerebellum

41
Q

two sublayers of dura mater

A

periosteal and meningeal layers

42
Q

arachnoid mater

A

lies deep to dura mater;
has a subarachnoid mater full of web-like threads that connect arachnoid and pia maters; it is full of cerebrospinal fluid and contains large blood vessels that supply the neural tissue

43
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer; delicate; made of loose connective tissue;
has a rich supply of blood vessels and clings to gyri and sulci of the brain

44
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces lacrimal fluid (tears)
excretory lacrimal ducts convey fluid to the surface of the eye;
fluid moves across the surface of the eye to the lacrimal sac via lacrimal puncta

45
Q

muscles of the extrinsic eye

A

superior oblique muscle: depresses the eye and turns it laterally
inferior oblique muscle: elevates the eye and turns it laterally
superior rectus muscle: elevates the eye and turns it medially
inferior rectus muscle: depresses the eye and turns it medially
inferior oblique muscle elevates the eye and turns it laterally

46
Q

Accessory structures

A

eyelids (palpebrae);
eyelashes (protecting the eye of debris);
levator palpebrae superioris muscle (lifts the eyelids);
conjunctiva (mucus layer that covers the surface of sclera and lines the inside of palpebrae)

47
Q

Anatomy of eyeball

A

Anterior pole, cornea, anterior segment, pupil, iris, ciliary body, ciliary zonule, lens, ora serrata, posterior segment, sclera, choroid, retina, macula lutea, fovea centralis, posterior pole, optic disk (blind spot), optic nerve, central artery and vein of the retina

48
Q

ciliary body

A

ciliary process and ciliary muscle;
(ciliary process is connected to lens by ciliary zonule)

49
Q

anterior chamber

A

space between cornea and iris

50
Q

posterior chamber

A

space between iris and lens

51
Q

ear

A

receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium;
has three main regions: outer ear, middle ear and inner ear;
only inner ear functions in equilibrium

52
Q

anatomy of outer ear

A

pinna (auricle), external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)

53
Q

anatomy of the middle ear

A

three ossicles (smallest bones in the body);
they conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane across tympanic cavity to the oval window, which then conducts vibrations into the inner ear;
1. malleus attaches to tympanic membrane (eardrum)
2. incus lies between malleus and stapes
3. stapes vibrates against the oval window

54
Q

oval window

A

conducts vibrations from ossicles to the inner ear

55
Q

round window

A

moves in the opposite direction as the oval window, allowing fluid movement in the ear

56
Q

inner ear

A

bony labyrinth that consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

57
Q

membrane-walled sacs and ducts of the inner ear

A

semicircular ducts sit within the semicircular canals and are designed for equilibrium; they expand at their ends, ampulla;
the utricle and saccule are within vestibule and are designed for equilibrium;
cochlear ducts are within cochlea and contain hair cells for hearing

58
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

nerve that connects with the inner ear;
branches at the ear into a vestibular and cochlear branches

59
Q

ducts of the cochlea

A

cochlear duct (scala media), scala vestibuli (separated from scala media by vestibular membrane) and scala tympani (separated from scala media by basilar membrane)

60
Q

cochlear duct

A

contains endolymph and receptors for hearing in the organ of Corti

61
Q

organ of Corti

A

consist of supporting cells and hair cells;
hair cells are embedded into the tectorial membrane; they respond to mechanical vibrations (are classified as mechanoreceptors)

62
Q

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

A

are filled with perilymph

63
Q

scala media

A

is filled endolymph

64
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  1. action potential reaches the synaptic terminal of presynaptic cell. the nerve impulse changes the voltage at the terminal, making this part of the cell more positive
  2. voltage gated calcium channels in the terminal are sensitive to the voltage change, meaning that when the terminal becomes more positive the channels open and calcium diffuses into the cell.
  3. the calcium that enters the presynaptic cell causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell.
    calcium initiates movement of the synaptic vesicles to the ends of the terminals where the vesicles fuse with the neuron’s plasma membrane and dump their contents into the synaptic cleft
  4. neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
    neurotransmitters can either cause rapid electrical response by opening (ionotropic) chemically gated ion channel receptors or slow responses by activating (metabotropic) G protein-linked receptors.
  5. Removal of neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft:
    enzymatic breakdown in the cleft,
    uptake into presynaptic or adjacent cells where neurotransmitter is recycled or destroyed,
    diffusion of of neurotransmitters away from synapse
65
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

make the postsynaptic cell more positive

66
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

make the postsynaptic cell more negative

67
Q
A

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

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