Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2023 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A

gray horns: dorsal (posterior) horns, ventral (anterior) horns and lateral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dorsal horns

A

consist entirely of interneurons that receive sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ventral horns

A

consist of cell bodies of motor neurons; their axons axons extend into the periphery nervous system, innervating skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lateral horns

A

consist of cell bodies of motor neurons of the visceral nervous system; their axons extend to visceral muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons;
white matter on each side is divided into three columns (funiculi), based on their location;
three funiculi are dorsal white column, lateral white column, ventral white column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

commissures of spinal cord

A

areas where axons take information from one side of the spinal cord to the other;
there are gray and white commissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

gray commissure

A

gray matter responsible for transferring information form one side of the spinal cord to the other one;
it is located both posterior and anterior to the central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

white commissure

A

white matter responsible for taking information from one side of the spinal cord to the other one located anterior to gray commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

two deep grooves running the length of the spinal cord

A

dorsal median sulcus: narrow
ventral median fissure: wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dorsal root

A

a structure that each spinal cord segment has;
it carries sensory information toward the spinal cord (dorsal horn: gray matter composed of interneurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

A structure that is composed of sensory neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ventral root

A

a anterior structure that carries out motor commands sent by the spinal cord;
most of its cell bodies sit in the anterior ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spinal nerve

A

a structure that is fused from dorsal root ganglion and ventral root;
it has a dorsal and ventral ramus;
all rami contain sensory and motor nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

rami communicates

A

lead to sympathetic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

meninges in the spinal cord

A

dura, arachnoid, pia matters;
a notable structure associated is epidural space (contains fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1 - C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C4 - C8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cervical nerves

A

C1 - C8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thoracic Nerves

A

T1 - T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lumbar Nerves

A

L1 - L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sacral Nerves

A

S1 - S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Coccygeal Nerve

A

Co1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

connect regions of right and left the cerebral hemispheres, allowing to function as a coordinated whole;
corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Projection Fibers
both descending and ascending fibers connecting cortex and caudal region
26
Basal nuclei
deep gray matter of cerebrum that consists of nuclei (clusters of neuronal cell bodies)
27
Olfactory nerve
nerve that is connected to the cerebrum; the nerve synapses with the olfactory bulb that send information via olfactory tract
28
Optic nerve
attaches to the diencephalon; as the nerve exists the eye, it crosses the optic chiasm and then sends info to the thalamus via the optic tract
29
Lateral Ventricles
located in cerebral hemispheres; in the anterior region the two are separated by septum pellucidum
30
Interventricular foramen
extends from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
31
Cerebral Aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles; runs through midbrain
32
Choroid plexus
a network of blood vessels in each ventricle; derived from pia mater; produces cerebrospinal fluid
33
Roots of cranial nerves
most extend from brainstem
34
Cerebellum
two cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis
35
gray matter of cerebellum
cerebellar cortex
36
white matter of cerebellum
arbor vitae; white matter called "tree of life"
37
fourth ventricle
connects cerebral aqueduct to central canal of the spinal cord; has three openings: lateral apertures and a medial aperture
38
Midbrain
a short segment; has two cerebral peduncles on the anterior side (fibers that send impulses to the cerebellum); has four bumps, corpora quadrigemina (superior (receives visual information) and inferior colliculi (receives auditory information)), on the posterior side
39
medulla oblongata
connects pons with spinal cord; has swellings (pyramids); helps control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
40
two cerebri of dura mater
falx cerebri: vertical sheet that extends into the longitudinal fissure; attaches to crista galli of the ethmoid bone tentorium cerebelli: horizontal partition that runs between the occipital and temporal lobes and the cerebellum
41
two sublayers of dura mater
periosteal and meningeal layers
42
arachnoid mater
lies deep to dura mater; has a subarachnoid mater full of web-like threads that connect arachnoid and pia maters; it is full of cerebrospinal fluid and contains large blood vessels that supply the neural tissue
43
pia mater
innermost layer; delicate; made of loose connective tissue; has a rich supply of blood vessels and clings to gyri and sulci of the brain
44
lacrimal gland
produces lacrimal fluid (tears) excretory lacrimal ducts convey fluid to the surface of the eye; fluid moves across the surface of the eye to the lacrimal sac via lacrimal puncta
45
muscles of the extrinsic eye
superior oblique muscle: depresses the eye and turns it laterally inferior oblique muscle: elevates the eye and turns it laterally superior rectus muscle: elevates the eye and turns it medially inferior rectus muscle: depresses the eye and turns it medially inferior oblique muscle elevates the eye and turns it laterally
46
Accessory structures
eyelids (palpebrae); eyelashes (protecting the eye of debris); levator palpebrae superioris muscle (lifts the eyelids); conjunctiva (mucus layer that covers the surface of sclera and lines the inside of palpebrae)
47
Anatomy of eyeball
Anterior pole, cornea, anterior segment, pupil, iris, ciliary body, ciliary zonule, lens, ora serrata, posterior segment, sclera, choroid, retina, macula lutea, fovea centralis, posterior pole, optic disk (blind spot), optic nerve, central artery and vein of the retina
48
ciliary body
ciliary process and ciliary muscle; (ciliary process is connected to lens by ciliary zonule)
49
anterior chamber
space between cornea and iris
50
posterior chamber
space between iris and lens
51
ear
receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium; has three main regions: outer ear, middle ear and inner ear; only inner ear functions in equilibrium
52
anatomy of outer ear
pinna (auricle), external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
53
anatomy of the middle ear
three ossicles (smallest bones in the body); they conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane across tympanic cavity to the oval window, which then conducts vibrations into the inner ear; 1. malleus attaches to tympanic membrane (eardrum) 2. incus lies between malleus and stapes 3. stapes vibrates against the oval window
54
oval window
conducts vibrations from ossicles to the inner ear
55
round window
moves in the opposite direction as the oval window, allowing fluid movement in the ear
56
inner ear
bony labyrinth that consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea
57
membrane-walled sacs and ducts of the inner ear
semicircular ducts sit within the semicircular canals and are designed for equilibrium; they expand at their ends, ampulla; the utricle and saccule are within vestibule and are designed for equilibrium; cochlear ducts are within cochlea and contain hair cells for hearing
58
vestibulocochlear nerve
nerve that connects with the inner ear; branches at the ear into a vestibular and cochlear branches
59
ducts of the cochlea
cochlear duct (scala media), scala vestibuli (separated from scala media by vestibular membrane) and scala tympani (separated from scala media by basilar membrane)
60
cochlear duct
contains endolymph and receptors for hearing in the organ of Corti
61
organ of Corti
consist of supporting cells and hair cells; hair cells are embedded into the tectorial membrane; they respond to mechanical vibrations (are classified as mechanoreceptors)
62
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
are filled with perilymph
63
scala media
is filled endolymph
64
synaptic transmission
1. action potential reaches the synaptic terminal of presynaptic cell. the nerve impulse changes the voltage at the terminal, making this part of the cell more positive 2. voltage gated calcium channels in the terminal are sensitive to the voltage change, meaning that when the terminal becomes more positive the channels open and calcium diffuses into the cell. 3. the calcium that enters the presynaptic cell causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell. calcium initiates movement of the synaptic vesicles to the ends of the terminals where the vesicles fuse with the neuron's plasma membrane and dump their contents into the synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. neurotransmitters can either cause rapid electrical response by opening (ionotropic) chemically gated ion channel receptors or slow responses by activating (metabotropic) G protein-linked receptors. 5. Removal of neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft: enzymatic breakdown in the cleft, uptake into presynaptic or adjacent cells where neurotransmitter is recycled or destroyed, diffusion of of neurotransmitters away from synapse
65
excitatory neurotransmitters
make the postsynaptic cell more positive
66
inhibitory neurotransmitters
make the postsynaptic cell more negative
67

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions