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Fall 2023 > EXAM 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

EXAM 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

The master controlling and communicating system of the body.

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells; key to neural communication

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3
Q

Three Overlapping Functions of the Nervous System

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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4
Q

Sensory Input

A

Information gathered by sensory receptors used to monitor changes inside and outside the body

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5
Q

Integration

A

A process by which the nervous system integrates sensory information gathered and decides what to do with it at each moment

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6
Q

Motor Output

A

A response that is caused by muscles or glands (effectors) that is activated by the nervous system

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7
Q

Two Principal Parts of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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8
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord;
it occupies the dorsal cavity;
it is the integrating and control center of the nervous system;
it interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience.

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Part of the nervous system outside CNS;
cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia;
mainly consists of bundled fibers (axons) that extend from the brain and the spinal cord and ganglia (neuron cell bodies)

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10
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the brain

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11
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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12
Q

Sensory Division

A

Afferent division;
Nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body

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13
Q

Two Different Types of Fibers of Afferent Nervous System

A

Somatic nerve fibers and visceral nerve fibers

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14
Q

Somatic Nerve Fibers

A

Convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

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15
Q

Visceral Nervous System

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs that occupy the ventral body cavity

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16
Q

Motor Division

A

Efferent division of the PNS that transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands);
muscles contract and glands secrete

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17
Q

Two Subdivisions of the Motor Division

A

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic Nervous system

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18
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles;
Voluntary nervous system

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19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Visceral nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands;
Involuntary nervous system

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20
Q

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

A

mobilizes body systems during activity

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Promotes house-keeping functions during rest;
Conserves energy

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22
Q

Neroglia

A

Glial cells that associate closely with neurons;
there are six types;
outnumber neurons in CNS

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23
Q

6 Types of Neuroglia

A

CNS: astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells (neurilemma)

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24
Q

Schwann Cells

A

neurilemma

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25
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant neuroglia in CNS;
found attached to blood capillaries and neurons;
support and brace neurons while anchoring them to their supply lines

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26
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A

1) guide formation of young neurons
2) form synapses between them
3) control chemical environment by mopping up leaked potassium ions and recycling released neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Simple cuboidal cells with cilia
line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they form a fairly permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the tissue bathing the cells of the CNS;
the beating of the cilia helps propel and circulate the fluid that cushions the brain and the spinal cord

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28
Q

Microglial cells

A

small and ovoid cells with relatively long processes;
the processes touch nearby neurons, monitoring their health;
when neurons are injured they migrate towards them phagocytizing neural debris and foreign microorganisms

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29
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

cells that have fewer processes that astrocytes;
line thicker CNS nerve fibers and wrap their processes tightly around fibers, producing and covering myelin sheath

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30
Q

Satellite cells

A

cells that surround neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system; have same functions as astrocytes

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31
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Surround all fibers in the PNS and cover thick nerve fibers in the form of myelin sheaths;
are vital in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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32
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells;
structural unit of the nervous system

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33
Q

3 special characteristics of neurons

A

have extreme longevity,
are amitotic,
high metabolic rate

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34
Q

Cell Body

A

a biosynthetic center and receptive region of a neuron

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35
Q

Chromatophilic Body

A

large clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum that dye darkly

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36
Q

Dendrites

A

branching receptive regions of a neuron

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37
Q

Axon

A

Impulse-generating and conducting region;
has a hillock and an initial segment;
is covered in myelin sheath;
divides into terminal branches that have axon terminals

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38
Q

Axon Potential

A

an outgoing signal called a nerve impulse

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39
Q

Formation of myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells wrap around axons, squezing out their cytoplasm and forming layers;
outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm is formed

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40
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath in PNS

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41
Q

Perikaryon

A

soma; neuron cell body;
contains abundant mitochondria;
protein - and membrane-making machinery ;
contains cytoskeletal elements; microtubules and neurofibrils;
contains pigment inclusions: pigments found inside the cell include black melanin, a red iron-containing pigment and a golden-brown pigment called lipofuscin

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42
Q

Lipofuscin

A

harmless by-product of lysosomal activity;
the aging pigment, because it accumulates in neurons in elderly individuals

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43
Q

Ganglia

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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44
Q

Neuron Processes

A

Armlike prominences;
axons and dendrites

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45
Q

Dendrites

A

Short. tapering, diffusely branching extensions of a neuron cell body;
all organelles present in the cell body also occur in dendrites

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46
Q

Graded Potentials

A

short-distance signals sent toward the cell body

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47
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS;
they have the same origin, termination, and function

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48
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons in PNS

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49
Q

Nucleus

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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50
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

occasional branches that extend at more or less right angles

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51
Q

Axolemma

A

plasma membrane of a neuron’s axon that transmits an impulse

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52
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Signaling chemicals;
can either excite or inhibit neurons, muscles, or gland cells

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53
Q

Anterograde Movement

A

movement away from the cell body;
substance moved in this direction are mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements (mostly microtubules);
substances travel along the axon in both directions

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54
Q

Retrograde Movement

A

Movement towards the cell body;
substances moved in this direction are returning to the cell body to be degraded or recycled;
an important means of intracellular communication, allowing the body to be advised of conditions at axon terminals;
delivers vesicles to cell body containing signal molecules (such as nerve growth factor)

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55
Q

Nerve Growth Factor

A

activates certain genes in the nucleus that promote growth

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56
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

protects and electrically insulates fibers, increasing its transmission speed of nerve impulses

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57
Q

Nonmyelinated Fibers

A

conduct nerve impulses more slowly

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58
Q

Neurolemma

A

outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm

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59
Q

Classification of Neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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60
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Have more than two processes;
most common type of neuron in humans;
major type in the CNS

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61
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

have two processes (an axon and a dendrite);
rare neuron found in special sensory organs (retina and olfactory mucosa)

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62
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

have a single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides into T-like into proximal and distal branches;
the more distal process is associated with sensory receptors;
the central process enters into the CNS;
pseudopolar neuron

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63
Q

Location of Pseudopolar Neuron

A

PNS; as sensory receptors

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64
Q

Function of Multipolar Neurons

A

interneurons that conduct impulses within the CNS, integrating sensory input and motor output

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65
Q

Function of Bipolar Neurons

A

sensory neurons located in special sensory organs

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66
Q

Function of Unipolar Neurons

A

sensory neurons that conduct impulses along afferent pathways to CNS for interpretation

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67
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Afferent neurons that transmit information from sensory receptors (skin and internal organs);
virtually all are unipolar (except for those that are bipolar)

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68
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Efferent neurons that carry impulses to the effector organs (muscles and glands) from CNS;
are multipolar;
except for some some autonomic neurons, their cell bodies are located in the PNS

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69
Q

Interneurons

A

Association neurons;
lie between sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways;
they shuttle signals through the CNS where integration occurs;
most are confined in the CNS;
make 99% of neurons of the body;
almost all are multipolar

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70
Q

Central Nervous System

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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71
Q

Cephalization

A

An elaboration toward the roastal part of the CNS along with an increase in number of neurons

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72
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

make up the superior part of the brain;
the two are divided by a longitudinal fissure;
cerebral veins and arteries lie in between and are covered by arachnoid mater

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73
Q

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

A

divides cerebellum from temporal and occipital lobes

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74
Q

Central Sulcus

A

frontal lobes are separated from parietal lobes by it

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75
Q

Pre-central Gyrus

A

lies in front of central sulcus

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76
Q

Post-central Gyrus

A

lies behind central sulcus

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77
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

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78
Q

Cortex

A

gray matter

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79
Q

Insula

A

a fifth lobe that is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms parts of its floor;
it is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

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80
Q

Three basic regions of each hemispheres

A

1) external gray matter
2) internal white matter
3) basal nuclei (islands of gray matter) situated deep within the white matter

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81
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the executive suite of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found;
composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia, blood vessels but no nerve fibers

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82
Q

Four generalizations About the Functional Regions of the Cortex

A

1) cortex contains three types of functional areas: sensory, motor, and association; all are interneurons
2) each hemisphere is associated with a contralateral side of the body
3) there is lateralization (specialization) of cortical functions found to each hemisphere
4) our approach is gross oversimplication; the entire cortex is used in one way or another

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83
Q

Motor areas

A

areas of the cortex that control voluntary movement;
they lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobe;
they are primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, Broca’s area and frontal eye field.

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84
Q

Primary (Somatic) Motor Cortex

A

area of the cortex located in the pre-central gyrus of each hemisphere;
large neurons (pyramidal cells) allow voluntary movement of our skeletal muscles; their long fibers extend towards the spinal cord, forming massive voluntary tracts (pyromidal/ corticospinal tracts)

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85
Q

Somatotopy

A

mapping of the body in the CNS;
head is at the inferolateral and toes are at the superomedial end;
motor homunculus is a topographic representation of the body parts

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86
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Area of the cortex that lies in front of the primary (somatic) motor cortex;
it helps plan movements;
it selects and sequences basic motor movements into more complex tasks

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87
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Area of the cortex located anterior to inferior premotor cortex;
it is present in the left hemisphere only;
directs muscles involved in speech (special speech motor area);
it becomes active as we prepare to speak

88
Q

Frontal Eye Field

A

Area of the cortex located anterior and partially in to premotor cortex;
it lies superior to Broca’s area;
it controls voluntary eye movements

89
Q

Sensory Areas of the Cortex

A

Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation;
found in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital regions

90
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Area of the cortex located behind central sulcus;
postcentral gyrus;
neurons in the area receive information from general (somatic) sensory receptors in the skin and proprioceptors

91
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptors located in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons and inform the brain of its position in space

92
Q

Spatial Discrimination

A

An ability of neurons to identify the body region being stimulated

93
Q

Somatosensory Homunculus

A

A topographic representation of somatosensory region

94
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

Area of cortex that lies posterior to primary somatosensory cortex;
is responsible for making sense of sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc)

95
Q

Primary Visual (Striate) Cortex

A

An area of the cortex that is found on the posterior tip of the occipital lobe most of it is found buried deep to the calcarine sulcus in the medial aspect of the occipital lobe;
it is the largest cortical sensory area;
it receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye

96
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Area of the cortex, surrounding the primary visual cortex and occupying most of the occipital lobe;
communicating with the primary visual (striate) cortex this are uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

97
Q

Primary Auditory Area

A

Area of the cortex located in the superior part of the temporal lobe;
impulses are transmitted there where they are interpreted as pitch, loudness, location

98
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

An area of the cortex just posterior to primary auditory cortex that interprets sound as speech, music, scream, etc.

99
Q

Where is the cortex responsible for conscious awareness of equilibrium located?

A

Posterior part of insula adjacent to parietal cortex

100
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

Area of cortex located in the medial aspect of the temporal lobe in small region called piriform lobe which is dominated by hooklike uncus

101
Q

Gustatory (Taste) Cortex

A

Area of the cortex responsible for processing taste stimuli located in insula deep to the temporal lobe

102
Q

Visceral Sensory Area

A

Area of the cortex located posterior to gustatory cortex;
responsible for conscious awareness of visceral sensations

103
Q

General Sensations of the Somatic Sensory Division

A

touch, pain, pressure, vibration, texture and proprioception in skin, body walls, and limbs

104
Q

Special Sensations of the Somatic Sensory Division

A

hearing, equilibrium, vision

105
Q

General Sensations of the Visceral Sensory Division

A

stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, irritation in viscera, nausea, and hunger

106
Q

Special Sensation of the Visceral Sensory Division

A

taste, smell

107
Q

Neurolemma

A

outermost cytoplasmic layer pf the Schwann cell that contains nucleus

108
Q

Location of Cell bodies of Motor Neurons

A

CNS

109
Q

Synapse

A

meeting point between a neuron and any other cell where the nerve impulses are transmitted from one cell to another

110
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

conducts signal toward synapse

111
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

112
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

Synchronization and flow of information in both directions at the synapse

113
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal by presynaptic neuron that must diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron;
can be either excitatory or inhibitory

114
Q

Functions of the Brain

A

Intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, innervation of the head

115
Q

Organization of the Brain

A

Gray matter and white matter

116
Q

Parts of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem
  4. Cerebellum
117
Q

Cerebrum Surface

A

Neural cortex that forms gyri and sulci

118
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Understanding of the written and spoken language; located in the left hemisphere only along the border between temporal and parietal lobes

119
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Anterior association area;
Multimodal association are that coordinates information from all brain association areas and integrates ongoing events to make predictions;
highest order processing center in the brain and the site of our personality

120
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A

White matter that allows various areas of cortex to communicate with each other

121
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

interconnect gray matter of the right and left brain hemispheres (largest is corpus collosum)

122
Q

Association Fibers

A

interconnect gray matter of the same hemisphere (ex: fornix)

123
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Project information from or to lower regions of CNS (such as internal capsule)

124
Q

Basal nuclei

A

basal ganglia;
masses of gray matter deep within the white matter of the cerebrum involved in subconscious movement of skeletal muscles (such as those involved in posture)

125
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated fibers located externally

126
Q

Gray Matter

A

composed of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, interneurons located centrally with an additional layer (cerebrum) located externally to the white matter

127
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

contains functional regions called cortexes

128
Q

Diencephalon

A

forms central core of the brain covered by cerebral hemispheres composed of gray matter;
composed of thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

129
Q

Thalamus

A

forms walls of diencephalon;
forms two nuclei on right and left;
it is the relay station and processing center for sensory impulses and outgoing motor information from cerebrum

130
Q

Hypothalamus

A

forms the floor of diencephalon between the mammillary bodies and optic chiasm;
responsible for maintaining homeostasis (visceral control center)
pituitary glands extend from it

131
Q

Epithalamus

A

forms the roof of diencephalon includes pineal gland (endocrine gland)

132
Q

Brain Stem

A

consists of thre parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata;
10 out of 12 cranial nerves connect to it

133
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon;
processes visual and auditory information and produces involuntary somatic motor responses;
lies between the diencephalon and the pons

134
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

located on the ventral part of the midbrain, contain pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

135
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A

this portion of the midbrain represents the largest nuclei and is divided into superior and inferior colliculi

136
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Nuclei that act in reflexive response to sound

137
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Nuclei that act in visual reflexes

138
Q

Pons

A

“Bridge” between midbrain and medulla oblongata;
pons contains the nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII and motor tracts;
motor information travels to cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle;
pontine nuclei to help to help regulate breathing

139
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Part of the brainstem that extends into the spinal cord;
most inferior level of the brainstem;
manages heart, circulation and breathing

140
Q

Pyramids

A

two ridges along ventral midline of medulla that are motor tracts

141
Q

Cerebellum

A

smooths and coordinates body movements and helps to maintain equilibrium;
dorsal to pons and medulla oblongata;
consists of two lateral hemispheres, a medial vermis, an outer cortex of gray matter, and inner white matter called the arbor vitae

142
Q

Ventricles

A

expanded cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid and are lined by ependymal cells

143
Q

CSF Flow

A

CSF is produced by a choroid plexus of each ventricle;
CSF flows through the ventricles into subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apentures (some of the CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord);
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space;
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid vili

144
Q

Brain Protection

A

skull, meninges, liquid cushion, and blood-brain barrier

145
Q

Meninges

A

Pia mater, (subarachnoid mater), arachnoid mater, dura mater, epidural mater;
cover and protect the CNS;
enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS; contain cerebrospinal fluid (subarachnoid mater)

146
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost covering of the CNS consisting of dense collagen layers;
composed of two fibrous layers: periosteal (skull) and meningeal (external covering of the brain);
composed of only one layer in spinal cord: meningeal layer;
deep to vertebrae is epidural space

147
Q

Arachnoid

A

A layer of delicate epithelial tissue and projections that project into the subarachnoid space and connect it to pia mater

148
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

produced by choroid plexus of ventricles ;
it is a network of permeable capillaries and specialized ependymal cells (located in the ventricles);
produced at 500ml/ day from blood;
fluid moves through subarachnoid space back to the body through arachnoid villi;
its functions are carrying chemical signals, providing liquid cushion, removing wastes, and nourishing

149
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Impermeable capillaries and sinuses that protect the brain from hormones and circulating chemicals and prevent most toxins from entering the brain;
composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes

150
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue;
it attaches to spinal nerves and provides two-way conduction pathway;
major center for reflexes;
extends from foramen magnum to L1 and L2 vertebrae;
is divided left and right dorsally by posterior median sulcus and an anterior median fissure

151
Q

White Matter of the Spinal Cord

A

organized into tracts that are ascending and descending to allow for communication between the brain and the spinal cord (myelinated axons);
superficial to gray matter

152
Q

Dorsal Funiculus

A

Posterior white column

153
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord

A

interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons

154
Q

Posterior gray horn

A

gray matter;
sensory component receiving somatic (ventral) and visceral (dorsal) sensory information and composed of interneurons

155
Q

Anterior gray horn

A

somatic motor nuclei

156
Q

Lateral gray horn

A

visceral motor nuclei

157
Q

Gray Commissures

A

axons cross to other side of the spinal cord before reaching their destination

158
Q

retina

A

lining of photoreceptors and neurons in the eye

159
Q

Rod

A

type of photoreceptor that responds best to dim light

160
Q

cone

A

type of photoreceptor that enables color vision

161
Q

Optic nerve

A

runs from the back of each eye to the brain

162
Q

cochlea

A

aids in hearing

163
Q

semicircular canal

A

helps maintain equilibrium

164
Q

Structures of the Nervous System

A

nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

165
Q

functions of the PNS

A

sends sensory information towards the CNS for integration;
receives motor commands from the CNS

166
Q

nerve fibers of the PNS

A

collections of nerve axons (can either be myelinated or non-myelinated)

167
Q

ganglia

A

bundles of cell bodies in the PNS

168
Q

nerve anatomy

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

169
Q

Epineurium

A

composed of dense collagen fibers that enclose the entire nerve

170
Q

Perineurium

A

extends inward from the epineurium and separates nerve into bundles of axons (fascicles);
this is the layer through which blood vessels run

171
Q

Endoneurium

A

delicate loose connective tissue that extends inward from perineurium and surrounds individual axons;
this is the site of capillary beds

172
Q

Functional classification of nerves

A

sensory, motor, mixed

173
Q

sensory nerves

A

carry information towards the CNS

174
Q

motor nerves

A

carry information away from the CNS

175
Q

mixed nerves

A

carry information both towards and away from the CNS

176
Q

structural classification of nerves

A

cranial and spinal

177
Q

cranial nerves

A

attach to brain;
12 in total

178
Q

spinal nerve

A

attaches to spine

179
Q

I (Cranial Nerve)

A

Olfactory nerve;
from nasal mucosa to synapse with olfactory bulbs (cerebrum);
smell;
sensory nerve

180
Q

II (Cranial Nerve)

A

Optic nerve;
thalamus;
sight;
sensory nerve

181
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves grouped according to the area of vertebral column they originate from (all mixed);
8 pairs of cervical nerves;
12 pairs of thoracic nerves;
5 pairs of sacral nerves;
1 pair of coccygeal nerves

182
Q

Structure of a spinal nerve

A

dorsal root, ventral root, spinal nerve, rami communicates, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus

183
Q

Dorsal root

A

brings sensory information into the spinal cord

184
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

every spinal segment has two ganglia that contain sensory neuron cell bodies

185
Q

ventral root

A

axons from anterior and lateral gray horns travel out to control sensory somatic and visceral muscles and glands;
most cell bodies sit in the anterior gray horn

186
Q

spinal nerve

A

portion after ventral and dorsal roots join together

187
Q

rami communicates

A

sensory and sympathetic motor to viscera

188
Q

dorsal ramus

A

sensory and motor information to/ from the back

189
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

sensory and motor information to/ from the back
innervation follows a simple segmental arrangement with each branch innervating a horizontal strip of back muscles and skin

190
Q

ventral ramus

A

sensory and motor information to/ from the body wall and limbs;
it wraps around to the front of the body and is arranged into nerve plexuses (except in the thoracic regions)

191
Q

cervical plexus (C1-4 or 5)

A

innervates muscles of neck and diaphragm

192
Q

phrenic nerve

A

motor and sensory nerve supply to diaphragm

193
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-8 & T1;
innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs;
most important nerves: axillary, radial, median, ulnar

194
Q

lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

A

innervates pelvic girdle and some parts of the upper legs

194
Q

femoral nerve

A

motor and sensory nerve supply to anterior muscles and skin of the thigh

194
Q

sciatic nerve

A

motor and sensory nerve supply to the back of the leg

194
Q

sacral nerves

A

5 pairs

195
Q

sacral plexus

A

S1-S4; innervates the leg

195
Q

dermatomes

A

area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve;
usually there is a single overlap between dermatomes

196
Q

visceral motor division

A

autonomic nervous system;
sympathetic and parasympathetic

197
Q

general functions of the ANS

A

heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and urination

197
Q

sympathetic autonomic division

A

involved in fight/ flight responses to stressful situations

198
Q

parasympathetic autonomic division

A

involved in rest/ digest responses to non-stressful situations

199
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  1. motor neuron from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
  2. axon is myelinated; impulse is rapid
  3. skeletal muscle movement
200
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

chains of two neurons
1. 2 motor neuron chain from brain stem or spinal cord
2. axons have little myelination
3. smooth/ cardiac movement or gland secretion

201
Q

preganglionic fiber

A

cell body of this neuron will be in the CNS and extends out into the PNS where it synapses at an autonomic ganglion (bundle of cell bodies in PNS)

202
Q

postganglionic fiber

A

cell body of this neuron resides in the ganglion and extends out to the effector organ

203
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

2 neuron chain;
preganglionic fiber releases ACh;
postganglionic fiber releases NE (highly branched axon)

204
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

2 neuron chain;
preganglionic fiber releases ACh;
postganglionic fiber releases ACh

205
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons;
when stimulated by preganglionic neuron they release epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) into the fluid around around cells (it then diffuses into blood)

206
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

sympathetic chain ganglia

207
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

parasympathetic chain ganglia

208
Q

dual innervation

A

most organs have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

209
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A

only one synapse in the pathway, between sensory and motor neurons;
fastest reflexes

210
Q

polysynaptic reflexes

A

at least two synapses in the pathway, so these will always involve at least one interneuron between sensory and motor neuron;
much more common

211
Q
A

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

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