Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a compound?

A

atoms bonded together

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2
Q

What determines an atom’s identity?

A

number of protons (+)

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3
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space or has mass

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4
Q

element

A

any substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio; it has its own emergent properties

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5
Q

essential elements

A

20-25 % of the 92 natural elements that are required for life

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6
Q

make up 96% of living matter

A

C, O, N, & H

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7
Q

4% of living matter

A

Ca, K, S, & P

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8
Q

trace elements

A

elements required by an organism in minute quantities

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9
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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10
Q

subatomic particles

A

neutrons, protons, electrons

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11
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

in a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus

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12
Q

What is found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

neutrons and protons

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13
Q

daltons

A

numerical value that is used for measurement of atom’s mass; protons and neutrons are considered

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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15
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

atom’s total mass; can be approximated by the mass number; unit of measurement: amu

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17
Q

isotopes

A

two or more atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons

18
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

isotopes that decay spontaneously , giving off particles and energy; have different masses and unstable nuclei that emit radiation

19
Q

isomers

A

NOT ISOTOPES; compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms

20
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its structure or location

21
Q

energy

A

Capacity to cause change

22
Q

electron shells

A

shells; each one with a characteristic average distance from the nucleus and energy level

23
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in an atom found in the outermost shell (valence shell)

24
Q

atomic orbital

A

three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time; it describes wave-like behavior of an electron

25
electron shell
a shell that consists of a specific number of orbitals (there are multiple ones in an electron)
26
How many electrons at most can occupy a single atomic orbital?
2 electrons
27
chemical bonds
attractions that result from sharing or transfer of electrons
28
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
29
molecular compound/ covalent compound
a compound that consist of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
30
valence
bonding capacity
31
electronegativity
atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
32
nonpolar covalent bond
atoms share electrons equally
33
polar covalent bond
one atom is more electronegative; atoms do not share the electron equally
34
ions
two resulting oppositely charged atoms/ molecules: cation (+charged) and anion (-charged)
35
cation
positively charged ion
36
anion
negatively charged ion
37
Ionic compounds
compounds formed by ionic bonds
38
hydrogen bond
a bond that forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
39
Van der Waals interactions
interactions that occur when adjacent atoms come close enough that their outer electron clouds just barely touch; this induces charge fluctuations that result in a nonspecific, nondirectional attraction. distance-dependent; force vanishes at longer distances.
40
chemical reactions
making an breaking of a chemical bond; all are reversible
41
chemical equilibrium
reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.