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Fall 2023 > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a compound?

A

atoms bonded together

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2
Q

What determines an atom’s identity?

A

number of protons (+)

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3
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space or has mass

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4
Q

element

A

any substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio; it has its own emergent properties

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5
Q

essential elements

A

20-25 % of the 92 natural elements that are required for life

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6
Q

make up 96% of living matter

A

C, O, N, & H

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7
Q

4% of living matter

A

Ca, K, S, & P

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8
Q

trace elements

A

elements required by an organism in minute quantities

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9
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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10
Q

subatomic particles

A

neutrons, protons, electrons

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11
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

in a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus

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12
Q

What is found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

neutrons and protons

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13
Q

daltons

A

numerical value that is used for measurement of atom’s mass; protons and neutrons are considered

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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15
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

atom’s total mass; can be approximated by the mass number; unit of measurement: amu

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17
Q

isotopes

A

two or more atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons

18
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

isotopes that decay spontaneously , giving off particles and energy; have different masses and unstable nuclei that emit radiation

19
Q

isomers

A

NOT ISOTOPES; compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms

20
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its structure or location

21
Q

energy

A

Capacity to cause change

22
Q

electron shells

A

shells; each one with a characteristic average distance from the nucleus and energy level

23
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in an atom found in the outermost shell (valence shell)

24
Q

atomic orbital

A

three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time; it describes wave-like behavior of an electron

25
Q

electron shell

A

a shell that consists of a specific number of orbitals (there are multiple ones in an electron)

26
Q

How many electrons at most can occupy a single atomic orbital?

A

2 electrons

27
Q

chemical bonds

A

attractions that result from sharing or transfer of electrons

28
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

29
Q

molecular compound/ covalent compound

A

a compound that consist of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

30
Q

valence

A

bonding capacity

31
Q

electronegativity

A

atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

32
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons equally

33
Q

polar covalent bond

A

one atom is more electronegative; atoms do not share the electron equally

34
Q

ions

A

two resulting oppositely charged atoms/ molecules: cation (+charged) and anion (-charged)

35
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

36
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

37
Q

Ionic compounds

A

compounds formed by ionic bonds

38
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a bond that forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

39
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

interactions that occur when adjacent atoms come close enough that their outer electron clouds just barely touch; this induces charge fluctuations that result in a nonspecific, nondirectional attraction.
distance-dependent; force vanishes at longer distances.

40
Q

chemical reactions

A

making an breaking of a chemical bond; all are reversible

41
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

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